~t~
~,
VOLUME XI
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY. JANUARY 1962
NUMBER 1
Planting Date Affects Bush Bean Quality
Summer Squash
Varieties Tested
Summer squashes include several
distinct forms of Cucurbita ~ used in
immature stages as green table vegetables.
Previously grown only in home gardens and
for a limited fresh market, the two most
important types--the green or zucchini, and
the yellow crookneck--are currently of
interest for commercial canning and
freezing. Processing could substantially
increase acceptance and consumption of
these crops, especially the zucchini types
which are better adapted in shape, size, and
quality than the yellow varieties. A third
type, the white bush scallop, will probably
not be of importance because it lacks color
and flavor appeal.
(Continued on page 4)
'lie 7M4 'l44ue , , ,
Page
Planting Date Affects Bush Bean Quality ... 1
Summer Squash Varieties Tested •......•. 1
Harvest Date Affects Bush Bean
Yield and Grade .......•... 9
1961 Pole and Bush Bean Breeding
Line Behavior •..•..•..••. U
Success of a one-harvest crop like
bush beans often depends upon whether
it can be planted successively for a four­
to six-week period without sacrifice of
yield and quality.
Two types of bush beans were placed
in a replicated trial in which beans were
planted at approximately two-week inter­
vals for a total of seven plantings. A
Blue Lake bush selection 1139 and the
regular bush variety Tendercrop were
used in this test at Corvallis in 1960.
Yield data were presented previously in
this publication, Volume X, No.3, July
1961.
Field replications were combined in
order to get a sizeable lot for grading
into sieve sizes. Sieve sizes 3 and 5 were
canned on each of the harvests or plantings.
Processing was done according to standard
commercial practice.
Results of objective tests on the two
varieties indicate that the color of the same
sieve size was similar. Sieve size 5 beans
were distinctly lighter than sieve size 3
beans (Table 1). Beans from the last
harvest were darker green than beans from
the earlier harvests. In general, beans
were lighter in color when yield was higher.
(Continued next page)
2
Planting Date • •.
~
(Continued from page 1)
The percent seed was noticeably higher in Blue Lake bush selection 1139 than in
Tendercrop. This, however, is a factor that has been largely overcome in more recent
selections of Blue Lake bush beans. Percent fiber of the two types was practically
parallel at each harvest date or planting. Fiber content appeared to be higher in most
instances when yield was higher. Midseason plantings tended to yield higher than earlier
or later plantings; however, fiber developed more rapi(ily under higher temperatures.
There was a definite decrease in fiber in the last two harvests of both varieties. Cooler
weather probably accounted for the lower fiber content.
This test and other similar tests on bush beans have established that bush beans can
be planted successively to lengthen harvest season. Plantings made later than July 15 in
most years would yield less. Tendercrop has been shown to slough more than Blue Lake
bush beans when blanched and canned under the same conditions. Blue Lake bush types
appear to react similarly to Blue Lake pole beans in amount of sloughing under the same
blanching and canning conditions.
(Continued on page 3)
1ttJte:
Nozz Ie Design Affects Spray Pattern
""
The final part of the equipment used to spray a pesticide is the sprayer nozzle, and
nozzle characteristics will determine to a large degree the distribution of spray over
plant or soil surface.
Preemergence herbicide sprays in vegetable crops have been applied primarily with
"fan" type nozzles. The fan width, or spray angle, and distribution pattern from this
type of nozzle are dependent on the design of the nozzle orifice. Where applications are
banded over the crop row, a fan nozzle designed for an even distribution over the width
of the spray pattern may be used rather than the conventional types which require an
overlap from adjacent nozzles to provide a uniform distribution.
There has been recent interest in "flooding" type nozzles for preemergence sprays.
