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tbQ I&gpiration., ©■esistaa©© ©sd Migfml ©s?itl©ism
gi^oa m® toy Br* Msrg@r@t floeSs®, isaodiato ^x'ofeesor
of Foods m& I$®.trliim, wiio ©aggeatet tli© j^robldm)
?5r©*. <J©a©i5mi»© ^Impmaia Wllliaas, S@ai of t^t B@-p©yt.*»
aaiif of ffoo&e aria Eiatritioaj ©r* Eog©r WlXliffiOQ,
Profeaeor of Sioeh©si©tr|'i ©nd t&© ©aay otl4©rs wfe©
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SOllX'©©S
£
in. fo&ls t&& on pollBhoQ. »ioo Mid eteeooiatdd tfe® dldoafid
with tli© laak of soia© stibstaaoo fdumd 4a. th© p©yi«m,p. aod
©atefO of tin® ttm*
I© iflsatlfioa borliid^i ia a&n and
birds aa baiag a "defi^i^Boy aisess©'"*
I IB) 1661
B9tw«®n 1901 sad 1911 ed&tlnudd ds^orinwnting fef Crijno
©ad ford^Bann in t&a Bsta^ Bast Inildat Bvanddon^ frmsor^
and St-antoB 1m t&® federated lajaj? States} aad
IOMBT*
SiUisa© aad CbeiBDerleta Is tto$ Bli41ippiBOs# lont support
to the amtritiOBSl aatar© of tho ©ttfeit^*
IB4) ItiS} (X2)
Sasteya wor&eFa ©erly b6g0». to ua® the ©xtmoi of rio^
poXiebi&gs a© © ©'Qare© of tho ©a^iaamiriti© fiabfitanoe for
eliQstoal detdrffliaatioti*
frftsey and Stantoa, smd f0da.Qrt
Wlillamci asd OlmaiDftriaia showed that tbe aatiafuritlQ smb*
st©no© wa© fflor® ata^l® la adit tha.a ia al&aliao ©oltttioa*
f^©!1 profod it #©s not ©a mlm $oid or ©llaloit,
(109)
but thoagjit it to ^ & ailfog#aome baso*
faal (Bd) ased
phoephotnagdtie aeld sat ailv^r aitroto a© 'reegeafs for
prooijptltation tor tfco |>olj?a^ariti© sttbatoao® ia the food*
etttftd tMoa rooogniaed as potent*
E©p©sf;@& oojatrlbtttloas to th© o-fessalc&l propeyti®© and
p^si^al ohavsot0ri9tlost togotho-ir with ollnioal oteerv©tioa©^ ©oatiaa^d to ®iv®agtfom the ©arXy v/orit*
fh© ia-
voetig^tioafi prooo^dod ia aan^ laBoratorie© throughout th©
world*
Hethode of ©ssaf asaistsd matori&IX^ la providlag
s itsafiard of re£«r©no<s> sad of comparison*
t3?hil^ saaa^
o-oatroversial. ^sp<a©ts ay© still to to© ©olv©&# a Qllmn ia
9
tli® tnvattigafcion tms r©aoha4 in IM paoejat Isolation ^nd
WmU £&t»o&tt«4d tfe® use of tb©, EaB©ii©le.ta^ "titsaia©"
tio Indicate %M In&lsp&BQ&MLe nataro of th@ tsttsot .fSroaa
ri©@ pollftSiinge and brdtwy's jroasty ©ia the ^cooad that tM
this was diaprotei* the "o0 ©ft© t^eifp@a*
faak postulated
the "vltsatln hsrpotheeie" in ^i&k he related the defieieney
disease© to m diet looking ia ©osa© auhetanoo vital to life*
!Dh» fact that there was anore than ome factor ®©i@&ti8;l for
nutritional nelj. he log tras at that tiae imdergoin^ researeh;
aad froiii the work of Mot&i end Fsroll^h^ Osheme aid Hendel0
asd BoOoiium^ the term vltamiBi emhyaeed .a waoh wider aoope
thaa Fajik*s ori^lsal lot eat #
SSoOoiiniD fiuggested the nee of the tena "water soluhle*
B" tot the anti*h<irll»0fi@ factor*
Whea Bmitli and Rendrioks^
doidher^ aad others showed "B* to 'to of a aoaples aatar®,,
the Brlfi&h affisced the- ^sbtertft ©ad B^ wae need'for the
antinenrltlo foot or«
n
^aseen and Sonath sitggeAted the B&m®
Gn.QVuctxini i-Ml® Biter's worfc reported on Btorttlin"#
Sher«
tmu ett^geeted the aee of vVn for the "S^" fraction,, bat thid
Williams propoeee the neaie of wthi©«*
wae aefar aaoepted*
min* *
the eaamlttee
OH
trltrimin noaeaflatiaro of the Afflerieea
Sooioty of Blolosleol Ofeeaist© aad tbe Asa@ri©to Iiistitmt® of
Nutrition. i» IQM) dofiAed th<a antin^utitio vitamin in %h&
'*(ll IBliat the vitomin whloh is reoognisrtle'©s a
speolfta in tin® ardvention or @mre «f Beriberi in
mm and polyB©iiiritig ia esperittontal animals, an&
tsbiob 1m& fteea iaasdttifiod a© ©onsistlug of a •-*(2) ottth^l 4 asiiio f^risaidin® g^omp asd a 4 mftttyl
i beta hy&rosydtbyX tliiasole group jolneA lay ft
te©tli^l©3a© gvoap ttoottgh darDon j&tooi of the tM^gol®
ring b@ .doaign&ted a® "BL" aaa 'that the t©ya "B55
tvtthoat a auhaeript b® a© longer used*"
In this paper» the term &. will therefore to ased to
designate this sutetanct.
