International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
To Investigate the Effect of Process Parameters on Surface
Roughness of Aisi1045 Steel in Dry Machining with CBN
Cutting Tool Using ANOVA
Ramyasree Keerthi1, Anitha Lakshmi Akkireddy2
1
Department of Design for manufacturing, JNTU University, HYDERABAD, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTU University, HYDERABAD, India
Abstract
Machining without the use of any cutting fluid is
becoming more popular due to concern regarding safety
of the environment . Most of the industries spend around
16-20%
of manufacturing cost on the cutting
fluids/coolants. So the extravagant usage of these fluids
can be restricted by using Dry/ Green machining. Dry
Machining is a machining process without coolant and it is
more popular as a finishing process. The purpose of this
research project is to obtain a comprehensive understanding
of the Relationships between input parameters i.e. cutting
speed, feed and depth of cut and output parameter i.e.
surface roughness (Ra) of AISI1045 in Dry Machining with
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) cutting tool. In present study the
experimentation will be carried out using orthogonal arrays
designed using Taguchi technique. Analysis of the test
results will be done using ANOVA.
direct contact of coolants has lead to the following
advancements:
1. An under-cooling system, where the coolant flows
through channels located under the insert, then out to
the environment, without any direct contact with the
cutting zone.
2. Internal cooling by a vaporization system,
in which a vaporizable liquid is introduced
inside the shank of the tool and vaporized on
the underside surface of the insert.
3. Cryogenic systems, where a stream of cryogenic
coolant is routed internally through a conduit inside
the tool.
Keywords: Dry machining, surface roughness (Ra) and
sensitivity analysis.
I-INTRODUCTION
Machining process is a metal cutting operation by
which finished surface of desired shape and
dimensions are obtained by separating a layer from the
parent work piece by pressing a wedge shape device
cutting tool to the work piece.
1.1.2 Concept of Dry Machining
Dry machining is also a process of metal removal but
it does not involve the use of wet cutting fluids that
are hazardous to environment and also costs
sufficiently high. Manufacturers all over the world are
trying to discover new method to eliminate the use of
cutting fluids. According to studies carried out. The
United States of America 15% of the cost of the
production is spent in purchase, storage, handling,
utilization and safe disposal of the fluid.
4. Thermoelectric cooling systems, using a module of
couples of thermoelectric material elements. When an
electric current is passed through the thermoelectric
elements, a cold junction and a hot junction is
produced at the opposite ends of each of these
elements. Another approach is to improve the
properties of the tool material by making them more
refractory or generate less heat during machining.
There has been a continuous development in the field
of cutting-tool materials starting with HSS, cobalt
alloys, cemented tungsten carbide, coated carbide and
coated HSS, cubic boron nitride and diamond.
However, the need for machining with increasingly
higher cutting speeds and also to machine difficult-tomachine materials is imposing pressure for the
development of new tool materials. As a result, newer
tool materials such as ceramics and also different
types of coatings on the tool materials will address the
problems in dry machining to some extent.
1.1.4 EFFECT
MACHINING
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
1.1.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN DRY MACHINING
To pursue dry machining, one has to compensate for
the beneficial effects of cutting fluids. One approach
towards dry machining is to have an indirect contact
of coolants and thereby take away the heat generated.
Research in the area of dry machining without the
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The performance of a cutting tool is dependent on the
form stability of the cutting wedge, which in turn is
mostly dependent on the effective/working hardness
and thermal conductivity of the tool/work materials.
The working hardness of the tool material is related to
the hot-hardness characteristics of the tool material.
Typical hot-hardness characteristics of different tool
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
materials are illustrated in Fig.1.3. It can be seen that,
barring carbon steel and high speed steel (HSS)
materials, all other tool materials exhibit a steady
reduction in hardness with increase in temperature. [2]
The temperature of machining
is dependent on the
cutting speed V and the type of material pair involved
in machining and can be expressed as
1.1.5 THE DRY MACHINING CHALLENGE
Fig.1.4 Typical hot-hardness characteristics of some
tool materials
1.1.6 COMPARISION OF DRY MACHINING AND
WET MACHINING
The hardness of the tool material is selected so as to
maintain consistent replication of its nose on the work
surface, to maintain the desired surface texture. A
reduction in tool material hardness with increase in
temperature (due to the increased velocity) is to be
limited so that a high degree of fidelity of nose
replication can be maintained. This calls for limiting
the temperature of machining, which can be attempted
by limiting the speed of machining. The situation is
more aggravated during the machining of heatinsulating materials. The significance of machining
speed on the machining performance is illustrated in
Fig.1.4. It is seen that a range of cutting speed can
offer a highly efficient machining performance. This
is again reflected in the need for controlling the
machining temperature within limits for achieving
good machining performance. This aspect of a
temperature limit for economical machining has to be
taken into consideration for dry machining.