The spray pattern from this type of nozzle is obtained by projecting a stream against an
"anvil" with the width of the resulting fan depending on the angle of impingement. This
type of design permits wide spray angles with good distribution patterns. This. nozzle
has the advantage of requiring fewer nozzle assemblies for a given boom width, and
because of larger orifices it is less subject to plugging. A disadvantage of flooding
nozzles is the effect on spray pattern from improper boom heights. As the spray angle
increases ,boom height becomes more critical because the overlap of spray patterns
represents a smaller percentage of the total pattern. This can result in more skips and
double spraying on uneven surfaces.
Oregon's Vegetable Digest is published four times a year by the Agricultural Experiment Station, Ore­
gon State University, Corvallis. F. E. Price, Director. Address correspondence to the author concerned
or to the Department of Horticulture.
Material may be reprinted providing no endorsement of a comtnercial product is stated or implied. Please credit
Oregon State University. To simplify technical terminology, trade names of products or equipment sometimes
will be used. No endorsement of products named is infended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
Planting Date •••
a
(Continued from page 2)
Table 1. Effect of Date of Planting on Percent Fiber,
Color, and Percent Seed of Bush Beans, Corvallis, 1960
_Variety
1139
"
ft
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Tendercrop
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Harvest
date
Sieve
size
7/18
3
5
3
5
"
7/20
"
"
8/1
3
8/12
3
"
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
8/25
"
9/25
"
10/10
"
7/16
"
7/19
"
7/30
"
8/10
"
8/25
"
9/14
"
10/6
"
5
Hunter color
-a
Rd
i-b
1.5
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.3
1.7
1.8
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
1.6
2.4
1.5
2.1
8.4
10.3
8.1
9.4
9.1
10.0
8.5
10.1
9.2
9.3
9.1
10.6
6.8
8.3
8.7
10.3
8.0
9.5
8.1
9.7
8.6
10.0
8.6
10.0
8.0
10.'1
7.9
9.2
12.6
15.0
12.1
13.8
13.1
14.3
13.2
14.7
13.7
13.8
14.0
15.3
11.1
12.6
13.1
14.5
12.0
14.1
12.5
14.0
13.4
14.2
13.0
14.0
12.6
14.5
12.4
13.6
Percent·
seed
Percent
fiber
5.66
7.77
4.02
8.81
6.20
9.65
3.83
8.82
4.33
7.38
4.41
9.88
5.65
11.17
2.34
4.55
2.99
5.45
3.42
5.06
2.17
4.51
2.71
4.01
2.50
3.66
3.02
4.94
• 0317,
.0515
.0181
.0624
.0215
.0665
. 0275
.0780
.0177
.0243
~ 0184
.0234
.0126
.0127
.0261
.. 0316
.0314
.0414
.0242
.0358
.0433
.0616
.0232
.0283
.0200
.0196
.0263
.0251
William A. Sistrunk
Food Science and· Technology Department
H. J. Mack
Horticulture Department
A.AA.
~~ 1tfJ.te/
The 1961 Yearbook of Agriculture, Seeds, contains a valuable store of information
on seed structure, physiology, storage, cleaning, diseases, purity, and many other
related subjects. This book should be enjoyable reading, as well as a useful reference
volume for anyone interested in agriculture, because of .many articles of general interest
on seeds, plants, and varieties. If not available from your Congressman, the Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. will provide a copy for two dollars.
4
Squash Varieties. . .
(Continued from page 1)
A group of summer squash was grown on the Vegetable Research Farm at Corv&llis
in 1961. Limited observations were made and are recorded in Table 1.
The varieties were planted May 26th in rows 10 feet apart in 20-foot plots, and later
thinned to about 18" in the row. About 500 lbs/acre of 8-24-8 fertilizer was applied in a
band prior to planting and water was sprinkler:-applied every 10 davs to 2 weeks as needed.
Pickings were irregular so the shape and apparent yield of the fruit may have been ad­
versely affected. No measurements or yield records were taken.