Ohe^lpall,^r,o^rtir^l
tUllliame (108)', ia dlaottsaing the reaotlons of thiamin,
states "that oa titrating thismin ohlo^id© with ©lltali w©
find © &Tmtp tim whtsi 1 male is r@a0h©& corresponding to
the formation of the nemtral, or non»&eid salt? hnt fron
that point onurard there ia no further ^rea& until © total
of three mole© fam® heen added«
Shis pooaliar poteutlo*
metric titration mrm is dm© to the eyollo ftt@rt©n®r| ha©©
using up h^drox-jl ions and prevents the pi from rising*
It
the vitamin stands in ®a sik&lin® condition for some time,
there is only partial reooirexy of the viiasain on aeidifi*
oation*
"fh© eeniitivit^ of the vitamin to pU appears to depend
greatly upon the nature of the me&ias*
On aeoidental
presence of eodittm snlfite at pH 3 the vitamin splits*
this
B
oeemrgi with gsfoater gp@©(l at liigll#s, temperatures*
lag its tkerm©staMli%, it is jt&lrl^ etabl**
Ooaoera*-
Sh«. ©olutioE©
aa^ b© &@a.teS et pS 3*0 to 140° 0» for oa@ hour with oat
ap|>r®ei©Me los® anddr tfees© ooaditia&s*
At & pH of T.O
a)>out 10 per Q<mt 10 loet*
■a
'wfli<gi ohettio&a »atmr@ of tho eubetaaoe sliows it to- be a
rattM&r sferoag hm& iowMng aa aoid chloride witii melt lag
poiiit ©t 880 0#j it fon&e a pierolon&te with @@ltlag point
oi MB- <»• or Sg§0 ©*; a gold .©sit melting point ot 198° C«3
© tatlwi&te with meltiBg potot of 891° ©♦
w
It ia aftaorDed on e'h&reo&l or ftiiler'e earth and
elated from otereoal t^y dilute hydroehlevio a@id eiad from
the fmller1® earth to eon© ^stemt by alkalia^ hetter %
tpiain© salts or salts of other strongly baslo alitaloide*
It Is preolpitated hy phoephotungetio aeid, loss tally hy
ss@rouri© aoetate or silver aitrat© if these reagents ere
applied in &. pfi range .gre&ter thas. S..w
She tliiaaol© nucleus and p^rimldin© riag oomprise two
dlstlueti^© features in Its efcemioal etraetare*
$he thifi«i
sole'ttueleas is uni^«te ia Ilia hloehemleal ooopomid*
Malciiao
amd lm&it .lapaiiea© workers,, were among the first to suggest
a atruature forfflnl6ted ©a the tesie that the thlezole e^ol©
of the vitamin is |oined to the pyrii&ldl&e moiety through
©B
aliphatic methyl one §roup*
(80)
In 1911, fmsls reported the isolation from rlee*poll8h*
6
iiags «& trom yeast, of a ga1b©t©M© wMote b© feelio^ti to boa ©alt df the untinmritl® vitmaln*
It ©a© not xxntit 10SS
cr^etaxiia.® B^ from ©O toae of rioe polisMsga- ®,ftet g©ia§
taroagfe © moat lal^oyiom© p^ot^s©*. Mm$ tnr®&%l§&%&w
«OJJ»
tritetot fiMifrg© oja tho ohomi^al na'fe'ro aai jp^opisyt i«8 of
tJi© vitaaia, tet to Ullllarss and Ms ©owos-korg s© ^© th©
idfutifloatloa of t^ Btxttotuire of 9^, «7hioh lias th© followlag foraul® s
L^ ri,
CK
N=C - NH2- HCI C=C-CKCH20H
CH
4N-CH
?— '-'^
Cl CH-5
•J
fSia doatruotiojQ of the tlt&sia le Soponianf oa th©
tl©Os t^mjporataro of hoatla^, and pH of t^e solwat*
It Is
oomlt®ia©d to l>8 tliojmol&foiXo, hat under Q©rtela oosdltioos
of trf fciostlag otbor factors in tho B ooiaplosf ar© aosipas1^
tivoi^ more ©s&Aly a©9tro^o4# a© report©! % Ko©»«iOt SliBO,
©JHI
BXTeJil©©*
(S3)
is its &0$t.r©oti0;&#
Osidstlom I© not ^s ©pprooiablo faotoir
Pvom a pmet leal ttandpoliit., ©olubil*
lt|, fflaoiisBloal. yofiaomantj and shift of pi to tfa® ©l&alla®
©Ifiis oaueo tlio las^oet
AMOUQ
XOQP
of vitasala 3|»
t&® s^voro siga© of vitasiia B^ tofioieuo^- &m
tofifesri In aaa and polyneufitis in anie^Xsc,
?ol;noaritl8
wa© fh® iiv&t mitmlno^im to In© stmli®<i ^srperiaon^isll^*
Beriberi ©slits in two woll r©©©g3ais©M© forae^ itameljr
wet asi dry*
Bry ^irilreri vna Aeaeribefi 'by Beatias in 1646*
fershaXl &esQS:ibe& dry sat ml beriberi m two separate
4ie®!&ss0s in 1818 (e|t®i to $1) <>
fte wet sform Is aeeoeiateft
vith oardioYaeoular dist^rbanees ant ^eaeraXiseA 6i©!M*
$be fir^ fern tB&ai&ste itaeif mainly in na8ele«,87&dti&g axi&
peripheral s^iari^i©*;
(108J
Olmre& (SO) outlines the eharaoteriotie oe^ifeet&tions
of oeriberi or polyneuritle resulting from © laofe of vitemlu
B^ in the rat m Changes ""in sams^wiar t0nia@4 atasia, die*
tnrbaneee o$ ©^uiliteisa, hyperesxsitaMllty,, lami^tilar
tremors, aaa weakness -»-•►«.—. bat %m® oonimleione tad |sat©JU
yeift ©r® not a part ef .the beriberi dyndve!aen4
lSllXt©a#
(108)1 states that early stages of bpth fom© of the diaeaee
me eoneurront with loss of -appetite m& QBmatim of
growtht fetigtiQ, jneatal i©pr©-ssiOHj, ©nd gastro^intestinsl
dietarbandefi«
Baii7etrery Williams* Waterman, end Sereosteay
(109) ©tat© that, o0ro«s B^ inouffidieney io fo^sJibl© T7ith-»
out fmni^estatione ef polynearitie"*
fhile the ssftr® loanifestatiene of the Imt of vitamin
\ in © restricted diet may b© absent, other syiagtos® are
well reeognised ae being assoeiat^a with its subiaofisial im*
ta&Oi among these beisg aneresi@»-
fhe pr^a^p®© ef vitamin
Bj_ &.rBiaM@ apf©^|t® gttoalatioa ©ai its tmk ^estilts in.
iaaaltioii. mid. aaoswlsw
Co^rgitX note& (15) "that toss© r$l£rtlan ©ssisit® in ^ogi
l>®two©B tb,© d©@iro to p&jfS&ko of food &nd tli© saoont of tfee
QO<»©alI©a wsttr^salBM© v&t&min iaJeot@dt*«
K&vt C@1I r©ported^
^TE
On these &0g©
@ll mitasls which rafm©© tji® w&ol©
or p©3*t d£ t^ir &i<a)i0 tli© dosir® to eat aoald he ^aio^l^
3?©@to2'©d % tfeo to|oet.ioji of & s^stan©© ©ast^ijilng water*
©ole'lsl© flts-fateo
fB© flsii of th,® oispc?3?ia@af was I© f@©i tk©
•?it©ain ft-©© foot aatil t%& dog® refect part or t&o tyhoi©
of it for'a aiiii^y of da^a*
atane© ©nd aot© th© off®©!
