  
369
Biomass: Energy and carbon emissions
Carlos Américo Morato de Andrade
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia da Universidade de São Paulo
Abstract
Biomass was the primary source of energy for humankind until developed countries
began the shift toward fossil fuels about 200 years ago. More recently, developing
countries have been following in their footsteps.Today, biomass energy accounts for
just 11% of total global energy. However, in recent years, developed countries have
started to explore biomass fuel options as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels.
This paper is an overview of a model that breaks biomass down into four components and calculates biomass energy in 122 countries, which are responsible for 95%
of global energy consumption. The study shows that despite a significant shift to
fossil fuels over the past century, biomass has been and will remain an important
source of energy for decades to come. The study also examines carbon emissions
from energy biomass sources and from all forest activities, and finds that biomass is
responsible for a total global emissions of 300 to 400 million tons of carbon a year.
At the same time, however, the carbon sequestration capacity of all forest activities
is around 550 million tons per year, resulting in a net carbon sequestration effect,
even when balanced with energy biomass.
This article is not a discussion of policy tools or technological advancements. It is
intended to serve as a methodological primer for non-scientists grappling with the
science that is at the core of the policy debates that surround the issue of climate
change.
Introduction
When used in its simplest form, the production of energy from biomass1 does not
require sophisticated technology. Because of this, throughout the history of
mankind biomass has played an important role as a basic source of energy. It was
not until the beginning of the 19th century that a shift began to occur toward fossil
fuels, eventually reducing the use of biomass energy to just 11% of the global total.
Importantly, it has become evident that the shift away from biomass to fossil fuels
generally occurs with economic growth. For the most part, developed countries
made the transition to fossil fuels some time ago and developing countries have
been following more recently.
Biomass has developed a reputation as being inefficient, dirty, and unhealthy.
Burning wood that is collected from community forests, for example, is time consuming, produces a low energy value, and tends to generate particulates which are
1 Biomass is any plant matter
or animal waste that is used for
fuel.
370
2 Morato de Andrade, Florestas, Madeira e suas Aplicações 2000, and Morato de
Andrade and Bodinaud Modelamento de Cana-de-açúcar
Brasileira, 2000 (both in Portuguese).
3 For a discussion of energy
policy, see Nilsson and Bailey,
this volume.
4 A quad is a unit of energy
equal to a quadrillion (1015)
British thermal units (BTUs). It
is also equal to 293 billion (109)
kilowatt hours, or, for fuels of
average heating values,
183,000,000 barrels of petroleum, 38,500,000 tons of coal,
or 980,000,000,000 (1012)
cubic feet of natural gas.
(Source: www.britannica.com.)
   
then breathed in by household members, frequently causing severe respiratory illnesses. When biomass is used in its simplest form these characteristics are
unavoidable. However, an interesting new trend has been developing in the past
few years: Developed countries have begun exploring new uses for biomass energy.
The research is concentrating on the development of low-emission technologies
that use renewable and sustainable energy sources. The result of these new developments is that in recent years, despite the continued shift toward fossil fuels, the
percentage of biomass energy has not decreased as rapidly as expected. These
developments are especially significant in light of the international goal of arresting climate change.
This article is based primarily on studies conducted by the author.2 The discussion is intended to be a scientific foundation for non-scientists, as well as a
guide for science and policy professionals to the functioning of the modeling procedures used in this field. It is not intended to be a correlation of policy and science, but rather an unadulterated look at the science and statistics of biomass
energy production.3
The model
Categorization of biomass
Of the 421 quads4 of global energy consumed in 1998, 376 were derived from fossil
fuels and 45 from biomass. Thus, the contribution of biomass energy is still significant and will remain so throughout the first few decades of the 21st century,
especially for ‘less developed’ countries.
For the purposes of this study, the 45 quads of global biomass energy consumption were divided into four categories, which are then applied to three biomass
energy-use scenarios in 122 countries. Despite the diverse energy biomass applications today, these four components embody all global biomass consumption:
• Non-Forest Biomass (BNF): farm waste, animal waste, urban waste, and nonforest wood;
• Biomass from Collected Wood (BFC): manually collected native forest wood for
domestic purposes;
• Commercial Biomass from Forest Exploitation Activities (BLC): commercially
produced firewood and charcoal;
• Technological Biomass (BT): use of liquid fuels (biofuels) and cogeneration
technologies.
5 United States Census
Bureau,‘World Population Profile: 1998’, source:
http://www.census.gov.
6 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
‘State of the World’s Forests’,
1999.
7 INFOENER, Instituto de
Eletrotécnica e Energia,
Universidade de São Paulo,
Database published in
http://infoener.iee.usp.br.
Data
Unfortunately, the actual data available for biomass energy is scarce. However, it
is possible to estimate energy consumption values with a certain degree of error
using a combination of social and economic parameters and natural resource
data. The basic data that were used for this study were:
• Population: based on information from the United States Census Bureau.5
• Percentage of rural population: extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organization () report, State of the World’s Forests.6
• Rural population biomass: based on averages of data and energy indices from
a number of sources that support the Instituto de Electrotácnica e Energia of
the University of São Paolo (—the Institute of Electricity and
Energy).7
  
1 quad
(
equivalent to
2.1 firewood
)
371
108 inhab./year inhab./day
• Forest data by country: based on information culled from State of the World’s
Forests, including:
•
•
•
•
•
country area
total forest area
total forestation area
annual deforestation area
annual reforestation area
• Commercial deforestation area (Ac): derived from annual commercial wood
production information in the  publication, State of the World’s Forests.
