9.
Renaissances and Reformations
A. Italian Renaissance
Gentile da Fabriano’s Adoration of the Magi (1423)
Masaccio’s Holy Trinity (1428)
Humanism
humanitas (“humanities”)
Aristotle
scholasticism
Johannes Gutenberg (1450s)
B. Global Renaissances?
Timurid Art
Timur (1336-1405)
Samarkand
Tabriz School(1400s)
Secularism
Nimat Nama (“God’s Goodness”, late 15th century)
Realism
Vernaculars
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy)
Sanskrit
Sufism
Bhakti
Important artists
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Abu’l Fazl
C. European Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
sola fide (by faith alone)
sola scriptura (by scripture alone)
John Calvin (1509-64)
predestination
Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, 1904-05.
Catholic Reformation
Paul III (1534-1549)
Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)
Council of Trent (1545-63)
Index of Forbidden Books (1542)
4. Global Reformations?
Religious Expansion
Islam: Naqshibandiyah
Tibetan Buddhism
Kalmikya
Text-based reformations
Raskol schism of the Russian Orthodox Church (1650s)
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703-1792)
Wahabbi (“muwahhidun”) movement
Tibetan Buddhism
open canon
Apocalyptism and millenialism
Columbus
Queztalcóatl
Moctezuma II (ca. 1466-1520)
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (1542-1605)
Sabbatai Zevi 6261) ‫שבתאי צבי‬-76)
Shabbetaianism
White Lotus白蓮教 sect
Religion as justification for empire