ftoon feed tho ©©oessory emb<M
the food JUataksH
ffe© pr©*
fsration of w@t©x>«©ol6'&l# ^itmain m.& glif©» apeft fro© tha
fooa ©fteg* th© sasal had b^en off©fad la fch© saoraiag^ hsao®,
It ©oiali not affect the palability of the jratioa©*"
ICoia and SyureBaoijid ISOJ feilod to ©how Impair©d motillty
of th© digestif© traefc of pigeon©. 'lu d©©arl^iB@ the ^hysl*
ologleal ©££@®t of fltamla B* la the pigaon, tlaoy ©tet©»
®It ©©©22© o^ifiest that ©tsr^atios ©sad wast lag &Q©ociatod
tJith it are largely«■ if not ©atirol^., rogipon©ll>l« tot the
pethologlo®! mtte ohaagas o'te©rir«d iix vitamin B d#fiei(an0y
©sMMted %' pigeo^©. fed oa diets dofloi^otia vit4»mia 1»
fh®®® sr© diroot ooa©©qu<Eio0'©© of fho failure to eoasim©
'a^ffioient food to saaiatMn the '^od^ weight*
ItmM Of ap-
p©tlt© for %k4 d©floi©at: food aid ©emt© aarvoas s^mftom©
©r© ©laafsoterlaljio of vitamin 3 ftofielenoy to the pigdontt*9
iSoOayjMfion r©eorS© intdetinal Italoso ©a patiiologieel ol>^
eonratlone of irittuain B^ tetitimty) (oiteft is 86)«
JSra©®
■asfi SSoOoXXtut (61) point eat* ■"owing to tit la$te of appetite
the <$£tm%® of wsSer-'golttMo B itfyivatiOB atooli ^e y$*
gart'&t at le&dt partly ia tho ligtii of wftat happens In
itar?®^!©!!! aoA esh^At^ala"*»
©fleet on th© weight omrt©
Bh^tmu (85) a©^© that tM
ISB^
he m& usually fee® beea tM
b©st basis for Bd&saremcmtt and tbe most ©toiraeterisfi®
effeet. of Biaortage of vitamin B^ ave fsliur© of appetit©
mi& Mmlnpmmt of polyamrltie^
Silliwae (108) poiata out tbat^ 'Vnimals oating volun*
tarily of a iritaold S^^f?©® diet pm®rm®im%p limit their
iai&lg® of foot*
$hst is? what ia aoymal feeding f<w a
»o?@al Mrs i© over f©©ato§ fox* © partially depleted hird*
ffeu© hirds or m$s ©atiag voloittarily protect theiaeelvea to
©omo a^gree fipom polyaeer'itia % eating less food«
l&ot®
food of ©tfcroh fariet^ mefia© ©n iaereasic) of vitttmia
TO*
qttijp emeftt * ^ fMs ia is fEdeord wit Si Wmk* 1014 s. who showofi
that ^©jfbohytoate tioh diets teiag atjout &> moro irapid pro*
duetiOB of polyseuHtifi ia pigeoa© than aoriaal dietd#
fli© atmojmtalitios of earbohydrate aetaboliam bro&gbt
iBLboni % vitaaiB B^ defloieao^ &svo Tboea deeeribed %
Qollaso smi Bayo lei tot ia 40} snft laolade aeeu]n&lattio& of
laotio eoid in the brais of & plgecfia^
ftavrileoa aa^ Peters
10
(Ml fottad a ©uMoritel osfgoii ai^talco in plgoosag ia jyjyrgt*
iriKiB©r©l.©j? aafi Fotef© 104} ©^©t© fhatj. "Pigeon© is tM
terminal ©fsgos bavo an iB©r0&s©a aiamiBt of la©ti,@ e.©id i»
tfa® "feloot a© comfarea 'wttJi tM aanaallw
l?ift©^a 00®o»S0
efl©r <a©atfo tSs®r© is fou^a ia tii© jaoxtsassi apjproKliaet'&^ly SS
aillt^ram© p<st 100 ffsaas liosae ©aa in tli@ afltamiiaioti©
0§ sailllgfaffiStt
(
Sh$ lm.%rm&®&. tmtiQ ©©Id Is not ® eona©**
fii©^© of tE© high blooS itagsf a.a& $$&&©
Iseti© ©.#111 ulilels' i& r®la©i.«
$Q
follow tl© '^lood
5?M iBefoe-sod laiotio selt I®
©G»©ia>rait&»t witli the s^p^oraa is avitaainooso© B^ nafl ii®*»
appear© with a short p.oi!*io<i a^t^r fo©irig wi^h t,02,uliasw
rJillisaie offorcj the foXXouiaag- ©'splaaatloa*
s
01no@ ^ilsaisa
1, mt& &m © eo©i3S|^© It tm$ ha-^o ©igio-lfi^Giaa© i^ f^tgo as
tmont work of Sohaaim ant Sehmt©^, the ffro^hoephorl© ©e-tor
of Ih© ^itaajta i© the fr©gth©iie gsroup of an (ssagysio whioh
&@6arb<3>2?$lst©i pinwlo mi&»
WithmM it pyiwic ©©1(1 ao*
■euaaX^tes sijst poison© tM ti©©i2o@*
Fffophoephorla e©tar toy
1$ &s?oXjr©l s '^ith a©.l& I© eQsve^tsjd iato th© gho©ph©ri0 oat or
o? with a pfcoepfottta©©. mn^im %nf>® fvo® fklsmln*
2h© pfro^
phoiphori© '©@t©r po0so©@©s ©ntiaisuritle prof<irti©© tout ©@t©
aoif© aloal^ tha,a fy^o thiealn*
It is r<s$©r&©$ as teiagtag
abmit tho Seetraetloii of pyranfio aeicl &# ooxivartijag II iato
a©©$GXd#h|rt©#n
Evas® CSS-J lias eho^m for noymal y&t© thet there is &©*
u
ferret samml iattraat in males and delsifed stsmal maturity
and dofinito distmrlaaei! in eeatrooe a^sl® is. f®maa,©s«
Bra?^ and Sar^i© 1^5) report,.
OT
A tra® dsfie&eaoy ia
rats 4e mantfaated ^y severe bradyoavdia, mot aaoriltad to
inanition aiul roXieved at oa#® W adniniatratioa of titaasis
B^.
BoWrteoa aad ©d^le (Vf) fomud irariatioa© is tM heart
beats m th9 ©w© vata«
Jhran&la* Smith ga4 Mars® (aitad in 40) were wisll© to
alltviatei the 111 effects of high protein diets apoa the
kidney fe^ inoreaaiAg the allovramoe of the vit&ala B ooapXesr*
ffiili^tes states, "S^he proportioii of protein in the
diot easmot be saifi to b© ^ery impertaat with r©@i)©©t to
the 8 r@ftuirernest, hut thete is a great weight of ©vid<ss&6©
that esrbohf&rate raises the re^ulremeat*"
Shermaja ©ad
Ulo^ (85) in atud^lA^ the effeet of vltm&n B^ varied the
©sseia oontent -of the diet to a©e the relatiwa h®twe©a the
©mount of protela to rit&mln B
latake*
Varlationa of
protein ttom 2.2 to 54 per cent failed to show asa^ differ*
©aoo im the reepense of the weight eurrafl ®£ e^periaeatal
animal® roeoiTiag uniform restricted aXlowaaoes of vltealn
3 la the form of or&iage jmio®*
fhe results m$l$ jEstif^
the ©OEiolttsion that haaal diots aa,^ ?©f# xtifaXy in protein
©0Bt@Bt and still yiald iaterohangeahXe r©BttXts in the
teeti&g of to&m for vitamin %# and ©Xso that with a ha&el
diet oont&ining 18 to SO |>®r orent ptQt®in9 the protein in*
If
tali® iaa$ b© mmh eteyig&S h$ tfa® fe^iiBg of ©ith©r © high.
PTot&i®. or a low pyot<siia foot as & ©ourco of vitamin 3^^
witlj^Gt affsoting llse Tslidit^ ®ad ^ttsfititatitF© i?®lae of tto®
to&t m m indidetloa of tho relative vitaisin B^ eoutsat ©f
tho food t©©t©aoM ICarr (6X1 (S8) ehowefi that aitfogoa
utiXlsation in otli© tigestiT© traot
T3SI^
w
'«jaaffe#tiv© b^ tii©
©l)s®3a©© of X7©t©r ©'Oiable vitamin B6*
Otl^y 4ietmy| ooainoseiit© iafluoae© tlie a©talb.oli®ii @t
vitamiB B^ 'b©aia(& earbohytrat©©
Fat ©sorts a ©pariag aotioa
aooorclLing to BTan© md Lepkovsky ($3) wiao report that larg#
m&mnts of fat in the- tiei prsveat or retard tli® oa^s^t of
polyneux'itlB wixea the B^ ettppli1 ia low*
"?Jh©n, with high
intake of prot©is and vitamin i0 fet a®ts to ©pare vitamin
B^j, it eould do @o % sioiiJlBg dorm th© loss of titamin Bj,
from tfe© tst'e tis©"a#0#
ffa©i$ f^ts ans .r©©r@d. withomt vita*
min B^ the. maeei©© of thos® oa the low t&t dlot sEffer ©
loss ia vitunin B^,. both ia ab©o]lttt# ®mo«Bt aad ia ooaoon*
tratiosa p©r unit weight, but on th© high fat diet though
eono©ntr^tioa p&t rmit weight is reduoed by aboat oa©»h©13?*
there is little loss ia th© abaoXute aaossst of the vitamia
eiac© th© stusoles w@igh approsisiateX^ t^ioe && .aa@h*w'
Softer fats er© raoro effective them harder fatso- .