The actual calculation was based on the average rate of 120 t/ha of firewood
produced.8
• Non-commercial deforestation area (ADNC): based on the di›erence between
the total annual deforestation and commercial deforestation.
8 Morato de Andrade, Carlos
Américo,‘Florestas, Madeira e
susa Aplicacoes,’ in-house publication IEE/USP, February 2000.
Structuring the model
The foundation of the model is the premise that total biomass use is equal to the
sum of non-forest biomass, non-commercial biomass from native forests, commercial biomass from forest exploitation, and technological biomass. Thus, the
basic equation used for this study is:
B = BT + BNF + BFC + BLC
The model was used to determine the individual values of the four components
of biomass energy use in 122 countries, which are cumulatively responsible for
95% of global energy consumption. The values of the four components are
depicted for all 122 countries in Table 1 (page xx). These figures were determined
using the methodology described below.
Technological biomass (BT)
Many developed countries and a few developing countries have well-established
biomass energy production programs. A primary component of these programs
is cogeneration of electricity.9 The category BT includes the entire output of liquid
fuels (biofuels), including ethyl alcohol.10 Relatively accurate BT values can be
obtained from the United States Department of Energy,11 from the International
Energy Agency12 databases, and from information supplied by individual countries. Cumulatively, approximately seven quads of BT energy are currently being
generated in eight countries:
United States
Brazil
Sweden
Germany
Norway
Japan
Canada
France
1.86 quads
1.00 quads
0.82 quads
0.72 quads
0.70 quads
0.48 quads
0.46 quads
0.41 quads
9 Cogeneration is a process by
which industrial waste is used
to produce heat or electricity.
10 Also known as ethanol. In
addition to being a fairly
common ingredient in industrial chemicals and medicines,
ethyl alcohol may be used both
as an additive to gasoline and
as a fuel by itself.
11 EIA, Department of Energy,
USA,‘Country Analysis Brief’,
http:/www.eia.doc.gov/emeu/
world/country.
12 IEA, International Energy
Agency,‘Key World Energy Statistics, 1998’, Paris 1999.
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   
Commercial biomass from forest exploitation activities (BLC)
BLC includes all biomass derived from commercial wood (MLC) used for firewood
and charcoal production. Values for BLC are relatively easy to determine, since
there are accurate data on MLC values for each country.
figure 1
world biomass energy (quads) – minimum values (b=42.69)
Non-forest biomass (BNF) and biomass from collected wood (BFC)
Because of insufficient accurate data, BNF and BFC are more difficult to determine
than the other two biomass categories. In order to establish a value with a safe
margin of error for these biomass energy components, the model used additional
data on population, forest, and economics for the various countries. The following data was established for each country:
13 LPG is typically a mixture of
propane and butane.
Rural Population Biomass (BR), measured in quads per year. The model used
an estimated value for the basic needs of rural inhabitants, with the assumption that they had no access to electrical power. This factor varied with availability of alternative fuel sources such as liquefied petroleum gas ().13
Energy Obtained from Burning Entire Non-Commercial Deforested Areas
(0.00157ADNC). Only countries with large forest areas and a high rate of
deforestation have a free ADNC area from which to obtain fuel wood.
The variables that were determined and applied using this data included: Biomass Lost in Burned Areas (BQ) and A Portion of the Commercial Biomass
Energy, Firewood and Charcoal Produced (BCP).
Two basic equations were proposed in the model:
BFC + BQ = 0.00157ADNC: Collected wood biomass plus biomass lost in burned
areas must be equal to biomass from non-commercial deforested areas.
BR = BFC + BNF + BCP: Rural population biomass energy must be equal to collected wood biomass energy plus non-forest biomass energy plus part of the commercial biomass energy, firewood, and charcoal produced in the country.
Firewood and charcoal biomass (BLC) are used in part for manufacturing and
in part by rural populations. In most of the countries where there is no rural power
  
supply, BLC biomass is the sole source of energy for the rural population (BCP =
BLC). For the purposes of this model, industrial use of BLC can be ignored.
There are three basic scenarios that can occur in BNF and BFC-consuming
countries:
Scenario 1: BLC >BR
In this case, there is enough commercially produced charcoal and firewood to
supply the rural population. The most probable situation will be: BNF = BFC = 0.
Excess BLC will be used by the urban population or by local manufacturing plants.
Scenario 2: BLC <BR and 0.00157ADNC <BR –BLC
In this case, the rural population is supplied by BLC + BFC + BNF, the values for
which would be as follows:
BFC = 0.00157ADNC
BLC, determined for each country based on the  forest report
BR – 0.00157ADNC > BNF > BR – BLC – 0.00157ADNC
BNF is usually close to BR – BLC – 0.00157ADNC and only approaches the other
limit, BR – 0.000157ADNC, when there is a significant manufacturing activity that
uses firewood and/or charcoal.
Scenario 3: BLC <BR and 0.00157ADNC =BR –BLC
In this case, non-commercial forest is enough to supply BR – BLC, and there is
no need for non-forest biomass BNF. Therefore:
BNF = 0
BR > BFC> BR – BLC
In this case, BFC should approximate BR – BLC and will approximate BR only
when there is significant industrial activity that relies on firewood and/or charcoal.
These three scenarios provide the energy components in the various countries,
since BT and BLC have already been calculated.
If biomass from collected wood is less than the energy obtained from burning
entire non-commercial deforested areas (BFC < 0.00157ADNC) there will be biomass
burning and the di›erence between these energy outputs will be the energy lost.
