ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank all of the individuals who participated in the RAND technology discussions for their time, candor, and good will. We also thank Tim Arnold, Barry Turley, David Zatezalo, and Paul Zerella for graciously arranging facility tours. We would like to extend special thanks to RAND consultant J. Allen Wampler for his guidance and assistance during the discussions phase of this project, as well as his valuable comments as an external peer reviewer of the draft report. Pamela L. Tomski, also a RAND consultant, played an important role in arranging the industry discussions and gathering background information. Clifford Grammisch provided useful guidance on presenting our arguments. Susan Resetar and Sally Sleeper served as the external peer reviewers for this report and provided background on trends in other sectors and other valuable insights that strengthened our presentation. This research was greatly facilitated by the interest and support of the National Mining Association and its President and Chief Executive Officer, General Richard Lawson, Ret.; its Senior Vice President for Policy, Constance D. Holmes; its Vice President for Safety and Health, Bruce Watzman; and staff members Joseph Lema and Lisa Corathers. We also appreciated the interest of William C. Ford, Senior Vice President of the National Stone Association. Key organizational backing was provided by Henry Kelly of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. George Bockosh of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conceived and sponsored this research, and Toni Maréchaux of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technologies contributed important supplemental funding. The authors wish to thank both of these individuals for their enthusiastic and collegial support. While the content of the report reflects the observations and opinions of the people interviewed, the authors accept the responsibility for the ways those views are expressed in these pages. xxi