A Kauffman Foundation Report
A Census of Entrepreneurship in
American Higher Education
Investments and Outcomes
2006
Slide 2
• The Data Base (also one for 127 U.K. Institutions):
– Largely Empirical
– Quantitative
– Observational
• Additional Research and Analysis in Progress
• Possibly: ~4,000 European Institutions
Investments and Outcomes
I
O
• Faculty and Curriculum
• Faculty and Research and
Publications
• Faculty and Public Engagement
• Assessment and Outcomes
• Outcomes @ Macro Levels
• Outcomes @ Micro LevelsWorks in Progress
A Short U.S. History
(For Perspective)
• First course at Harvard: 1947
• 4 decades later: ~300 colleges & universities
• Insignificant university financial investment
(courses, centers, services)
• 15 Years Ago: enter Kauffman Foundation
(others: Coleman, Lowe, Price, etc.)
• Driven by external forces: entrepreneurs;
faculty champions; bottom-up
A Decade of Kauffman
Investment
• $400 Million in Higher Education
•Education
•Teaching
•Curriculum
•Research
•Canon
•Public
Engagements
•Internships
•Business Plan
Competitions
•Leadership
•ACE
•AAU
• Matched by ~ $300 Million
• So, three-fourths Billion $ investment in ~15
years
Focus of Investments
• $60,000 Average Grant to ~ 200 Colleges
and Universities
• $1-5 Million to 40 Universities
• Kauffman Campuses I
– $25M + $50M to 8 Universities
• Kauffman Campuses II
– $35M + $35M= $70M + $140M= $210M to ~ 30 colleges and
universities
• Kauffman Campuses III
– TBD
• Other Initiatives
Other Initiatives-Continued
•
•
•
•
Pharmacy Experiment (others)
USASBE; NACCE; Center Directors
ACE; National Graduate Council; AACC
Set of “exemplar” courses [Gen. Ed.;
Econ.; Technology]
• E-Research Engine
• National Inquiry (more later)
Outcomes: Education-Curriculum
• 2,136 of 2,662 two-and four-year non-profit
colleges and universities (80%) offer at least
one course in entrepreneurship
• 300+ offer baccalaureate degree
• 500 offer master’s concentrations (of 847
MBA programs)
• 30+ Ph.D. concentrations (and growing)
• 18 academic departments
Outcomes
• Within 15 Years
– Seeded in the business school (1990)
– Movement to engineering (1995) (400+ in U.S.
Now, more in engineering than in business)
• Three Years Ago:
– Across the curriculum (KCI: 73 faculty (167, 20045); 27 (52, 2004-5) different disciplines; 101
different courses, 2003 (175, 2004-5))
– Increasing accessibility to students without regard
to discipline
Outcomes: According to Our
Calculations (The Legacy System)
• ~ 6,000 different faculty (~ 50% fulltime-regular)
• ~12,000 courses taught
• ~400,000 students enrolled
• ~100 student majors
• Assoc./B.S./M.S.+MBA/Ph.D. students
Outcome: Penetration of
Entrepreneurship
• Offer:
– 929 of 1,194 two-year
– 1,207 of 1,468 fouryear
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
two-year--929
• Or:
– 2,136 of 2,662 = 80.2% of ALL
– Have at least one course in
entrepreneurship
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
All--2,136
four-year--1207
Outcomes: Penetration
AAU
Land Grant
Land Grant
AASCU
AASCU
BAIE and
BACC
and Associate
Associate
60 of 60 = 100%
113 of 120 =
94.2%
354 of 378 =
93.7%
1339 of 1774 =
75.4%
The U.S. Entrepreneurship
Hierarchy
98%
Doctoral
95% Masters
75% Baccalaureate / Associate
Outcomes: Curriculum
•
Despite wide-ranging nomenclature, the ten most
listed course titles: (at four-year institutions)
1. Introductory Course in Entrepreneurship
2. Preparing the Business Plan
3. Entrepreneurship and Technology
4. Financing New Businesses
5. Managing an Emerging Growth Enterprise
6. New Product Development
7. Marketing for Entrepreneurs
8. Legal Issues for Entrepreneurs
9. Internship in Entrepreneurship
10.Capstone in Entrepreneurship
Outcomes: Continuing Curriculum
Analysis
• Review of syllabi:
Content
analysis
Educational
resources
Segmentation
• By institutional type:
Faculty teaching
courses
Frequency of
material use
• By academic unit:
BA
LAS
ENGR, etc.
A Decade of Kauffman
Investment
•Research
•Canon
Outcomes: From Research
Initiative
• Grants to NYU; U. of Chicago; U. of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; U.C.
Berkeley; Washington U., St. Louis;
Harvard; etc. to build bibliography
• Grants to faculty
• Grants to RAND; SBR; Hudson Institute
• Institutional studies—long term
• Mathematica: 9-year longitudinal study
A Decade of Kauffman
Investment
•Public
Engagements
•Internships
•Business Plan
Competitions
Outcomes: Advancing Innovation
• Expediting intellectual property to
marketplace
• Create continuum of IP creation and
enterprise development
• Intellectual integration of these concepts
• Influencing public policy: open source;
patent process; revenue generation
models
Influencing Future Outcomes
• Kauffman National Panel on
Entrepreneurship Curriculum in Higher
Education
– Qualitative and quantitative principles and
guidelines
– What should be taught, in what manner, by
whom?
– Identify canon of knowledge and tenets of
entrepreneurship
– Best practices at each degree level
An Educational Template:
Options for an Entrepreneurship Curricula
A Template For Desired Entrepreneurial Outcomes
Contribute to E’al
Capitalism
Embedding E’al
Values
Relationship
Building &
Networking Skills
Key “How To”
Business KnowHow Acquired
Understanding
Venture Creation
Processes
Motivation to E’al
Careers/Lifestyle
Empathy for
Entrepreneurial
Values
Gaining
“Generic” “E”
Competencies
E’al Skills &
Behaviors
Curriculum at 4 levels:
Exit Strategy
Start-up Ignition
Mobilize Resources
Real Opportunity
• Associate Degree
• Baccalaureate Degree
• Masters Degree
• Doctoral Degree
Experience
Execution
• General Education Courses
• Courses in E-ship
• Cognate Courses
Colleges and
Universities
Idea
Action Dynamic
Motivation Education
Students
Awareness Interest
Kauffman National Panel
Outcomes: Moving Forward
• Managing Gordon Brown’s Fellows
program
• Collaborating with National Council on
Graduate Entrepreneurship (NCGE)
• Strengthening relationships with Simon
Fec; Cambridge; Bristol; etc.
• Becoming the global locus of
entrepreneurship
The Ultimate Outcome
• A respected academic discipline
• Integrated into established disciplines
• Accessible to every student and
institutionalized in all 4,000 schools of
higher education
• Creation, promotion, and adoption of
the “science” of entrepreneurship