When BFC = 0.00157ADNC, there will be no burning biomass, meaning that this is a
better use of forest energy. Table 1 (see page xx) and Figures 1 and 2 show BT and
BBLC values for all countries, as well as possible variations of BFC and BNF. The
results obtained worldwide are the following:
14.55 <
4.89 ≤
42.69 quads/year ≤
BT
BNF
BFC
BLC
B
= 7.36
≤ 18.82
≤ 5.48
= 15.89
≤ 47.55
quads/year
quads/year
quads/year
quads/year
quads/year
The unexpected result for non-forest biomass, which averaged about 16 quads,
or 36% of the total, is closely related to activities in China and India, which
together boast 37% of the global population. China and India use 6.43 quads and
4.15 quads of non-forest biomass respectively. The high percentage of global nonforest biomass is further explained by the cumulative total of China, India,
373
374
   
Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Pakistan. The BNF values for these last three are 0.83
quads in Bangladesh, 0.40 quads in Indonesia, and 0.71 quads in Pakistan.
The projected trend for the foreseeable future is a quick growth of technological biomass (BT) and a reduction of collected fuelwood (BFC) due to systematic
worldwide campaigns to reduce deforestation of native forests. It should be
expected that commercial biomass (BLC) will remain constant or decrease slightly
, but activities of this nature are also expected to shift gradually from native forests
to reforested plantations. Charcoal production has been shifting toward dependence on reforested plantations to such an extent that in a few years no charcoal
will be created from native forest wood. Substitution of natural gas or  for
cooking firewood should further reduce BLC. Many governments have intensified
e›orts to reduce domestic use of firewood because of the health hazards associated with it, which should result in faster substitution in some areas. However, for
many rural populations, collected wood is still the only energy solution.
Despite insufficient and inaccurate date, the model allows for a relative degree
of certainty in the calculation of energy biomass and its four components for the
122 countries selected. As new information on rural energy use becomes available
for more developing countries, the accuracy of the model will obviously be
improved.
It will be extremely important to monitor the possible growth of BT and the
reduction of BFC, which is expected to become negligible in approximately 20
years.
figure 2
world biomass energy (quads) – maximum values (b=47.55)
Carbon emissions
The energy sector is the primary anthropogenic source of air pollution at the
global level. It releases about 6.3 billion tons of carbon per year. These tons are generated during the production of about 376 quads of energy. Carbon is generated
at the rate of 16.8 x 106 tons of carbon per quad of energy.
Energy biomass produces 31.5 x 106 tons of carbon per quad of energy. Therefore, in principle, this means that there will be 1.4 billion tons of carbon in the
  
375
figure 3
carbon emissions from forest activity
(millions of tons per year), minimum values
atmosphere as a result of energy biomass use. It is important, however, to identify
the origins of the various biomass sources that might be emitting this considerable amount of carbon. Table 2 and Figures 4 and 5 show probable biomass carbon
emission values.
The calculation of total carbon
table 2
emissions, including all biomass
carbon released
source
energy applications, is now as fol- biomass energy
(quads/year)
(10 6 t/year)
lows:
CT = 232
Reforestation/Farming
BT does not produce a net carbon BBT = 7.36
14.55 ≤ BNF ≤ 18.82
458 ≤ CNF ≤ 593
Farming and Cattle Raising
emission, because it depends on 4.89 ≤ BFC ≤ 5.48
154 ≤ CFC ≤ 173
Native Forest
BLC = 15.89
CLC = 501
Native Forest (partial)
reforestation/farming;
BNF does not produce a net Burned Areas
193 ≤ CQ ≤ 212
Native Forest
carbon emission, since it is also 6.13 ≤ BQ ≤ 6.72
Reforestation (177x106ha)
CS = -1.106(4)
Carbon sequestration by reforestation
derived from farms;
BFC comes from native forests
and produces between 154 and 173 million tons of carbon per year
BLC is comprised of BLCN and BLCR, which are derived from firewood and char14 Morato de Andrade, Carlos
coal,14 and typically produced with techniques that necessitate the destruction
Américo, 2000.
and reforestation of native forest areas. In a previous study, the following set of
15
values were established for these two components:
15 Morato de Andrade, Carlos
Américo, 2000.
5.84 < BLCN < 7.17 (quads)
10.05 > BLCR > 8.72.
Carbon emissions associated with these biomass components will be as follows:
184 < CLCN < 226 (106t/year)
CLCR = 0 (reforestation)
BQ: burned areas cause emissions of 193 to 212 x 106 t of carbon.
The conclusion of this study is that the total carbon released by forest activity
is actually made up of just three components derived from BFC, BQ, and BLCN.
376
   
figure 4
carbon emissions from forest activity
(millions of tons per year), maximum values
According to this model, the total carbon released varies from 550 to 592 million
tons per year.
Given the limitations previously mentioned, energy activity is responsible for
only BFC and BLCN, which adds up to between 338 and 399 x 106 tons of carbon. This
value is much lower than the total 1.4 billion tons that might be attributable to the
energy sector if all of the 45 quads of energy biomass were emitting carbon. As
shown, only 25% of energy biomass energy production generates net carbon emissions. Further, world reforestation, which is happening at a rate of 17 million
hectares per year and spreads over 177 million hectares, also has the capacity to
sequester some 1.106 million tons of carbon per year. Based on this information,
an equation that accounts for all forest activities, including manufacturing, burning biomass, forest burning, and reforestation, ultimately reveals a net sequestration of 550 million tons of carbon per year. Thus, it should be concluded that the
tactic for combating carbon emissions should concentrate on diminishing fossil
fuel use, rather than decreasing forest activities.
