CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................
FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................
TO THE USER ......................................................................................................
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
LESSON
ONE
PUNCTUATION ...............................................................................
The Punctuation of Complex Sentences ....................................
The Capital Letters ....................................................................
The Possessive Apostrophe ......................................................
1
2
3
4
TWO
IDENTIFYING NOUNS ....................................................................
The Four Marks .........................................................................
Changeable Forms .............................................................
Preceding Items ..................................................................
Sentence Position ...............................................................
Group Position ....................................................................
Summary ...................................................................................
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
THREE
CLASSIFYING NOUNS ..................................................................
Review .......................................................................................
Types of Nouns ..........................................................................
A-Type Nouns ........................................................................
B-Type Nouns ........................................................................
C-Type Nouns ........................................................................
D-Type Nouns ........................................................................
E-Type Nouns ........................................................................
Summary ...................................................................................
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
17
FOUR
COUNTABLE NOUNS ....................................................................
Review .......................................................................................
Singular and Plural Forms .........................................................
D-Items ......................................................................................
Summary ...................................................................................
19
19
20
20
23
FIVE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ...............................................................
Review .......................................................................................
C-Type Nouns ............................................................................
Characteristics of C-Type Nouns ................................................
Substances ..........................................................................
Abstract Nouns ....................................................................
25
25
26
27
28
29
SIX
COUNTABLE-UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ........................................
Review .......................................................................................
D-Type Nouns ............................................................................
Characteristics of D-Type Nouns ...............................................
Selected List of D-Type Nouns ..................................................
31
31
32
32
33
vi
SEVEN
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ....................................................
Review .......................................................................................
The Forms .................................................................................
The Meanings ............................................................................
The Simple Present Actual Tense ........................................
The Simple Present Neutral Tense ......................................
The Simple Present Habitual Tense .....................................
The Simple Present Future Tense .......................................
The Frequency ............................................................................
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
44
EIGHT
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NARRATIVE AND ACTUAL .............
Review .......................................................................................
The Forms .................................................................................
The Meanings ............................................................................
The Simple Fast Narrative ...................................................
The Simple Past Actual ........................................................
The Frequency ............................................................................
47
47
48
49
49
50
52
NINE
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NEUTRAL AND HABITUAL ..............
Review .......................................................................................
The Simple Past Neutral .............................................................
The Simple Past Habitual ...........................................................
The Frequency ............................................................................
55
55
56
57
59
TEN
VERB GROUPS ................................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
About Verb Groups .....................................................................
The Forms ...................................................................................
The Rule .....................................................................................
5 1 should stem .....................................................................
4 1 have stem+ed ..................................................................
3 1 be stem+ing .....................................................................
2 1 be stem+ed .....................................................................
61
61
62
62
64
64
65
65
66
ELEVEN
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS ................................
Review .......................................................................................
Questions ..................................................................................
Verbal Questions .................................................................
Pronominal Questions ........................................................
Negative Statements .................................................................
71
71
72
72
73
76
TWELVE
FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB GROUPS ....................................
Review .......................................................................................
Finite Verb Groups .....................................................................
Non-Finite Verb Groups ............................................................
79
79
80
82
THIRTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN, CAN’T, CANNOT ...............................
Review .......................................................................................
The Meaning of Can, Can’t ........................................................
Characteristic Ability .............................................................
Occasional Ability ..................................................................
Immediate Ability ...................................................................
Summary ...................................................................................
85
85
86
86
87
87
88
vii
FOURTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN AND COULD .......................................
Review .......................................................................................
Can Meaning Possibility and Impossibility ..................................
Could in Reported Speech ..........................................................
91
91
92
94
FIFTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS: WILL AND WOULD ...................................... 97
Future Reference ....................................................................... 97
Will referring to Future .............................................................. 98
Would in Reported Speech ....................................................... 100
SIXTEEN
SPELLING: THE DOUBLING OF CONSONANTS .........................
Long and Short Vowels ..............................................................
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables ...........................................
The Rules .................................................................................
The Consonant [l] .....................................................................
101
101
102
103
104
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 107
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