i'MppX© and Church (104} observod th© asam© effosts bat
©ttribiated it to a, favorable iafluoao© o? fat oa the growth
in th© iat©stiia$ of saieroworgaiiisa wMoh ar@ ©spabX^ of
li
lwvint Srandtj @M a@ls@n (48) shox? iadi^idmsl vax-ia*
tiotm in gain in tfeUgfct o^ yafte is rdeponso to tltemta a4*
iltioiia to & diet ©r@ so great ttet f0l,a.|lf@if latg© aujatjers
of individuals &m w®qu.i^®& la oT&m %$■ s^our© ©tati^tiTOll^
ilgaifiosmt r®@«.lt®*
P&IUMS'
(7X) attrilmftea t'Me in&ividual variatioa la
gala in ndlght to the ©■ffioioaej' indoa*
1# states that it
la tli© present o&stds in imtrition to ©ss&a® that iiidivid*
ma»X variation® ar© fodme^a to a xnsgllgiMo pyoposrtioa l»^
«isi?i§ littor »t©£u
Suoh ^a ©e©mmpti&a is not aac©pt©d %
geattlQiats twilei© tfea parents are Siomos^gdta© fox t%Q faetos'
is quastioo?
offloi'ancy.^
Shis 1© not i?@i?$' likQif. ©$ to food utilisation
fher© i© s ma^feod diffensno© in tfe® ©ffi^iano^
infi#3r ©f mBl©@ and fqiaslo fats9. UMoh ©pijoaye to !m a essjor
factoy in dotorminlng the diff®reac# in growth rates of th©
two SQSrsaa
Light anfi Gnaoa© (68) point out inherited ©train diff©r®no©@ in the vitamin $1 rdfsif&msmto
Z&wm® C«4l plotted
growth in various sessons and notod that th© ifiontie®!
iaaterial S0©a©4 to iarodno© Setter groiTth early in th© fell
than lat^a? in th© ymt*
Mvsas testa hav© leon dtvisoi to meaeQi0® th© r^lstiif©
14
&yltaailno908 of espevimdntekl ©nimals*
Quaatitatlv® am^inQ
tests ©r® ^aot^riologioajLj ahdalosl* growth promoting, ©aS
mmtiv®*
An mt&nBiml^ rngta aotlio& of a©ss|r tm® baon the ?at
groiftti motikod^ Aevoloped by 0to©@ &»& Shersnaa (17)*
A
3h«raB«n«»0iia9O aait of vitaala B Is tbo emouaf r/Moh., whoa
fod m 9 tell^ ©llowaaet, results ia a r&t^ of gala of thro®
graa© a wmk in a properly staadarfl-l 8<&& aaimsil daring aa
©^p©rl®0Bt©l period of four to eight w©<s>k©»
(86)
Whea ©11
■other &leta*£ roqalromente of tho rat at© supplied ia the
lasal diet osoept vitamia B^* growth is, ©ftsr depletion,
proportional to the iaore&ded Intake of vitaaln B^*, aooori-*
lag; to Waterfflaa and tentrifim (100) j Ohiok and Koefco© (19) j
Sherman and &%$m$®®t (06) & Bender and Sn&plee (4)»
She
depletion period laeta nntil all gain in weight hm ooaeed*
While tlio unit gaia ia weight of three gram® insure® ressoa@hl© eoastsaoy of results tot healthy test aaiaala, yet it
is far enoag:h 'fetelow the normal growth that there ia ample
room for resipon^e to aa inoreaaed iata^e of the vltanftn*
Bireh and Harria (6) introdnoed the use of the brady*
oardi© methods
Ar$wDent8 preseated by Harris ©ad Leoag
(42) for this methed ©re that the irregularities and soattor
of the "pigeon saethodM ©re obviated} the reault of a ©ingl©
administration ean be ohtaiaod ia the eeus1©© of a few toy©)
the seme rat oan he used for repeated separate tests* the
19
©riror Is m aor0 than abottt ii to SO por ooat*
©s-ttr^ (£0) lhft& gfeotni tji&t r^ts safaring fro® vitftmla
B^ i<afl®l©»0y tet low feeert ra-fedd*
Siaa® vitamin 1| aat
©tlias" food ^oaetltwoafts ^©s*© withomt aisiil®.? ©otioa, it wai
saggesteA that thio aotioa of the hoetrt ni^ht fo5?a tb© teii®
of a ^#r^ aouwui^at f 5?©p|6 aafi ©oc-urat® wthoS for <&stia©t*
ia^ Hi® vitami&»
M<&6tto@m&io{$mpht& vrnmi.® ay© taMens. ao
stoa as lh© mos-aal hsairt rat© fall® oa tlw ^ &d£l0i©at &i©t»
fSKSH siaglt a©0©a ©f th© aataria.! to %© td$t6& ar© givta aa&
tli® ©nitaal replnrnd on th® te@©l diet*
fh& ImrmB©' I® th©
rat© mod tl»fi ©re romgkl^ proportional to tSi© Aos© giv©a*
Oaves'of four $a$s are beat for a mmpBmtiv® teals*
Kofe*
©rteoa and ^Ofl® (T7l ©©aid aot §©t $?&&©& y©0$©B9© with
gradaatad d©©©© ©f -v-itaeiiia B^ % thid gtdth©d»
She mt oayativ© mat bod is d«fia©d %? Samps OB ©na
2e?08$t©8y (SI) &@ that amoaat of a sabstaxM© wfeleh ^osia
ptote©© ©ompXet© rali^f of savdre aymptoioa ia SO to SO p©^
©©at of th© t©©t aaiaals and \*.i©fe woald l©©p th©s® auisai©
fr©« from ©ontmlgion© for foar or mor© da^e*
Sto© doe© m©tbod i© an aapiifi©d ©wativ© taohai^u© in
that tte d©a© is 8appos©d3ljr ft aaaaa© of mea.etti*^ o£ a pr©p©r'*
tioa of th® oare«
tosmtiOEi of th©
lar^ii aad Bisoh (6| f©uad that th©
QW?@ &QOB
sot ia©r©as© i» pr©p©rtloa to th©
§18® of th® dos© ©o th© dog© «thod oaa h@ s&f®!^ ©sflo^td
©trar a terg. liaitod 2?©ag©.
£h@ poteao^ of © gi?©a prepaxa*
tioa ffiia,f appear less if large dosos ar© employed th©n if
10
goall^r to©©©
fit© fturetioa of tM ea^©- in^Iuexi^Q
&TB U©@4*
uo$d duration of aur© a© moo&e of ©vaUastiag the p®t@»«s^ of
antiaeairltio prodneti*
tH^l^
fBelr test aaM©! I© th^ pigeon »&
st
4iij? t0©0!* ie ©fetQinel by dividing the ^00© given %
tbe nusiT&es' of &mm it tan®© for the bi*d to remaitt freo
froa pQlynenritiflt
With rsta It ie ©feowsa that the duration
of oer© is a fonotloa of the dose*
W©ifht asl&t&jasai©© t& plg<sa»s is used % Ua^eras® ©Bd
AEm©raaa (101) who fotuad that the iniifidmal. w©lght© iovtiod
off at eaoh laereatat of Tltsala B^ ©dmlnist©^d*
^roteetion o£ Mfd® egdinet polinettiritifi ie aaothoi?