Latin America
Table 3 depicts the biomass energy balance in Latin America. Latin America contains several large tracts of forest, including the Amazon, which is the largest
humid tropical forest in the world. Of the 45 quads of global biomass energy, Latin
America is responsible for the following amounts shown on Table 3.
What conclusions can we draw from this data?
The primary implication of these figures is that the most significant technological
biomass energy activity in the region is the Brazilian sugar cane and ethanol program, which is responsible for 14% of technological biomass (BT) worldwide.16 As
defined previously, BT includes biomass and biofuel activities. Another trend that
is demonstrated by Table 3 is that, unlike Asian countries, which tend to use their
agricultural residues to the fullest extent possible, use of non-forest biomass, BNF,
for energy production is virtually unheard of in Latin America.
  
table 3
biomass in south america
bt
b nf
b fc
b lc
q
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
0.06
0.01
0.04
1.93
0.11
0.18
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.13
0.06
0.31
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.04
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0.02 - 0.02
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0–0
0.01 – 0.01
0 - 0.01
0.02 – 0.03
0.14 – 0.14
0–0
0–0
0–0
0 - 0.01
0.02 – 0.03
0–0
0.01 – 0.01
0–0
0–0
0.11 – 0.20
0.02 – 0.04
0.01 – 0.03
0–0
0.01 – 0.03
0–0
0.02 – 0.03
0.05
0
0.01
0.79
0.11
0.18
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.06
0
0.13
0.06
0.15
0
0
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.01
0-0
0 - 0.01
0.86 - 0.87
0.16 - 0.16
0-0
0.21 - 0.21
0.02 - 0.02
0 - 0.01
0 - 0.01
0.19 - 0.19
0-0
0-0
0.09 - 0.09
0.38 - 0.47
0.20 - 0.22
0.07 - 0.09
0.41 - 0.41
0.24 - 0.26
0-0
0.74 - 0.75
Total
3.3
1.02
0.02 - 0.02
0.37 – 0.57
1.76
3.57 - 3.77
It is also important to note that Latin America is experiencing substantial problems with urban migration, resulting in massive depletion of rural populations in
almost every country. This has limited the region’s biomass energy requirements
almost entirely to commercial or manually collected firewood without any other
type of energy generation.
The figures for commercial firewood (BLC) indicate that 11% of the total global
activity in this area is concentrated in Latin America, which is home to 8% of the
global population. Considering the size of the forest in the region, and its tropical
forest resources, one might expect far more intense forestry activities. The primary
reason for this low activity level is most likely insufficient economic and financial
resources.While the current extraction methods being used in the Amazon forest are
far from sustainable, with the implementation of sustainable forestry management,
countries like Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia could produce several
times current BLC amounts in the long run. Some Central American countries, such
as Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras have already shown begun significant commercial timber harvesting. Unfortunately this production is not always sustainable,
and which will require international financial support and ecological education.
The amount of energy produced with non-commercially collected wood from
native forests (BFC) is approximately 0.37 to 0.57 quads per year, which is approximately 10% of the international total. It is estimated that of the 481 million people
living in Latin America, between 40 and 60 million still use manually collected
firewood as a primary source of energy. This means that this relatively inefficient,
generally environmentally detrimental activity is still strong in the region, especially in Brazil and Mexico, the two most populous countries in the region.
Together, the rural populations of these two countries are responsible for over half
of the burning of manually collected firewood. Considering that BFC is undeniably
non-sustainable, and that the amount of collected wood in Latin America is comparatively high, this activity must decrease significantly in the next decade.
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378
   
With regard to energy biomass and forestry activities, the primary issue that
must be addressed is extensive burned areas that stem, primarily, from the expan17 For a more detailed discussion of farming and cattle-raising areas. Approximately 60% of the burned areas
sion, see Morato de Andrade,
all over the world are located on the Latin American continent, mirroring the
'Florestas, Madeira e suas Aplicações,' 2000 (in Portuguese).
urgent need for measures to reduce deforestation.17
Due to its economic strength, the size of
table 4
its population, and the fact that it is home
to the largest tracts of forest in the region,
Total Average Biomass
3.30 quads
7% of the total worldwide
BT
1.02 quads
14% of the total worldwide
Brazil’s activities will be critical in addressBNF
practically zero
ing current energy and forestry problems.
BFC
0.37 - 0.57 quads
10% of the total worldwide
For this reason, the following section
BLC
1.76 quads
11% of the total worldwide
Q
approximately 3.7 quads
60 % of the total worldwide
focuses specifically on Brazil.
Brazil
18 Official Brazilian Statistical
Institute (IBGE).
19 Official Energy Balance for
Brazil, BEM 1998, Ministry of
Mines and Energy.
20 Bagasse is the crushed fiber
that is left over after the juice
has been extracted from sugar
cane.
21 The complete production
model and the Brazilian use of
sugar cane are described in
Morato de Andrade, and Bodinaud,‘Modelamento de Cana-deaçúcar Brasileira,’ 2000 (in Portuguese). The same publication
also contains comprehensive
technical indexes regarding
sugar cane processing in Brazil.