Special attention was given to growth habit because of the great differences which
exist between varieties and because this character may be of considerable importance in
variety acceptability. Heavy, thick foliage (Figure 1) makes picking difficult and va­ rieties of this type do not appear to produce more fruit than the sparse-foliaged, easy­ picking varieties such as Burpee Hybrid Zucchini or Storr's Hybrid (Figure 2). Super­ ficial observations suggest the opposite is true, at least in some cases.
For processing uses, uniformity of shape and color should be important. A medium
long, cylindrical, straight fruit would be preferable. A medium to dark color --free from
strong mottling, spotting, or striping- -will probably be required. Flavor, texture, and
freedom from early seed development are also considerations but such characteristics
were not studied in this small trial. Photographs of the varieties in Figure 3 show the
differences in color and form.
If summer squashes become important for processing, much improvement should
result from the increased efforts of plant breeders. Development of additional Fl hybrids
will be a part of this effort.
(Continued on page 5)
'EtJtJ4,
?tote,'
Vegetable Diseases and Their Control t by Charles Chupp and Arden Sherf of Cornell
University, was published in 1960 by Ronald Press Co. , N. Y. This book should be useful
to people interested in vegetable production and research because it contains technical
material for the professional as well as pictures, descriptions, and control information for
the layman. It gives complete information for most important vegetables and is well
arranged for quick reference.
Squash Varieties .
..
(Continued from page 4)
Table 1. Results of Summer Squash Variety Test, Corvallis, 1961
Source 1/
Variety
Plant4/
type-
vigor]/ Color .!/
Notes
1.0
4.5
4.5
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.5
3.5
3.0
4.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.5
Very dark
Light-mottled
Light-mottled
Strong stripe
Medium green
Dar~ green
Med. dark mottled
Dark
Dark and even
Med. dark mottled
Strong stripe
4.0
1.0
4.0
4.0
Strong stripe
Medium dark
Many dumbbells
Too short and fat at distal end
Very similar to gray zucchini above
Long, curved, dumbbell shapes
·Slight taper and curve--close to Burpee Hybrid
Smooth, uniform, long, and cylindrical
Very good; uniform, smooth, easy to pick
Typical black zucchini
Fair; some dumbbells--very smooth at 6"
Cylindical; sl. curve; uniform; sl. dumbbell
Long, cylindrical; fairly uniform; some
crooks ~nd polywogs
Curved; stem end tapers
Short cylindrical; some enlargement of
blossom end
Green
Dark Green Zucchini
Gray Zucchini
Zucchini
Long Cocozelle
Storr's Hybrid*
Blackini*
Burpee Hybrid Zucchini*
Italian Zucchini
Hyzini*
Hyzelle*
Long Green Bush
Cozella*
Black Zucchini
1
2
3
3
6
6
4
1
1
1
2
3
7
Yellow
Early Prolific Straightneck
Seneca Baby Croolmeck*
Hyrific*
5
1
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
Lemon yellow
Lemon yellow
Creamy yellow
Saticoy Hybrid*
6
1.0
4.0
Summer Crookneck
1
1.5
4.0
Slightly
greenish-yellow
Lemon yellow
1/
7
Smooth, plump; not especially uniform
Plump body--slightly curved, very smooth
Straight neck, long, tapered; tendency
toward lumpy neck; not especially uniform
Slender, very smooth; some crookneck;
slight curve; fair uniformity; good producer
Smooth, slight curve; good uniformity
2/Sources: 1. Ferry Morse, 2. Dessert,3. Asgrow: 4. Burpee,5. Robson,6. Peto, 7. Northrup King.
3/ Plant type: 1--very bushy, thick plant--considered undesirable; 5--open, easy to harvest.
- Vigor: 5--most vigorous; 1--1ow vigor.
* Designated as F l' hybrids by source.
(Continued on page 6)
Squash Varieties .
6
• •
(Continued from page 5)
''''O(':_::.~..
Figure 1.