dpeeifio teat*
fiovsiever^ Mfd© haw jaoi been stendd7diE»ed t©
the 0sae extent that ial^rod colonies of mt® ha^o* thorefos'©
ore not as repro&uoitfte in results of the proteotive teat©
m oth©r aethodo txeod os rats.*
d$hop£er usee the aould gh.7e.Qjay.es Iftalcesleegit^ to
tetersiiEte the viteu&in B^ eont^st of wheat $&tm preperatione,,
and Sleiltlejohnt l^yeo^efi hl$^®ptmmfi: to estimate the
thiasjin eon teat oi- blood*
(Cited is WB) 18$)
Within oe**
tain iiait© the growth of the aoBld ie diyeotly proportiomsl
to the eonoentration of the tritaaaia when addition© of ©
eolation ^ the vitsain up to 0*01 ©ierofraae in
me&itm is mad©.:
A
s^nthetie
the b&oteriolo^i^el methods of &$B&y qjusli^
If
t&$lvely
TQVQ&I
the §o©B3ya© ootlon of tMaaia*
PreMua© aad IfoOoilom (95) report .© ohomjLeal oiothoA
©f ftssa^*
997tala 4arivattvos of sustila® ©r tJi« n&plitlitila^
ffila#© ®ft®r ^©iag traatet with Eitrcms aei& ppodtio^ oluay*
s@t'©i*i©tia oolored solmlloii© whaa ftllotreid to react aE4©r
certai^^eonditions x^itfe vitaoin B^*
Sis©© t.h© aoioratioB
19 CJf a p^frtaaawt oatarei this method provid&a for th« ^^©11*
tatlv^ ofi-wdtl as th© fuaatitstite «dti2Qatit»i of the Tl^^sia*
M®tMT ffl©fla©4 for tho ohomtoal d©top«la6tlo» of
eaourla ie through the fonaatioa of tliio^teoja©*
jTtmeofi {40J
xioTlmi. out a, oidthod based on the thioohrome yeaotloa, tirhloh
©o»@l©t0 in the ositetloa of anouria bf potaoslmft ^errl*
o^said® in -alteiiia© soletlon to a #^m|>oaad showing- a ©tfoag
bind fi«ores©©.ei (thioohrome) * tho i.at©BSit^ of ^hioh ma$ teo
maasuTdd % aeaot of a &hotoe1,eot?io o©H attaohod to a
Wostoabrlhlc end 6otid«iaiit (10$) hm® usod the thiooluroaio
method foar dotesnalaatlos of yitattin B^ in the ayim©*
4 aait of ?i$&!ai» 8^ wm ooxtsldored "by the H^agae of
nations m h^ing ^h© antiaeasltia astlvlt; of 10 aiiXXl^ratts
of tho lateraationaX standard adsorption prodnot as pf©*
paired '&f the mot hod of @eideXli»
S'his mot hod* desoffifced by
^fsason and Boaath0 w^s to osctraot ?ia§ poXiehlnss in a auXpharlo ©old soXntlon adjusted to a pS ^*S ©ad adsort oa
IB
ftiller'e oovth (IB)«
fMi was set mp ia ordftr to Jiftv^ a
;i)taad@r4 of yoforaae© for universal a&oftioii in. ©sssy testa
So^or© tM er^stalliae thicunin "tmrn® Available»
fSio Bbd9n&aa*Oli600 uait waa tak^n s© that mnmrn't of
trltamio, B IB,) ttMeJi
WII@B
fed daily woaM iatlmo® a gala of
tteer© g^sas per w©©& daria^ a test poflaa of four to eight
iffeeks*Sla© oonversioa of iateraatloaal units to Slkerman^Glkase
emits- ©fuiYalesta' ^©^e ^®@a war a s'aag® of ^alaes ©s re*
ported toy different iaveetlgatore»
$he traaslatifig of the milliigram of drystalli&e tULaain
into intentat ioaal uait© has h©ea met with, sosrflieti&g r**
salts aad ia no oas® ooasistent findings*
Sl&oe the orystalline eabstanse is now avaiXahle the
atillty of the former ^tanferd of r«i£©3r<$;a«3©® is 'greatly
asiniiaiaed*
tfateroan and i®ii@rai©a (100) reporting oa growth in rat%
found 8herRian«Ghase unit growth o«rwB ooonrred "bo-twten two
and th^ee g&sa© of the erystalliae s-tihst^ne®, Four §mmm was
the lowest whioh slowaS soggeetion of defioienoy disease,the
gwmtfa being ©bout oat greia per day.
Ia©oB©igt©is©y in. growth
response was mot^ oonspioiott© over the lower rang® of doses
©na refleots itself in variation® fyoa animal to animal at
&si$ giv©n level* fh@ ©timulatins .effeot persisted ttp to and
beyond © <los©g© of 100 gasma, ®a aaoant 80 to ISO times that
If
aeoes&Qity tot aalntaiaea©© of Xif® tjinsr© a ^a©al ti©$ was
ecm^taot aafi th* &&(ie&&tun ooaeietod of par© titaiain B« wilhout the oonplioetilQAfl at other faotoars*
Ml ©siiaal© ffi a.t
th« lerel of 0#i g©i«@ of er^stallia© fitsaiia B^ , Ml &iea
is l©9® tb^n 45 a©^© luith true pa^aijmiSt
She hehavid* ^^
thm® ©aimaXs ©0 ooutraet^i to ttet ^f th© eoatrol rat« oa
the B^ fre© ti®1! whiah <li©4 without ppr&l^sla was regarddA
©p. '©irittaee for the »©©®§©it$ oi' l&aXu&lns smaXX ©a^aat^ of
2^ In diete designed for the predaetloa of t^pleal |>oX^*
neuritis*
One §mm vm the lowest doemge o» wlnleh ell of
© ©iagX© group of. four rat© etirviftS the test pti?i©a#
Blx^k and las'pi® f6| h@?<s al^o perpoeely us©a a $®<*
pXetlon diet ooatsialng ©asXi ©aom&tg of titmr&in Bj In thel?
i&^eotioa mm$*
fh® heat pol^neuttle dlot «o«dd he ©m©
aagpXyisg a preols©X|f oontsroXXed small a«aoms3t -e^olir^Xeat to
about 0*i gftfona per day of or^stsXlf&e vltuain S^*
Eekl©^ aad Chen (Sf) n^fi® rate deflniteXy poXyaettrttio
and treated them with wwriotte dO«ee aoeording to the te-©h*
nique of Smith*
Shey foXXosrod Bean1® ©ufgeatloa of ©ttisg
0»4 pm oeat of brewer*0 yeast to the Hot to reduoo the
itteictoaoe of'death*
Beeee of 0*004 to 0*006 mlXXigrame of
eyathetio vitamia B1 gifan %$ mouth were euffiole&t to ©tiro
77 to 8S per ©OBt of the rate*
She lowest ooratlve doeo was
0«004 uaiXligr&ms'in thle ww©Timmt«
Waterman ant AMejnoah 1X00) upiag a rat gswth ©Sisy
£0
metfcod fousi SOO iatarnalioael imit® p©a? milligram ^0 the
p0t®B@$ of otystfiHIao vitftmln Bj ty&rQtfhloariae*
Soil ^ivd»
S©0 latotoation&X emit® per ©illigrats ^y thd mt ©urativ©
®Qtli©4o
Smi^&9 uslsg tli© rat oiir&tive aa^had, fiscls ©fproa"
ioately 500 Intomfttlon&l aBita
P®T
®illl§mmt>
Sisnera^ey
©sd fet^r© % tin© ©atatOftalia t©st jreporte 100 latameitlOK©!
imtt© per milligraai {©i.t©& In 81)»
Ktadt^ and Sabnlts 1^1
la suggestiag tli© ImpTOiFoaost ©a^ ©taateytlgatioa ©f tii©
•rat gS'otytli tt^tolqa© tot ®Mrt pe^iofi sse&ya ©f vitaaia B|
atste that tli© JLstoriaatioaal fltaaa©-s^ atoortet© fafaisheD In
©ftaitlos to vit&aia B^ soiBd of the vitamin 0 eosples.