Metalworking is composed of a number of different
machining operations that place different requirements
on the lubricants. Other parameters that must be
considered are the alloy of metal being machined, the
machine tool and the cutting tool used in the process.
Some machining operations are more amenable to dry
machining than others. Open faced operations such as
milling and boring can be effectively run dry, the
resulting chips can be easily moved away from the
tool/work piece interface. In these cases, there is no
need of lubricity and heat generated can be managed.
In contrast, closed face machining operations such as
drilling and tapping cannot be efficiently run dry
because the metal chip remains in close proximity to
the tool/work piece interface. this possibility increases
the prospects of chips damaging the tool and the work
piece surface because there is no mechanism in place
for their removal.
Dry Machining
Wet Machining
Ecologically desirable.
Coolants used contain
harmful
chemical
reagents therefore not
eco-friendly.
Cost efficient.
Coolants add up to some
extra cost.
Tool life is increased by
Thermal shocks are a
eliminating
common
thermal
occurrence
shocks.
because of flood coolant.
No residue is left on the
Disposal and cleaning
swarf
causes
reduced
costs are more because
and
cleaning
of the residual deposits
disposal
costs.
Do
on the swerve.
not
cause
health
Causes health problems.
problems.
Contact time of tool is
Tool contact time is a
short hence will last long.
little
longer
which
causes tool wear.
Table 1.1 Comparison between dry machining and
wet machining
Fig.1.4. Illustration showing the significance of
machining speed on machining performance
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
1.1.7 DRY MACHINING OF COMMON METALS
The dry machining of cast iron is not exactly
new. Cast iron can be cut dry in turning and
milling operations. The dry machining of cast
iron has been attempted using ceramic
cutting materials and CBN at high surface
speeds
and
feed
rates
by
Spur
and
Larchmont. They found that since CBN tools
have
the
highest
thermal
conductivity
compared with the ceramic type of tools,
CBN was able to remove the heat efficiently
from the cutting material. Hence they
concluded that CBN tools were highly suited
for the dry machining of cast iron at high
cutting speeds.
this
reason
dry
machining
can
be
recommended for interrupted cutting.
Aluminum and its alloys are considered to be
the most critical materials with regard to dry
machining. Because of their higher thermal
conductivity,
the
work
piece
absorbs
considerable heat from the machining process
and may cause deformation due to its higher
thermal expansion capabilities. In addition
aluminum alloys may cause problems related
to chip formation. Hence in the machining of
aluminum and its alloys, it is essential to use
tools with suitable coatings.
The main issues that have to be considered
for the dry machining of non-ferrous metals
Cast iron can also be dry milled with the
cermets type of tools at high speeds. Here the
high speed employed is not to reduce the
machining time, but to reduce the tool and
work piece contact time to prevent the heat of
the chip penetrating the tool.
are the achieving of higher spindle speeds,
the improvement of chip ejection geometry
and the design of better tooling. Diamond
tools will be a major enabler of this
technology because of their high thermal
coefficient, fast heat diffusion, no affinity for
Drilling is the most widely used process in
the steel industry due to the assembly of
components. The main problem associated
aluminum and the possibility of diamond
being used as a coating for other shaped
tools.
with the dry drilling of steel is the removal of
chips from the drilled hole. One approach to
reduce this problem is to enlarge the flutes
1.1.8 Advantages and Limitations
Machining :A. Advantages of Dry Machining
of
Dry
and thereby giving the chips more space,
helping them to come out of the hole.
Another problem that can be encountered is
the jamming of the drilled hole due to the
expansion of the drill at high temperatures.
One way of correcting this problem is to give
more drill taper towards the shank.