Black zucchini showing undesirable bushy growth
habit.
Figure 2.
. . _. . '. '\-_
Burpee hybrid zucchini showing desirable open
growth habit.
DARK GREEN ZUCCHINI
ZUCCHINI
GRAY ZUCCHINI
LONG COCOZELLE
Figure 3.
Summer squash varieties listed in Table 1.
(Continued on page 7)
Squash Varieties. . .
7
(Continued from page 6)
HYZINI
BURPEE HYBRID ZUCCHINI
---;---
­
",
HYRIFIC
ITALIAN ZUCCHINI
SUMMER CROOKNECK
HYZELLE
SATICOY HYBRID
LONG GREEN BUSH
Figure 3.
(Continued)
Summer squuh nrioties listed in Y.ble t.
(Continued on page 8)
8
Squash Varieties . . .
(Continued from page 7)
BLACK ZUCCHINI
COZELLA
EARLY PROLIFIC STIAIGHTNECK
SENECA BABY CROOKNECK
STORR'S HYBRID
Figure 3.
(Continued)
Summer .quash varletle. lI.ted in Table 1.
-- J. R. Baggett
Horticulture Department
•••
9
Harvest Date Affects Bush Bean Yield and Grade
Yields of bush beans increased an average of about one-half ton per acre per day
during a 10-day period according to data obtained in a test in 1961 at the Vegetable
Research Farm near Corvallis. Purpose of the trial was to study relationship of yield,
sieve-size distribution of pods, and values as influenced by harvesting bush beans at differ­
ent dates.
An OSU dwarf Blue Lake line, 949, was compared with Tendercrop bush beans. Beans
were planted in 36-inch rows on May 18 and had a final stand count of seven to eight plants
per foot of row. A uniform fertilizer application of 500 pounds 8-24-8 per acre was band­
placed at p~anting time. Plots were irrigated five times at 8- to 12-day. intervals, beginning
June 15. Harvest was by hand on a once-over basis with all of the pods being stripped
from the plants. ' After harvest pods from each of the four field replications of each variety
were combined for grading into the various sieve sizes.
Yield data presented in Table 1 indicate the largest percentage gain for each variety
was for the second harvest date over the first harvest date. Yields ranged from 2.42 tons
to 8.21 tons per acre for Tendercrop and 2.18 to 6.75 tons per acre for OSU 949 for the
six harvest dates. Average yield increase per day for the period was slightly less than
one-half ton per acre for OSU 949 and slightly higher than one-half ton per acre for Tender­
crop. Mean temperatures averaged about 69 0 to 70 0 F. for the first part of the period and
64 0 to 65 0 F. for the last part of the harvest period.
Table 1. Effect of Harvest Dates on Bush Beans, Corvallis, 1961
Harvest date
..
Days--planting
to harvest
Yield--tons/acre
Tendercrop OSU 949
Dollar value/acre
(Tota}-picldng cost)
OSU 949
Tendercrop
1. July 18
61
2.42
2.18
258.
245.
2. July 20
63
4.32
3.25
406.
343.
3. July 22
65
5.70
4.22
429.
333.
4. July 24
67
6.67
5.02
432.
3~9.
5. July 26
69
7.97
5.42
504.
303 .
6. July 28
71
8.21
6.75
488.
355.
ARBITRARY VALUES: $140 per ton for sieve sizes 1-2-3; $135 per ton for sieve
size 4; $75 per ton for sieve size 5; $50 per ton for sieve size 6; ha·rvest cost--$25
per ton.
(Continued on page 10)
Harvest Date . . .