S&iDpeosa and Berdgateay (ttl) report the «ppair«int fiiff©f©rns© fe©tw©H intenufttiottal eta&d&rd olay ©n^ thlamin ©©
®©a©ar@& by tlae teadya^rtla method as du© to pss'tisl ma*eWLlleftllity*
Hoalthy rat© Qm dXttte the B^ ffoa aiai1 m©r<s
suooossfwiiXy thmi the ^oXyneuritio aaiffi&X^*
fhey stow that
in youmg rats on the ©heyjasa^Chase diet^ 00.© unit Of i&teir*
aatios©! itaadatd was ©taal to fotir gaasta. of thiamin
Qhioriao*
Iioong aai Sasf^li 183) QSiag tho 'toyaifcmrdi.a method
etat© that oao tstasn&tlo&fiX a»it Of atsadayd aeid olay may
fe© taleon ©s approxluiately ©quitaXent to thr<si© gajam© (I#8 to
3*0) of the 02?yst©XXi»© vitaala B^ hydrooliXoride*
S^yroth |4S) fowsd the ffliniiaam eayatiir^ dose £$y tUd
rat Is l»S tinos tha .pigeon a©y doee*
fSie r&t mialiaaffi
8X
eui'stif© toae Is S,*S tiiaee the &&$> dose r^fulrfa for the
prevent ioa of etwrt ©jmptoas*
M@orais§ to ^atorman. aad Asuaerm&s (lOil fix© mi^iaa®
aoi© of fitesiia BL t^hloh dG?®© poX^meuritie la pig©@^s. is
6ffr©si«imt©lj?' foar gaaa®^
Pigeces raspsai to ovtr&tivs
fios©® mor© raptil^ tlaan d@ rats.
Saapso© aocl Soreeetes^
18i| state $fe© emratiT© dose of tli© iatdvtt&tiop&X itajatera
is B0 millifrasss* ^iXXi^as4, met^ot of elating mth t^i^isa®
©ulfat© li'b©rat0d ©pfTosiaet©!^ t«7loc ©s am@ii titeiais as fef
the Kizmereld^ ©ad Petors lay^t^ met bod oy SaAtJu al&alia®
metti^i ©Xaotiol aetbod*
-ferstiisra aos© i>y flXXtema* method
took only 10 ©Illlgirms of aeid olay*
EiaaorsX©!' aod deters (64) reportol. istematicmal su»it
of vitesia B
ilQ mlllXgrmG of ^Taasen^e olop) is ©pproM-
©et©!^ ©smlvalaat to two gaaaa of or^«talXisie vitamin B. hy*
i.r©©hXoE,Ito«
|®as©a 148 ^^ fdaM from ^Ofi^arative -ass©f$
on rate that one grm of the tateimatlonel «tandftffd prefsrs*
tioE ooixtaiji© approximately 0«J lallXigraas of oaea^pin h^djco*
ohlo^ide*
^h© international unit to him4 therefore* ro*-
presorts tho ^itamto B. poteney of three g©m©s of the
eryetalXine vit^oin B^ h^droohloride*
^hm th© ?aXm@ ©ssigaot to the iateaational uait
?©fiQs from; two to fit© miorogvams of the t&iaiaia hjrdro^
ehlorldo, althongh the os-igiasl intent w©e to aaiio the tmit
a tea Is of ooaparieon*
fho ovitioism of v/iliiasws (108) amat
eg
fee oonslderd&t tt5he ofeleet #f ©4apt|»g ©aeli a aait m© tfe©
eoiBBiondaliXe ono of fcupilit&tlng © ooa^artecn of the rosmit^
of wriQaQ mT&®TQ hg pTmi&ing m oonv^rsioa factor stilt*
able for ooaamon ias©v%
low'Qira?9 the tlmo roquired to relQas©
It appftaro to var^ witu tli© i<9gr©o of provioue d^pXtttion of
the ©misal and its {K»ae&Qu$nt po^dra ©f aoaimiXation^
M all ©a^§xa§ t^Qgtioa Is what 1© tlm seqa-trement of
©aqh sf.©^i©8*
Coiiglil (12) thoeght the jaeol to fee. s fttse*
tlo» of thQ '©alopio i&tales (r
t^ogaaa©^, Xaotatlost^ aovara
maeoutlax' ®mt®imt sattsMIIe oSQltante aa ©Mocria© tis*
turbaiieaa sad l&faatioaa at® ai&oag the to^soas giwa ^ot
tueroaeaA neoie aeoo^ding to Stravu» (011, life,, Smith aaa
IStalkar ImU Siyaae 132), Will ism© (104), $heol>ald (9'i) *
Susre end i?a3Js©r ($$}* Saaaeaan and Hitler (4fK
OoffgilX fSS) 112) aatimated the vlt&min x®^nlt®mm$
m 2$0 ailiigram eqaiv&3.*&te par 100 ^©iori^s for mas*
this etudj' © milligram ©f&i^a&oat was aatlmatad to B©
Itt
OB@«*
fifth ©f a Sharmaxt «tnit« that i©s It takos oxi© ShaTaast ault
to mafc© five ©iillgram ffiai^&leat'So
fius©©!! fgg) gogg©©!©
£5 dho7!oaa<«Gha*« mjait® p©r X00 oalorlaa for mn* Rosa (71 a)
i»dio©t®s 10 dharmai3«»Cha8® units per 100 ©slofioft*
for the
average adalt this would b© S0O«40O Sh©TS3si»B*0'h©,s® malt® pejr
day*
la £986, the Oonsieil oa fteraa©^ aod Ohaffllotr; of the
&mvtQQXL MB&,iml &ssooi&tion# oatiiiaoa tba atalt aeod as
BQO isxtemetiosaX imite e»a tfe® ohilft'e ©s SO intdnaatloset
tmltav filarris eat freong ($8) sho^md that heaXth; adolte
f©?yiag -in agoa ft cm X7 t@ S? jroara on saoraai diet oserot9&
ftaiXy IB to i© iiattrsaliOB©! uaits, or $0 to 90 gamna @f
^Itcuain &, l^aro^hloridefr
SW« •'oae ^proxlmatoX^ five to
©iglit per o^nt of the telly itttaico of fitamlB Xt
tfa<$f sst
%M ninitmm standard slXoxmne© of ^itsraia B^ foi0 a 140 p®vm&
man aa 200 IntamaftionaX tfuit© % Ifeol? oXistiaaX ofta^ytatloa
of iih& mrino azcr^tion of •ritamln B^o
%ott 468) -mat© a quatrtitative $ttt4y of the at ill sat Ion
ana reto&tlon of vltaiaiB \ in ohiXSron, sn4 conolnxdoi. tfe©
a©ea t© l>© SO XntematlosaX ^sits par JeiXograa
®T
40
SIL©^*
©an«*0teQ© raa-it© p®£ mio^rm p©r daj? of vitamitt B. for ^oiaag
ahiX&^entf
Boss aad SomerfaXdt C80| ahoiswd th.&
^@XE©
of
inoraaaed attppX^ of iritamia B^^ and is»on In tie dlat for tbe
ohixd*
Hsaant anaXjraoa "^y Safe or md frlglit foitdd la 80) of
Xarge jauwbera of dieta^loa from regions ttb&re toaflbari la
pravaXent aho^od that tha vlta»in B eontent of tha diet fall
la the range of 71 to ISO Intera&tlonaX Watts per day*
^ro*
teotive diets might vats f^o® X45 to S00 laternatioaal trait®.,
dependlxig on the wight of the Individual»
Shoobald (9B> anooaaafaxxiii treated five oftsos of
nearltla in prdgnaaay ©&& fosad vitaoiin B^ therapy rexioved
the "fins @Bd a©edl©irt e^B^ptema«
Earti® f40> (4g) soggested
M
that itbor&l inioke of vitamin B^ la ©©©dod fo? &ee®cs©©Stel
leotatioB,, but li.© attfitetes
min ft as well«
.BOTO
of the ©ff£©a©y to ^|t&«
B.o©© Cf9 &) statue Isho m®& tar tog pregoanof
as twia© tho aorm©!;. Sillieas CiOSj9 tfeyeo to five time® th©
nonaslj as do Baker ana bright (67 a)«
Sili, Smith and
Waller (30) ©Jaow vitamin E,, in sdditioB to atlaiiXatiag tfet
appetit©, ■©'serts it© @p©oifie feoaoficissl. ln-£l®®m& Qn tM
ifeotsting saiffiai organiaei^ as ©videsieed fey the la^t©tioa
©ffiaioiae^ lxj,d©js»
fixe influence of vitssaia B^ @iv$n t©
laetstimg f^isaioe restrictod is food aM imtei' as tfa® litter
met© ©ontrols sbpr/td a> feeaefioial ©ffoet on la^tatioii*
im©0©iiiteya arid Hit lei* 1471 ©M Smr© easd ffelfeer (9S}
foiterate tli© inoyeaaed js©®d in pr^^naaei5 snd laotation*
VJiliiams1 IXOS) aonolusion in tetms of milligranast of c^ystallin© ihiamio fosts at on© milligram pe^ day -for norsial and
th^©® to five E3i3tll||imBa& fos* pare§»&&©$*
So ®sny Motors influ©no© tit® aoed for a givon amomt
of this vitamin it is fsllaoloma to ®p©ak of mi uhBOltxt®
"vitamin B^ requirowent'* tor ©nj speei©©*
Etch Bom&m of vitafflin B^ inelnd© ye©®t# f/hol© seadg,
whole gpmin0s. legaane© and mats.