For the continuous high speed machining of
super
alloys
and
titanium,
cooling
B. LIMITATIONS OF DRY MACHINING
is
necessary. However, in an interrupted cutting
environment, the coolant if used induces
thermal shocks on any cutting material. For
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Complete elimination of harmful cutting fluid
It eliminates costs involved in purchase,
storage, handling, utilizing and safe disposal
of the fluid.
High cutting speeds can be achieved with
improved surface finish.
Reduction in overall production time and
improved working conditions.
While the technology to carry out dry machining has
improved, metalworking fluid is needed to ensure that
higher speeds and feeds can be used and to ensure that
the surface finish of work pieces meets expectations.
The new tool coatings have been helpful but still the
problem exists that machining cannot be done dry at
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
the rate needed to achieve the productivity found with
using metalworking fluids.
3.
Closely related to the ANOVA is a linear
model fit with coefficient estimates and
standard errors.
2. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
4. TAGUCHI METHOD
2.1.1 WHAT IS AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE?
a
Taguchi’s parameter design offers a systematic
statistical method used to compare two or
approach for optimization of various parameters with
more means
regard to performance, quality and cost.
Analysis
Inferences
of
Variance
about
(ANOVA)
means
are
is
made
by
analyzing variance (therefore it is not called
analysis of mean)
ANOVA is used to test general rather than
specific differences among means
You might be wondering why you should
learn about ANOVA when the Turkey test is
better. One reason is that there are complex
What is Taguchi method?
The design of experiments using the orthogonal array
is, in most cases, efficient when compared to many
other statistical designs. The minimum number of
experiments that are required to conduct the Taguchi
method can be calculated based on the degrees of
freedom approach.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
types of analyses that can be done with
ANOVA and not with the Tukey test. A
Considering the input parameters of cutting
second is that ANOVA is by far the most
speed, feed rate and depth of cut, the L9
commonly-used technique for comparing
Orthogonal
means, and it is important to understand
parameters is proposed, using Taguchi
ANOVA in order to understand research
techniques through the design of experiment.
reports.
The machining is done using the obtained
array
of
optimized
input
optimized input parameters and the surface
it
roughness values are recorded. Then the
is used for multiple purposes. As a consequence, it is
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to
difficult to define concisely or precisely.
find which parameter has significant effect
"Classical ANOVA for balanced data does three
on output parameter i.e. surface roughness.
things at once:
After developing the model, confirmation
ANOVA is the synthesis of several ideas and
1.
2.
As exploratory data analysis, an ANOVA is
tests are conducted with values, within the
an
data
range of selected machining parameters. The
decomposition, and its sums of squares
error percentage is then determined using the
indicate the variance of each component of
experimental values, obtained from the
the decomposition (or, equivalently, each set
confirmation tests and predicted values,
of terms of a linear model).
calculated from the mathematical model.
Comparisons of mean squares, along with F-
International Conference on Advances in
tests ... allow testing of a nested sequence of
Design and Manufacturing
organization
of
an
additive
models.
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II-LITERATURE REVIEW
Reference [1]has reviewed the impact of dry
machining in the coming future and found that dry
machining requires suitable measures to compensate
for the absence of coolants. Dry machining is only
possible when all the operations can be done dry.
Technology has to be further improved if dry cutting
is to be fully employed in industries. As the costs for
machine will continue to turn out parts under the
occasional supervision of an operator. The machine is
controlled electronically via a computer menu style
interface, the program may be modified and displayed
at the machine, along with a simulated view of the
process. The setter/operator needs a high level of skill
to perform the process. The CNC lathe greatly reduces
human error overall and can lead to a more productive
and efficient manufacturing environment. Dry turning
is done on the work piece material using CNC lathe
Siemens 802 D SL as shown in the fig.3.1. The
specifications of the CNC lathe are mentioned in the
table 3.1.
waste each parameter preliminary experiments had to
be conducted. These preliminary experiments showed
that the value of surface roughness is less between the
speeds from 100 m/min to 250 m/min and feed rate
from 0.02 mm/rev. to 0.04 mm/rev. The final result
shows the significance of each machining parameter
individually on the surface integrity and a model to
predict the value of surface roughness between that
Fig.3.1 CNC Lathe 802 D SL
particular range of cutting parameters.
III. EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the machinery, instrumentation and
other equipment used during the course of the project
are clearly discussed. Taguchi’s design of experiments
and the step by step experimentation are elaborately
discussed.
By using plan of tests to study the influence of input
parameters i.e. cutting speed, feed rate and depth of
cut on output parameter i.e. surface roughness of AISI
1045 steels can be acknowledged. Analysis can be
conducted using a statistical tool with aid of various
plots like main effect plots and surface plots which are
discussed.
By using Anova is developed and sensitivity analysis
carried out to measure the relative significance of the
input parameters on AISI1045 steel with respect to
the output parameters.
3.2 CNC LATHE
Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathes are
rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multi
spindle, etc.) due to their ease of setting, operation,
repeatability and accuracy. They are designed to use
modern carbide tooling and fully use modern
processes. The part may be designed and the tool
paths programmed by the CAD/CAM process or
manually by the programmer, and the resulting file
uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialed the
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Table 3.1 Specifications of CNC Lathe 802 D SL
3.2 DIGITAL SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTER
Digital surface roughness tester is used for quick, easy
and accurate measurement of the surface roughness
values of a machined component. The fig.3.2
represents the digital surface roughness tester used for
the measurement of surface roughness values(Ra)Ra is
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
defined
as
the
arithmetic
averageroughness.
Fig.3.2 Digital surface roughness tester
This accurate and reliable instrument offers complete
flexibility and
simplicity:
- Parameter Options to suit your application
- Fast Measurement Cycle
- Intuitive Menu Structure
- Unique Stylus Lift Mechanism for total flexibility
- Long Traverse Length and extended Pick-up reach
- Storage of up to 100 readings
- Powerful software option
- Worldwide technical support
experimental runs to be carried out without affecting
the quality of the analysis. These orthogonal arrays
are derived using factorial design which can be a full
factorial design or a fractional factorial design. A full
factorial design is the one in which all the treatments
are taken in to consideration for the machining
purpose. If the treatments in a full factorial design is
too high to be logistically feasible, a fractional
factorial design may be considered, in which some of
the possible combinations (usually at least half) are
omitted.
Experiment
CUTTING
FEED
DEPTH OF
No.
SPEED
(mm/rev)F
CUT
(m/min)
EED
(mm)
1
100
0.04
0.2
2
100
0.06
0.3
3
100
0.08
0.4
4
140
0.04
0.2
5
140
0.06
0.3
6
140
0.08
0.4
7
180
0.04
0.2
8
180
0.06
0.3
9
180
0.08
0.4
Depth of cut
3.3 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Table 3.2 Machining parameters
Design of experiment is a specially designed
experimental method developed for evaluating the
effects of process parameters on performance
characteristics. It determines the process parameter
conditions for optimum response variables.
Application of robust design of experiment requires
careful planning, accurate layout of the experiment,
and analysis of results.
Key terms used in the Design of Experiments are
Factors which are the Input Parameters used
for machining.
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Initially a 1350 mm X 25 mm bar of AISI1045 Steel
is taken and cut in to nine 50 mm long segments using
a Band saw machine shown in the fig.3.3. The
hardness of the material is measured using Rockwell
hardness tester shown in fig.3.4 under the load of 150
kg and the indent used is diamond point. The
measured hardness value is HRC 75.
Levels indicate the experiments performed at
different factor values.
Outcome
is
the
Response
or
Output
Parameters.
Treatments are the number of trials or
experiments performed which are obtained
using the expression level factors.
During experimentation, a large number of
experiments have to be carried out as the number of
machining parameters increases. Taguchi’s design of
experiments involves proper selection of an
orthogonal array to accommodate input variables
(control factors) and their interactions. The use of
statistically derived orthogonal arrays for planning the
experiments drastically reduces the number of
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Fig.3.3 Band saw Machine
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
Table
Machining
Work piece
AISI105 Steels
Cutting tool
Tool Holder
Cubic
Boron
Nitride(CNMG120408LO-B
CBN-10)
PCLNL 2525 M-12
Cutting speed(m/min)
100, 175 , 250
Depth of cut (mm)
0.100 , 0.125 , 0.150
Feed rate(mm/rev)
0.02 ,0.03 ,0.04
Fig.3.5 Machined workpieces
TABLE 3.3 Rockwell hardness tester
The AISI1045 pieces are then dry turned using the
input parameter combinations obtained from the
Taguchi design. The table 3.2 represents the
machining parameters.