90
I
(Continued from page 9)
- - TENDERCROP
x
\
- - -
\
\
80 J­
x
o
\
\
\
OSU 949
Sieve Sizes', 2 and3
Sieve Sizes 5 and 6
,,
,,
,,
\
~
Cb
.f\,
\i)
(b
x
~
co
(j)
\
("
..... 0
\
\
\
~
l(
~
\
t:
\
~
\
\
,
\
.~
-ti
x
40
\
~
10
In date of planting studies and other
trials, Tendercrop has generally shown
some yield advantage over some of the
asu lines, although not always, particu­
larly in early plantings. Sieve-size grade
distribution data shown in Figure 1 also
point out that Tendercrop on a given
harvest date was more advanced in ma­
turity, perhaps by one or two d~ys, than
asu 949. Curves in Figure 1 indicate
the general decrease in sieve sizes 1-2­
3 and the increase of sieve sizes 5 and 6
with advances in maturity. Although data
for a given harvest period in only one year
are presented here, similar patterns in
sieve-size distribution might be expected
at other times.
Q...
c::
tl
30
<l.>
Q:)
'4....
~
~
-~----....x.........
20
..........
x- - . : : -
~ =-:::::::.::.: ~
10
o·
,
,
7/18
7/20
I
7/22
I
7/24
I
7/26
I
7/28
Harvest Dote
Figure 1.
Influence ,of date of harY~st on sieve-siz8 distribution of beans.
•••
Values presented in Table 1 also
reflect the greatest percentage increase
of harvest 2 over harvest 1 when com­
paring any two-day consecutive periods.
These data also show the leveling off and
decrease in values at the last harvest
date when yields were hig:h, but the
percentage of high-value smaller beans
was quite low.
--H. J. Mack
Horticulture Department
1961 Pole and Bush Beans
11
Breeding Line Behavior
In this article, only the highlights of results of 1961 pole and bush bean tests will be
given. The OSU breeding lines of both pole and bush beans were more widely tested than
in any previous year. Higher-than-normal mean temperatures speeded growth and
maturity of most of the commercial plantings so that in several cases it was not possible
for researchers, agents, fieldmen, or even growers to observe carefully the seas(}nal
behavior of the various lines. Also, a single year should not be considered a reasonable
"sample." Even so, the widespread tests gave us considerable information on what we
can expect from some of the lines.
POLE BEANS
Line 284: As shown in Table 1 this line of pole beans continued to yield well in all
locations. Mean' yields, for the past few years, ,have been . 5 to 1. 0 ton per acre higher
than for commercial lines, and most of the other OSU pole lines. The bean has been
massed for several generations and does not have the over-all pod refinement which can
be secured by "pure lining" of some Blue Lake progeny. Yet proces,sed quality has been
satisfactory. We hav~ not been able, through further single plant selections, to improve
appreciably on the behavior of 284. Some have been inferior. When grown by various
seedsmen, some divergence in the line can be expected. It is believed desirable to
secure another year's commercial trial. Seeds are available for this purpose.
Line 2244: This bean has been more erratic, especially in grower's tests, than 284.
In some experimental plots, and with a few growers, yields were definitely high--in
others , low. Further trial may furnish a clue for this differential behavior. One of the
single plant selections from 2244 significantly out-yielded the original line in Corvallis
replicated plots in 1961.
Lines 1484 and 1489: These two lines of beans, although performing satisfactorily
in most trials, have not given outstanding yields, and may be abandoned. Seeds are
available, however, for those who may wish to make further observations.
Line 991: This line will be available for pilot trial in 1962. It is a distinct early
bean, with a potential harvest two to four days earlier than other OSU lines or Prime
Pak. This line, as is the case with OSU lines 284 and 2244, will tend to give relatively
heavy early-season harvests compared to Prime Pak.
Wax. lines 1674 Wand 2254 W: These pole wax beans, when harvested only in wax
stages of maturity, have given consistently high yields. Their quality, from the stand­
point of pod refinement and fibre, is superior to bush wax beans. The 1674 line "waxes"
somewhat earlier than 2254.
The heaviest yielding OSU pole beans have been hybridized with each other as well
as with root rot and rust resistant breediIlg lines, so that a shift in emphasis in selection
of pole beans, with more complex parentages involving disease resistance, is contem­
plated in future years.