high among the a©©te«
Pork
TOEISSS
oatstandiBgly
SlilK and ©itru@ fraits beesus© of the
quantitie© consuaad represent potent sous'©©©*
diatriteti©n in natures is widespread,, rioli
iMl© the
BOUTQ&B
ar© ©ug»
gOEted dail^ for ©ptiasal functioning ©f the orgaaisuii
2$
flif pl©n of this s%n&$ was to age the fat growth
mattiod^ ' fee&Uig tko Shextnaa-Obaso vitasiim B^ freo dlot plma
gyeteated amounts of ^ffsl&iliab Titasairi B^ for a. fomr
W©#IE
H©©XI%9 youag sibitto r^t© wseaoa at 21 to 88 dajs old^
welghiag St to SS Qvamt were ?ala9& to the ©to©! ooXoajr of
the Food© end Butrltlon B0paxit@0Kt of Oregoa Stat# O;OXlQg0»
l^© stook aaimale were tM BaXeton's faria© ^o^ Ohoft*
ff^le
is aa analysed ooneentrated food4 mpl®. in f&ll.. ^espeet© ©e
deterattned b^? the p^esenee of geaorotts amoimts of all knoua
©sseatlal fa©tore*
She AnimaXQ mm $%&&&& in tmdifldmal las-g® diesh^
raieod floor t?lt© eag@® to present oop?Q|>liag|ir^ esad -eupplied
with the Basal 8* free diet and mratex- ^, llllltaB^.
The dherm&fi*Ohae& B^ fro© diet ae f@d eaftsiated of;
Casein (p-udLfisi)
Oemetareh
18 g(ss#
§1 w
salt j&isctttre
4 *'
Batt©? fat
$®& Xiver eU
totoolaved ^eaet
8
8
'"
»w
ffe© part fixation of the eadein was according-to tho
method of 8teei»ha«hv S©li^ and iels.on<,
Omi© oc&eein w&fi
estraoteft XX ttaietf In 0+X po* cent flaoial ©coti© add
80Xation#and dried and groond*
Battdg&t wag frt@6 fyo® ottrd ssA t^stor sftef tho
udthoA of Palsaei' @-na s;0n»«fiyf fey fllttriag through rtsorteat
■ootton*
Smell quaiitltios t?©r0 pr@piis,©4 fyoqueatly ©»&
Sritt ^Q@iSt i7fts alzet with water* ©omtraliaad with
do&iiuft ^trossit© m ififttoateft by t^etiag wtth bromt^moX^
bltto^. ©nd autooXaved for eix houra at iEO0 Oa
After drying
at room tomps^fetare £®r a few ia^s it ■me fineXy ^revt&d^
BepXQtioa o» tHe baaeX B^ free diet lasted u&tlX
stationary or daeliming weiglta were reaohed*
It tool g&omt
tt?o '©©©te for thi© to eeear*
At the %'©@i?min.g ef the es^erlieteataX period a aegative
aostrol was eeXeeted from ©aeh litter reeelvlog the basal
diet with m aappleittdnt^
litter aate eoatroia were dsiXy
given.y la additioa to the basal diet, gradaated ameimtfi of
fjpoo oxi© to Bit ®i®TQ$mm of eryetalliae ▼itamm % k^iro*
ohloride aoXution. by meaaa of a tuberercXia iyriiig©*
th©
aoXution was oade up so that X ©»®f eoBtaiaed 10 aiorogrmmi
of ift® vltamitw
®h© oval admlaiotration vraa aided by adding
© Blight aooaat of saoyoe© to the aoiatien*
We^Xy aiad ®id*t^dkXy weighiags war© mad© over tho tout
vmk period*
She orlglaaX latent o-f the study was to feed the
vitamia at levels sbov© ©is BULorograma hat a shortage of
aalaials frustrated this plagu
At the end of the ^our u^eis period all negative &m*
2?
troifi) liad dl9^ ©»& thd e&ita&Xd fd& os the gra&mtod eaosffita
of fiteiffila B| $tydroel&o?i&6 vmT® 2tj,lle& exoopt a&imale
aurabar© 408., 408^ 42?, 4€0 and 4S0»
Boabdre ^08 ®n& 408
were Hept Qt the tte®@ ©iarograra level for fi^ei and, ane-telf
weeke, and suualtQk'S) 427» 440 sad 480 for ©igtvt wisefes with ©
<lottM,©<l iatak© ©f Bj ovef the laet too ttee&e to €©^®rm.iB©
the laflueaee of a longer teat ptriot*
lo s^mptoa© of
d®fiai.©3ael©© of other factors ^©5?<& xiot^d, so it was s^ausaed
that the 'Qasal diet was adequate ia all respects osce-p.t ioT
¥itaaia a^*
ze
' mmmf s
^©gstiv® tomtrol© stoadll^ lost s?9ight ant efeowofe poojf
amsel® toas^ i&@fe of ©pp@tj.tff i^ooordloetlon ©at %sQt|,@
©stressttiee*
3mth ®m® within %® to #0 fiays ©ft©? starting
©n tho l>a®©l vttamlu i^ ttm &&«t«. So oasod of ooswoXdiong
9? paral^le w©^^ notoi*
Shoro ^as a m©ss Xoss #f *S2 graoe
for IS tteg&tive oentyolOit
.iBlmals on. tho seljoptimai amount of om alovograni pop
day ®&QtG'®a a progroetoiVQ Aoollno In w€ig'6it«
the gains
mng®& from -^19 to t80 graras ov©f tbo foat w©@k peviod*
Bie'b©^ (6 a) ©igO' foosd © taasiana trari&M3.it^ of roeponse wfeoa aniia&le w©r© fed a dtot ffeatly defioiont in
vitamin B «
ffee tmetead^ oonree 0oe«rr©4 la aBimsls fed
tho iaboptimsl araoimts of oao a»<i two aicrograas of vltaaia
M.iml nnobo? SIB m® not inolG4©fi in tho ^^leulation
.duo to tho aoeident of fcetag oenglt in tho wire ana held
thoro for t^ontjr^foar hours»
Dsath iGll@m& the nest day*
Some animals oahlMtod © reeling gait, osasoaXar inooordlna*
tioja aod poor swisolo toaos
'teem gala in, w©i§&t fo^ the 11
©nissls ^©ooifing was *4 ^1*68 0S?emo in foar melm*
Unit growth !!•©» S gyams- por w©©|£) tra© not feaohed on
tx7o ffiieyogfams 4ail^%
lEHoan gala in woigM for 14 mifaels
for the foar vmote potlod was ^12 ^^IQ gmm with a rasgt of
*E to ♦SS*
Only si^ sjalmels sho^ot a gain of three grama a
30
tfeek*
Mo oa^ea of paral^eis or
©OB^^ISIOSS
wer© sot©4 on
this level»
fhtm mierogsraatd was tbe first laoremant to caue© a.