The input parameters considered are cutting speed,
feed rate and depth of cut which play a vital role in
obtaining a finished surface. Three levels are
considered for each input parameter for machining
purpose which is a 3x3 array as shown in the table 3.3.
L09 orthogonal array is designed using a statistical
tool which works on the Taguchi principal of
orthogonal arrays. Table 3.4 represents the designed
L09 orthogonal array used for machining. Using the
above combinations the twenty seven work pieces are
dry turned using CNC Lathe 802 D SL as mentioned
earlier. Fig.3.5 nine work pieces which are machined
using CBN cutting tool.
Experime
CUTTIN
FEED
DEPTH
(Ra)
nt No.
G
(mm/re
OF CUT
SURFACE
SPEED
v)FEED
(mm)
ROUGHNE
Depth of
SS
(m/min)
cut
(μm)
1
100
0.04
0.2
1.515
2
100
0.06
0.3
0.575
3
100
0.08
0.4
0.470
4
140
0.04
0.2
0.435
5
140
0.06
0.3
0.245
6
140
0.08
0.4
0.465
7
180
0.04
0.2
0.285
8
180
0.06
0.3
0.830
9
180
0.08
0.4
0.430
The surface roughness values (Ra) of the machined
pieces are determined using digital surface roughness
tester. The knob of the tester is made to contact with
the surface of the workpiece material through certain
length. The average of surface roughness values
through that length is displayed in the tester. The
surface roughness values obtained are listed in the
table 3.5.
Factors
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Cutting speed (m/min)
100
140
180
Feed rate (mm/rev)
0.04
0.06
0.08
Depth of cut (mm)
0.2
0.3
0.4
TABLE 3.5 SURFACE ROUGHNESS VALUES
3.6 SUMMARY
CNC lathe used is Siemens 802 D SL for dry turning,
Band saw cutter is used to cut the work pieces,
Rockwell hardness tester is used to test the hardness of
the material and other equipment like Digital surface
tester is used to measure the surface roughness.
Taguchi Techniques are used in design of the
experiment. Analysis of the experimental results is
further discussed
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MAIN EFFECT PLOTS FOR MEANS
Table 3.4 orthogonal arrays
FIG 4.1 RESIDUAL PLOTS OF Ra
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
causes increase in temperature on account of
The main effect plots are used to plot data
increase in frictional heat due to more contact
means when there are multiple factors. The
between tool and work material. Thus higher
points in the plot are the means of the
machining temperature leads to thermal
response variable at the various levels of each
softening of work material resulting in less
factor, with a reference line drawn at the
surface roughness. Therefore, from fig.4.1 it
grand mean of the response data. The main
effect
plots
are
used
for
is found that the machining at 180 m/min
comparing
cutting speed with 0.02 mm/rev feed rate and
magnitudes of main effects. It is observed
0.140 mm depth of cut produced lower
from the above fig.4.1 that as the cutting
surface roughness.
speed increases from 100 m/min to 140
m/min, the surface roughness gradually
sno
Speed
feed
decreases. Further increase in the cutting
1
2
100
100
0.04
0.06
Depth
cut
0.2
0.3
3
100
0.08
0.4
0.470
4
140
0.04
0.3
0.435
5
140
0.06
0.4
0.245
6
7
8
9
140
180
180
180
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.465
0.285
0.830
0.430
speed to 180 m/min increases the surface
roughness. The above trend of decreasing and
increasing the surface roughness with an
increase in cutting speed is because of the
thermal softening effect that prevails in
machining of AISI1045 STEELS. As the
AISI1045
STEELS
has
low
thermal
diffusivity, the rate of heat transferred to the
surrounding from the machining region is
very less. As a result, more heat gets
accumulated in the machining zone.
of
Surface
roughness (Ra)
1.515
0.575
TABLE 4.1. SURFCE ROUGHNESS VALUES
The 3D surface plots are used to evaluate the
relationship between three variables at once. These
plots use interpolation to produce a continuous surface
i.e. surface plot or grid i.e. wireframe plot of z values
that fit the data.