As the largest, most populous nation in Latin America, Brazil will play an important role in addressing the current energy and forestry problems. With approximately 5.5 million km2 of forest area, Brazil has the largest tract of tropical forests
in the region. The population of Brazil is 166 million,18 33 million of whom live in
rural areas. The country consumes approximately 10 quads19 of energy per year, of
which 20% is produced with biomass. The two quads of biomass energy being
consumed annually in Brazil are divided more or less evenly between forest and
sugar cane activities. This latter is especially significant because the Pro-Alcool
Program, established almost 30 years ago, is the biggest biomass transportation
fuel experiment ever conducted. Approximately 4 million hectares in Brazil currently produce about 300 million tons of sugar cane per year. According to 1997
data, 9.7 billion liters of hydrated alcohol, 5.6 billion liters of anhydrous alcohol,
87 million tons of wet bagasse,20 and 14.8 million tons of sugar are obtained from
sugar cane.21
Over the past 30 years, due to agricultural advances, the sucrose content of
Brazilian sugar cane went from 8% to 15%. This practically doubled the ethyl alcohol and sugar production. The amount of revenue-producing sugar cane products
increased from 40 liters to 80 liters of alcohol/ton of sugar cane and from 80kg to
140kg sugar/ton of sugar cane between 1970 and 1999. This is attributable to significant improvements in sugar cane production and byproduct processing.
Brazilian sugar cane generates approximately 0.3 quads of energy in the form
of alcohol (equal to 7.5 million tons of oil), and approximately 0.7 quads of energy
as sugar cane bagasse, which is partially used in alcohol and sugar production.
There is enormous potential for electricity cogeneration, which is beginning to
make some headway at the national level. Estimates indicate that the available
bagasse could produce more than 2 of energy using cogeneration.
Deforestation
The portion of Brazil that is forested is approximately 549x106ha. The area of
reforestation is 4.9x106ha. Deforestation has varied significantly from year to year,
but is currently about 1.5x106ha per year. According to State of the World’s Forests
( 1999), Brazilian firewood and charcoal production uses 85x106m3 and industrial wood uses 135x106m3, resulting in a deforestation rate of 1.31x106ha. Added to
that is approximately 0.19x106ha in which non-commercial activities like slash and
burn agriculture and hand collection of firewood are conducted, resulting in a
  
total average deforestation rate of about
1.5x106 ha.
379
table 5
Reforestation industrial timber
Native forest industrial timber
Native forest firewood and charcoal
Reforestation firewood and charcoal
Hand collected firewood
Burned areas
up to 150x103ha
between 653 x103ha and 803x103ha
between 356 x103ha and 506x103ha
up to 150x103ha
89x103ha
102x103ha
Reforestation
Table 5 shows an annual 0.25% decrease of
Brazilian forest area, due mainly to deforestation in the Amazon region. Reforestation in
1.500x103ha
Brazil is still very limited, and a good portion Deforestation Total
of the commercial timber activities are still
carried out in native forests. Commercial activities clear about 150x103 reforested
hectares per year, compared to 1,150x103ha in native forests. Non-commercial
activities in Brazil are conducted on 191x103ha per year. The total area where firewood is manually collected is 89 x103ha/year, and slash-and-burn agriculture
destroys about 102x103ha/year. These last two activities are conducted only in
native forests.
There has been some progress, however. An important pulp and paper industry sector, and a steel mill industrial area that produces approximately 50 million
tons of iron and steel per year, have both begun stimulating reforestation and
charcoal production almost exclusively from
table 6 balance of carbon emissions and sequestration in brazil
reforestation firewood. It is also predicted
annual carbon balance
that the consumption of firewood will origin
decrease in the future.
506 x 103ha for native forest firewood
and charcoal production
191 x 103ha for hand collected firewood and
Carbon emissions from forest activities
burned areas
Despite poor management of forestry activi- 4.9 x 103ha total reforestation area
ties in the Amazon, forestry and associated 4 x 103ha sugar cane
energy activities in Brazil are fairly balanced Global Result
with regard to carbon emissions. Table 6
depicts a rough estimation of the current balance between carbon emissions and
sequestration in Brazil.22
Brazil and the Clean Development Mechanism
Fundamentally, the Clean Development Mechanism () is a component of the
Kyoto Protocol that allows industrialized countries to meet their emissions reduction commitments by investing in projects in developing countries. The goal of the
 is to reduce CO2 emissions while engendering sustainable economic growth
in the host country. Brazil is especially qualified for such ventures, due to its size,
its unique forest environment, and the stability of its agricultural sector. Several
proposals that will fulfill the emissions abatement and development requirements
of the  clause have already been put forth regarding the Amazon forest, the
plains, and the Atlantic forest in Brazil.
The ethanol program will also probably be a candidate  project, since there
is considerable room for further development and expansion of this initiative.
This program is very compatible with climate change mitigation goals, as it has
already replaced the equivalent of 200,000 barrels fossil fuel per day with ethanol.
No CO2 is emitted during the complete cycle of production and use of ethanol for
transportation. It is even possible to demonstrate that sugarcane production and
its transformation into alcohol may have sequestration benefits.
Emission of 25 x 106t
Emission of 9.4 x 106t
Capture of 30.6 x 106t
Capture of 8 x 106t
Capture of 4.2 x 106t
22 For further information, see
Morato de Andrade, Florestas,
‘Madeira e suas Aplicações,’
2000, and Morato de Andrade
and Bodinaud ‘Modelamento
de Cana-de-açúcar Brasileira,’
2000 (both in Portuguese).
380
   
Conclusion
With the development of advanced biomass technologies, this previously
frowned-upon form of energy has the potential to be a key component of climate
change mitigation. However, there is a dearth of precise information on current
biomass uses, which could easily impede its advancement as an integral part of
emissions abatement strategies. The model discussed in this paper was specifically
designed to determine the values for the four di›erent types of biomass energy by
extrapolating information from various related, but often non-specific, sources.