gains ia weight afeove throe g^mas a week*
H^aa galss for tfe©
SS auiaaals was +28 ♦•17 gfaias dm?tog the e^perltt&atal f®rIoi9
with a raiigd of »1 to +48 gtm®*
Woux miQTogTmB $iv®n to 10 entiaala ehotsed a aoaa gain
of +86 +»30 grams, with a srajage of ♦IS to +43 grams.
fM@
was the first level at. which all aaimal© ©howtd a gala of
at leaet thr©.® grsioe a weefco
Fiv© ffllerograas f©i dsil^ r©Bttlt®a in © ,®eaii g&is of
+84 ±»00 grsras for 30 eniaa.!®.^ with a +4 to +64 graas range*
Only two anloale were avallihle for eaQperimeatatiott oa
gls aierograa© so their rnaan gals of ♦&& graste i© £»aioat64
In flotteft lines la the ohart*
SShle level ©asmot "he eon*
eidorei a© having sttffioiest aaliaal© to justifj any eoneia*
sione as to reaponsa*
fehle© I to fill give detailed reeorda of gvercth of
Individual anliaalfi and faljle 11 the stunmary of all .©Biaalf
used in this iaveetigation.
from th^se data Charts I arid II were fr©s>a.r©d#.
Ohart
III is the earve of reeponse of this eolenjr to grafiet
aaount© of vitamin \ ani will h© used In eonne-etion with
deteriaination© of vitamin B
thi© lahoratory^
vala©s of food stthstanaee in
so
mmmm
fh® mm® of 3f©©p©ii0ia mm&® fag plotting tbe mm gsiaa
ia wigfef ae of&insttess sg©ln©t the mtorogtom Of the triteiadii
S| fads ©s tho ebseieeae, ©an 1)© usdd as a ataMafd ©f
roforenoe tot tk® oolong of ©^periaoalal rats of th.® foois
ant Stttrltion Bigipeifts^at of Qtegom State College«
She
inport<'<ne9 ©f eeal letooratory ogtaMigfelag its own rofer®©©^
ourt© Me boext engs«8t04 ^ BAfiy, (o it eft Is 6 a) IwiB$
Branat mit
HQIQOB
(4©) and Palmar (71}, 0owa?4 (11) asi&
others!»
©his onarve of reeiicmi© I® of miu.® in ifieraiuiiig t&©
vlt-jasiB QOntoAt at f®®& isatdri&Xs*
When a food o^terisX ii
to be t©©t04 It is f©i to gyoap© of rats
OB
©a® or two
l©?ol© ®ad at tli© sa©© tim© oa© or too lemls of tin® ©r^stajMm fitaraia B^ ©r© fod to @M©& th© 0fit©l?Xiiia®t our^©*Si&eo @t©soiia1l and ladivtduel tnariatioas'afd l&zgo fsetors
©Ten In well ©tand©yils©.i tedt ©alaaXi @li0©lt® oboulft iso»*
eteatly bo naa*
Ihd gro&tb ^©sitoiaao of til© foodlagB of the
laateylal betog t@©t©a aro pXott©4
OQ
th© re^Tga©© <mytm«
Wtm tii©a© pois.t©» lia©a ara firoppofi to tha ssii of th9
©bsolaaa®' ©»4 tb® vitamla iraiae® oan Is® oslcaletad*
Ooi?ar&
(11) forad a great a@ai ©f ©osmyac^ through tfeo u&o ©i? Isor
owrt©® of tospoiisf in ©©tisiatlng th^ ^itaiaiji ooateot of
foots*
fhi® aothofi is ©dvmat&goous- ■wh.m o»l0y small qaaaati*
ties of th© food ar® available (76 a)•
B&e&as,&©cm aaS. ls^fl@ia (l& a) for tteir attrvo of
Oa tli® I)a8ls that 1G sEilllgram® of th© staateyfi eosstsiB ©a©
inteymstjiousl unit of Titerain 1^ vrhldh fforn the report!0 of
fatsrapa and iasteraaia (3,001 ©oastatja® fiv© geaa®. of tlm
alo^©1.^ tie rd^oXta (»DtQis.e4 ia tMe Btn&$, m 6.0 thoeo of
HateimE and ^Bneraao (100)»
33
mmm Mm GosCTsioga
Beslthyt yosng alfeiao rats £1 to 88 da^s oia# weighljag
39 to SB graasi of the Foods ©aa Butritioa Department et
OfegoB State O-olleg0.#, were plaoeS
OB
wasrilag en ©■ ©base*
SUermon B fyee Met sjatll stationary or fieolluiag weights
V7®y® ^eaeheii
JtepXetion r/ss feached in 14 to 18 d©^©.
Isa
the esperinental period of tour wee&s litter mat© ©ontrols
we?e fet 4ail^ from oae to sis: aierogranui of er^etalline
vitaals B^ ^4roeljlorid© fecy oml eAnixiietratieB*
A jaegatixr©
eontrol mm aeleetea froa «a©h litter* fiesa g^ins in weight
over the eaperloe&t&X four «reelE period mere -£2 grama for
19 aegativ© oontrolsj *4 *1*6$ grams for 11 imimals fed o&e
aierograia of vitaoin B^j +11 +*10 grra© for 14 gualmal® fed
two mierogr-ame of vitssjin 3=, j +E2 +^i? grwe for 06 amlm@,ls
fed three mierograas of tritaaia B^j +£$ *#30 gra^s for 10
aniaaal© fed four miorograais of vltaain l^j ^$a *i,0i gram©
for 26 @iii;mals fed five Baiorograss »f iritaaiia B™ ©sad +B9
graaa for two saiasals fed siar mierograaaf of yltaain B^.
?oijmearltlo sj'aptoms were noted ou the eahoptlraal levels
of one m& two aierogrEms of vitamin B-*
2he oar?© of reaponae estsblighet hy plotting the 'aieaa
gains in weight m ordlnates against alerogram® of the
orystallia© vitamin B^ fed as abseisft&e will be asecl m a
standard of refereno® for the Oregon State College rat
colony of the Food© and lutrltion Department*
&$ means of
yafcl© x—grgCTtfa Re.syoHae pt Rats on Yitaalia Bi gree Met
"i
Initial
8o«
Sox
Sraas
A505
4509
A517
A525
A530
A539
&54Q
A546
4551
&554
4558
AS6A
AS65
4569
A57S
»
43
49
48
45
44
41
40
4?
40
S3
52
43
53
54
45
m
u
H
F
-S-
a
a
a
M
a
a.
46
I'I
.mi!
JI:
i
Experimental Period
HillBr
EfelgBt
©aia
weig&t
ffei^ktt
at
end
©f
■ in
Depletion at ead of at BWA of at m& of
Uei^it
on© week to© ceefes ttoee uo^kB tour weeks Weig&t !%•©© Bi©t
apasss (days)
50
42
56
55
41
43
41
62
51
64
63
66
52
32
48
42
53
41
48
43
55
47
43
as
65
©9
03
6?
69
65
m
■m
■63
HI
43
48
35
47
45
33
36
32
61
48
§6
S0
60
53
66
58
55
53
€7
63
47
47
48
63
mi■m ■
lean
»-
34:
42
34
27
37
40
*21
•22
-27
•29
-19
*20
-16
-2©
-20
-28
-27
-23
-26
-SB
-22
45
31
39
38
39
35
28
41
35
41
35
42
35
34
40
-22
37
i.nri.i
59
37
deceased
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