It is observed from fig.4.1 that as the feed
rate increases from 0.04 mm/rev to 0.06
mm/rev, the surface roughness increases
gradually. Further increase in the feed rate to
0.08 mm/rev causes drastic increase in the
surface roughness. At higher feed rate, the
friction between work material and cutting
tool will be higher due to larger cross
sectional area in deformation zone and
therefore surface roughness increases.
It is observed from the above main effect plot
i.e. fig.4.1 that as the depth of cut increases
Fig.4.2 Pareto chart of the standardized Effects for
surface roughness (Ra)
from 0.100 mm to 0.120 mm, the surface
roughness
remains
constant.
However,
further increase in the depth of cut to 0.140
mm causes reduction in surface roughness.
From the fig.4.2, it is observed that minimum surface
roughness is produced when the feed rate is 0.04
mm/rev and cutting speed is 140 m/min. But when the
feed rate increases from 0.06 mm/rev to 0.08 mm/rev
However, further increase in depth of cut
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 25 Number 1- July 2015
and when the cutting speed changes from 140 m/min
to 180 m/min, the surface roughness increases.
datasets and experimental values are tabulated in
Table 4.2. Mean square error for the production
datasets is 0.0051865. From this it can be said that the
error between the predicted and the experimental data
sets is very less and thus the results obtained are
satisfactory.
The terms R-Sq = 96.84% indicates that the
model is best and it cover all the variation
provided by different process parameters.
The results obtained from conformation test
shows that the error in experimental and
predicted values is 0.0387 % which is less
fig .4.3 Normail plot of the standard effects
than 10 %. It shows that our experimental
results are fit to the best. The effect of inserts
From the fig.4.3, it is observed that minimum surface
roughness is produced when depth of cut is 0.12 mm
and feed rate is in the range of 0.02 mm/rev to 0.03
mm/rev. But when feed rate increases from 0.03
mm/rev to 0.04 mm/rev, the surface roughness
increases .From the fig.4.3, it is observed that the
surface roughness is increased when the depth of cut is
0.12 mm and cutting speed is in the range of 200
m/min to 250 m/min. But it is found to be decreased
when depth of cut is 0.15 mm and cutting speed from
150 m/min to 200 m/min
Post training the Anova predicts the response values,
that is, the surface roughness values. The values are
then tabulated against the values obtained by
experimental means. It is observed that the predicted
values based on Anova model are very close to that of
experimental observation. The validation of surface
roughness values using Anova is shown below in table
Table 4.2 Validation of results for surface roughness
using Anova
shape on surface roughness is minimum at
low cutting speed.
4.5. SUMMARY
From the above analysis the optimum conditions: 140
m/min cutting speed, 0.04 mm/rev feed rate and 0.150
mm depth of cut are obtained. The ANOVA is
conducted and the most significant factor affecting the
output parameter, surface roughness is determined. It
is found that depth of cut has most significant impact
on surface roughness. The confirmation tests are
conducted to verify the fitness of the above developed
mathematical model. It is observed that the
mathematical model is practically accurate. The
conclusions of the work are further discussed.
V. CONCLUSION
From the results obtained it can be concluded that by
dry machining AISI1045 steels with CBN10 tool with
cutting speed, Feed and Depth of Cut as input
parameters, surface roughness as output parameter it is
observed that feed is the most significant input
parameter which is effecting the surface roughness(Ra).
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Gokaraju Rangaraju
institute of engineering and technology for providing
resources in completing the project successfully and for their
support and guidance in completing the project.
REFERENCE
S=0.137974, R-Sq = 96.84%, R-Sq (adj) =87.36%
The percentage errors calculated from the predicted
values which are obtained by training the experiment
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Ms.RAMYASREEKEERTHI pursued
her engineering education in mechanical engineering at CMR
college of engineering and technology, Hyderabad, India and
pursuing M.Tech (Design for Manufacturing) at GRIET Gokaraju
Rangaraju institute of engineering and technology,Hyderabad,India.
Miss.ANITHALAKSHMI AKKINEREDDY pursued her
engineering education in mechanical engineering at JNTUH
University, Hyderabad and She is presently working as an Associate
Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Griet Gokaraju Rangaraju
institute of engineering and technology, Hyderabad, India. she has
10 years of teaching experience.
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