The values that were determined using this procedure are compatible with the
overall energy consumption patterns and the social and economic status of the 122
countries examined in the study.
Even considering the uncertainties of the available data, the model established
value ranges for the non-commercial uses of biomass. It also demonstrated that
between 43 and 48 quads of biomass energy are consumed globally each year. Of
this, 7.4 quads per year are attributable to technological biomass (BT) and 15.9
quads per year are composed of biomass from commercial forest exploitation
activities (BLC). The model also targeted ranges for two important components of
biomass, which have been very difficult to determine accurately due to insufficient
data: non-forest biomass (BNF), which produces 15 to 19 quads of energy per year,
and collected wood (BFC), which generates between 4.9 and 5.5 quads per year.
Overall, the model indicates that non-commercial biomass constitutes around
50% of the global biomass total. This category includes non-forest biomass, which
is responsible for about 37% of the global total, and collected wood, which
accounts for about 13% of the global total.
The implication of the discussion and figures presented in the Latin America
case is that most biomass activities in the region are not sustainable. At this point,
this is primarily attributable to insufficient funding for environmentally positive
projects or initiatives such as reforestation and improved natural resources management.
Due to its geopolitical, ecological, and agricultural attributes, Brazil is likely to
play an important role in the areas of both forest and non-forest biomass activities. Several reforestation projects are already being conducted and the ethanol
program has been an extraordinary success, with excellent potential as a vehicle
for the .
It can be expected that  activities will help the region expand sustainable
energy availability, while improving natural resource management. Brazil has the
potential to be a trailblazer on this front, and the projects that have already been
developed for and within Brazil may even be considered pilots for other technology development projects in the region and around the world.
Energy consumption
without biomass
(Quads/yr) (E)
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
Percentage rural
population
Population
(millions)
0.02
0.04
1.36
0.09
2.60
0.10
4.50
1.29
0.71
0.31
0.37
1.03
2.58
0.01
0.13
7.44
0.06
1.22
0.08
12.20
0.05
0.89
37.00
1.30
0.12
0.02
0.09
0.40
0.63
1.90
0.97
0.20
0.37
1.64
0.09
0.04
0.05
1.19
9.73
0.05
0.11
14.18
Biomass energy
B=(Bmin+Bmax)/2
0.20
0.02
0.13
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.00
1.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.33
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.02
8.48
0.10
0.36
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.37
0.03
0.00
0.50
0.02
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.24
0.03
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.01
0.25
0.27
0.02
0.00
1.19
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.04
1.93
0.00
0.03
0.13
0.55
0.07
0.11
9.93
0.18
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.04
0.06
0.28
0.03
0.01
0.53
0.36
0.50
0.02
0.01
0.75
Total energy
(Quads/yr)
0.79
0.62
0.43
0.68
0.11
0.31
0.15
0.35
0.44
0.09
0.81
0.28
0.03
0.54
0.38
0.20
0.30
0.31
0.54
0.23
0.77
0.16
0.68
0.26
0.71
0.40
0.50
0.43
0.23
0.34
0.15
0.37
0.40
0.55
0.54
0.56
0.84
0.36
0.25
0.48
0.41
0.13
0.26
0.07
1.50
0.19
2.66
0.11
4.75
1.56
0.73
0.31
1.56
1.04
2.68
0.02
0.17
9.37
0.06
1.25
0.21
12.75
0.12
1.00
46.93
1.48
0.59
0.04
0.12
0.41
0.68
1.95
1.08
0.24
0.43
1.92
0.12
0.05
0.58
1.55
10.23
0.07
0.12
14.93
BT
(Quads/yr)
AFGHANISTAN
25.80
ALBANIA
3.33
ALGERIA
31.10
ANGOLA
10.60
ARGENTINA
36.70
ARMENIA
3.47
AUSTRALIA
18.40
AUSTRIA
8.05
AZERBAIJAN
7.74
BAHRAIN
0.62
BANGLADESH
128.00
BELARUS
10.41
BELGIUM
10.20
BELIZE
0.23
BOLIVIA
7.83
BRAZIL
164.30
BRUNEI
0.32
BULGARIA
8.24
CAMEROON
15.00
CANADA
30.70
CHAD
7.20
CHILE
14.80
CHINA
1,247.00
COLOMBIA
39.30
CONGO DEM. REP.
50.50
CONGO REP.
2.58
COSTA RICA
3.60
CROATIA
4.67
CUBA
11.04
CZECH REPUBLIC
10.32
DENMARK
5.33
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
8.00
ECUADOR
12.30
EGYPT
67.20
EL SALVADOR
5.84
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
0.48
ETHIOPIA
59.70
FINLAND
5.11
FRANCE
59.00
GABON
1.40
GEORGIA
5.17
GERMANY
82.00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.220
0.230
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.100
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.460
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.110
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.310
0.410
0.000
0.000
0.720
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.02
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
18.82
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (min)
(Quads/yr)
14.55
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
1.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.89
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (max)
(Quads/yr)
7.360
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
1.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.48
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(min) (Quads/yr)
421.12
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.79
0.00
0.01
0.13
0.09
0.01
0.11
1.87
0.18
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.45
0.05
0.09
0.02
0.00
0.03
15.89
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(max) (Quads/yr)
45.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.86
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.65
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
6.13
Commercial firewood
and charcoal energy
(BLC) (min) (Quads/yr)
376.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.87
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.65
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
6.72
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmin
(Quads/yr)
32.54
0.20
0.02
0.13
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.25
0.27
0.01
0.00
1.04
0.01
0.10
0.00
0.03
1.93
0.00
0.02
0.13
0.55
0.06
0.11
9.50
0.18
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.03
0.06
0.23
0.03
0.01
0.50
0.36
0.50
0.02
0.01
0.75
42.69
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmax
(Quads/yr)
0.53
0.27
0.03
0.15
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.25
0.27
0.03
0.00
1.34
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.04
1.93
0.00
0.03
0.13
0.55
0.07
0.11
10.35
0.18
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.04
0.06
0.33
0.03
0.01
0.55
0.36
0.50
0.02
0.01
0.75
47.55
Biomass energy
B (max)
(Quads/yr)
6,014.00
table 1
WORLD
  
381
biomass energy (world, countries afghanistan–germany)
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
BT
(Quads/yr)
Total energy
(Quads/yr)
Biomass energy
B=(Bmin+Bmax)/2
Energy consumption
without biomass
(Quads/yr) (E)
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
Percentage rural
population
Population
(millions)
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
4.50
0.50
0.20
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.06
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (min)
(Quads/yr)
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
3.80
0.30
0.17
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (max)
(Quads/yr)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.150
0.000
0.480
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.070
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.070
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.070
0.000
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(min) (Quads/yr)
0.21
1.21
0.23
0.18
0.62
1.17
0.05
20.15
5.65
4.25
1.24
0.49
0.69
7.84
0.26
21.80
0.20
2.13
0.88
0.70
0.23
0.04
0.58
0.35
0.18
1.84
6.11
0.49
0.51
0.30
3.88
0.95
0.09
1.89
2.24
1.81
0.23
2.78
0.16
0.09
0.16
0.00
0.01
0.13
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.00
2.62
1.49
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.09
0.15
0.01
0.19
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.03
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.05
0.06
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(max) (Quads/yr)
0.15
0.03
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.00
8.15
2.15
0.22
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.10
0.50
0.00
0.06
0.37
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.15
0.31
0.13
0.40
0.27
0.00
0.07
0.03
1.03
0.09
0.07
0.00
1.04
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.38
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.12
0.41
Commercial firewood
and charcoal energy
(BLC) (min) (Quads/yr)
0.06
1.18
0.10
0.12
0.61
1.14
0.05
12.00
3.50
4.03
1.19
0.48
0.69
7.65
0.16
21.30
0.20
2.07
0.51
0.70
0.20
0.03
0.57
0.34
0.18
1.69
5.80
0.36
0.11
0.03
3.88
0.88
0.06
0.86
2.15
1.74
0.23
1.74
0.14
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.47
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.12
0.41
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmin
(Quads/yr)
0.12
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.00
7.31
1.36
0.26
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.19
0.08
0.28
0.01
0.07
0.20
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.26
0.14
0.35
0.22
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.67
0.08
0.01
0.00
0.90
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.00
7.80
2.05
0.20
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.10
0.50
0.00
0.05
0.37
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.26
0.12
0.35
0.22
0.00
0.07
0.02
1.03
0.08
0.07
0.00
0.90
0.01
0.05
0.06
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmax
(Quads/yr)
0.63
0.40
0.60
0.55
0.05
0.35
0.08
0.73
0.63
0.40
0.25
0.42
0.09
0.33
0.55
0.22
0.27
0.40
0.70
0.03
0.61
0.27
0.14
0.27
0.03
0.45
0.26
0.47
0.73
0.89
0.11
0.14
0.37
0.59
0.38
0.26
0.21
0.65
0.43
0.83
0.46
0.18
0.04
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
8.50
2.25
0.23
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.20
0.10
0.50
0.00
0.07
0.37
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.35
0.13
0.45
0.32
0.00
0.07
0.04
1.03
0.10
0.07
0.00
1.17
0.03
0.05
0.06
Biomass energy
B (max)
(Quads/yr)
18.50
10.58
12.00
5.92
6.70
10.20
0.27
1,001.00
216.10
65.20
22.40
3.56
5.64
56.80
15.40
125.72
4.43
16.90
28.80
1.91
4.53
2.50
5.65
3.60
0.42
21.40
100.00
29.70
48.00
24.30
15.65
3.59
4.72
114.00
21.20
4.40
2.26
138.00
2.78
4.60
5.29
table 1
GHANA
GREECE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
HONG KONG
HUNGARY
ICELAND
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRAN
IRAQ
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
IVORY COAST
JAPAN
JORDAN
KAZAKSTAN
KENYA
KUWAIT
KYRGYZSTAN
LATVIA
LIBYA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MALAYSIA
MEXICO
MOROCCO
MYANMAR
NEPAL
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NICARAGUA
NIGERIA
NORTH KOREA
NORWAY
OMAN
PAKISTAN
PANAMA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PARAGUAY
382
   
biomass energy (countries ghana–paraguay)
Energy consumption
without biomass
(Quads/yr) (E)
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
Percentage rural
population
Population
(millions)
374.52
1.48
Biomass energy
B=(Bmin+Bmax)/2
30.74
1.80
43.09
2.03
Total energy
(Quads/yr)
0.53
0.67
417.61
3.51
BT
(Quads/yr)
5,746.18
267.82
7.360
0.00
rural population
biomass (Quads/yr)
BR
TOTAL (122 Countries)
Other Countries
13.43
1.12
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (min)
(Quads/yr)
17.62
1.20
0.00
0.26
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.20
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.10
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.58
0.09
4.64
0.25
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
Non-forest biomass
energy (BNF) (max)
(Quads/yr)
0.00
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.29
0.06
5.13
0.35
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.00
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(min) (Quads/yr)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.820
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.250
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.860
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
15.32
0.57
0.06
0.35
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.35
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.84
0.00
0.01
0.29
0.00
Collected wood biomass energy (BFC)
(max) (Quads/yr)
0.58
1.55
4.27
0.93
0.31
0.58
1.99
27.21
4.03
0.75
1.21
0.79
0.24
4.51
7.21
4.53
0.40
0.30
3.03
1.23
0.71
3.17
0.12
0.85
2.95
0.28
0.21
3.01
0.28
0.25
10.33
6.68
1.79
0.17
94.40
1.96
2.72
1.26
0.23
5.50
0.63
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
0.00
Commercial firewood
and charcoal energy
(BLC) (min) (Quads/yr)
0.08
0.57
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.41
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.21
0.05
0.05
0.16
0.24
0.87
0.01
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.35
0.62
0.00
0.03
0.21
0.02
0.22
0.25
0.08
0.00
0.03
2.70
0.10
0.04
0.77
0.08
5.99
0.73
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.75
0.00
0.00
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmin
(Quads/yr)
0.50
0.98
4.20
0.91
0.31
0.58
1.90
26.80
4.03
0.73
1.21
0.76
0.23
4.30
7.16
4.48
0.24
0.06
2.16
1.22
0.66
3.11
0.09
0.50
2.33
0.28
0.18
2.80
0.26
0.03
10.08
6.60
1.79
0.14
91.70
1.86
2.68
0.49
0.15
40.75
1.94
0.07
0.48
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.34
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.17
0.03
0.05
0.15
0.23
0.87
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.35
0.54
0.00
0.03
0.18
0.01
0.20
0.25
0.06
0.00
0.03
2.70
0.08
0.03
0.62
0.06
Burning biomass
energy (min) BQmax
(Quads/yr)
0.07
0.35
0.14
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.34
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.22
0.08
0.09
0.15
0.23
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.04
0.23
0.47
0.00
0.03
0.18
0.02
0.20
0.07
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.63
0.14
0.03
0.62
0.11
45.43
2.12
0.09
0.66
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.48
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.24
0.07
0.05
0.17
0.25
0.87
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.35
0.69
0.00
0.03
0.23
0.02
0.24
0.25
0.10
0.00
0.03
2.70
0.11
0.04
0.91
0.09
Biomass energy
B (max)
(Quads/yr)
0.28
0.44
0.36
0.63
0.26
0.08
0.43
0.23
0.16
0.42
0.00
0.40
0.48
0.50
0.17
0.23
0.77
0.67
0.17
0.38
0.47
0.50
0.67
0.74
0.79
0.27
0.37
0.28
0.55
0.87
0.11
0.29
0.15
0.09
0.23
0.58
0.14
0.80
0.65
table 1
PERU
26.60
PHILIPPINES
79.00
POLAND
38.70
PORTUGAL
9.87
PUERTO RICO
3.86
QATAR
0.70
ROMANIA
22.40
RUSSIAN F,
147.00
SAUDI ARABIA
21.50
SERBIA/MONTENEGRO
11.20
SINGAPORE
3.46
SLOVAKIA
5.39
SLOVENIA
1.97
SOUTH AFRICA
43.40
SOUTH KOREA
46.90
SPAIN
39.24
SRI LANKA
19.10
SUDAN
34.50
SWEDEN
8.95
SWITZERLAND
7.25
SYRIA
16.70
TAIWAN
22.10
TAJIKISTAN
6.01
TANZANIA
31.30
THAILAND
60.00
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
1.12
TUNISIA
9.40
TURKEY
65.60
TURKMENISTAN
4.30
UGANDA
22.80
UK
59.10
UKRAINE
49.80
U. ARAB EMIRATES
2.26
URUGUAY
3.20
USA
272.60
UZBEKISTAN
24.10
VENEZUELA
23.20
VIETNAN
77.00
YEMEN
16.40
  
383
biomass energy (countries peru–yemen, totals)
384
   
References
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (). “State of the
World’s Forests,” 1999, Words and Publications, Oxford, .
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia (), . Database published in
http://infoener.iee.usp.br.
International Energy Agency (). “Key World Energy Statistics, 1998,” Paris,
1999.
Morato de Andrade, Carlos Américo. “Florestas, Madeira e suas Aplicações,” inhouse publication /, February 2000.
Morato de Andrade, Carlos Américo, and Jean Albert Bodinaud. “Modelamento
de Cana-de-açúcar Brasileira,” in-house publication /, February 2000.
U.S. Department of Energy, (). “Country Analysis Briefs,”
http://www.eia.doc.gov/emeu/world/country.
U.S. Census Bureau. “World Population Profile: 1998,” statistical data presented in
http://www.census.gov.
Carlos Américo Morato de Andrade has been a Professor at the University of São
Paulo, Brazil since 1967. He has been the Director of the Research and Teaching Division of the Institute of Electrotechniques and Energy of the University of São Paulo,
since 1998. Also since 1998, he has taught the graduate-level Interunit Course in
Energy. He was the Director of the University’s Institute of Electricity and Energy
from 1990 to 1998. He also held the position of General Coordinator of the University of São Paulo Microelectronics Laboratory from 1968 to 1990.
http://infoener.iee.usp.br