(Continued on page 12)
12
Breeding Lines • ••
(Continued from page 11)
Table 1. 1961 Pole Bean Yields
Line
(1)
Eugene
(8)
Corvallis
Location
(4)
(6)
Salem
Portland
(5)
Portland
(7)
Dayton
(Tons per acre)
FM-1 (Prime Pak)
OSU 284
GSU 991
OSU 2244
OSU 1484
asu 1489
FM 1K
FM IP
LSD. odds 20:1
12.1
13.2
12.9
14.1
12.0
11.7
12.2
12.1
--­
10.9(3)
11.8
12.3(2)
10.8
10.8
10.7
--­
--­
14.3
8.5
9.7
12.3
9.4
8.2
10.9
9.3
9.6
10.5
8.7
9.5
9.0
9.2
9.8
13.9
--­
--­
--­
13.6
7.9
1.0
1. Courtesy Eugene Fruit Growers--Carl Robertson, E. Pitkin.
2. Sub-selections 2244-2 and 2244-9 yielded 12.1 and 11.7 tons, respectively,
with 2244-9 significantly out yielding the parental line.
3. Out of six sublines, none yielded significantly more than the original ~
massed, 284. One subline yielded far less.
4. Courtesy Calif. Packing Corp. --Roy Schulback, L. D. McKellar.
5. Courtesy Libby, McNeill & Libby--Ron Burnett.
6. Courtesy Northwest Packing Co. --John Cavallero, Max Lehman.
7. Courtesy Alderman Farms--A. Hraba, U. Alderman.
8. Vegetable Research Farm--Corvallis.
BUSH BEANS
Detailed yield data on bush, as well as pole beans ~ will be available in mimeographed
form in January, 1962.
..
Yields of bush beans: In general, OSU lines derived from Blue Lake, in 1961 yielded
from two to four tons of graded beans per acre. This appeared to be about one ton per
acre below yields of the new Tendercrop bush variety, and a ton below what we had hoped
these beans would yield at 36" row spacings. They are obviously more sensitive to high
temperatures than most other bush types. As compared to other bush beans, they have
performed relatively best when planted early. Distinctly late plantings can be heavily
attacked by prevailing rust strains.
Machine harvest: Mecha,nical harvesters for bush beans will harvest the OSU lines
reasonably well. They are trashier than Tendercrop, although this does not appear to be
an extreme limiting factor. Improved. machinery for cleaning and declustering, however,
is needed•. Yield records at various row spacings, secured here in past years, have
clearly indicated the need for a mechanical harvester adapted to 12" to 18" rows.
(Continued on page 13)
13
Breeding Lines. • •
(Continued from page 12)
Processing plant behavior: Trashier beans require more labor in the plant. It
remains to be seen how this problem can be improved by various mechanical devices.
Growth habit: The semi-sprawling habit of OSU lines has not yet caused extreme
difficulty in this area. Yet the need for improvement of habit is fully recognized, and
numerous selections have been made from crosses of these beans with Tendercrop.
Second generation irradiated material will be scanned in 1962 for possible mutations to
stiffer growth habit.
Quality: For most pod characters the asu lines, in processing tests, have rep~atedly more closely approached Blue Lake pod characters than other bush beans. With
careful attention to time of harvest, to avoid seediness and thin pod walls, most selections
can be processed along with Blue Lake pole beal1$. Lines 410 and 412--and their sublines-­
are the slimmest pod types. Line 949 is slightly fleshier, with a greater tendency for
'
pod crooking" Lines 2065 and many others are still fleshier, but not as fleshy as newer
lines now in early stages of development. It is well to remember that increased fleshiness
of pod in these beans will be associated, generally, with lower over-all values per ton
if graded and evaluated in the usual way. Yet this increased fleshiness should be recog­
nized as insurance, as a rule, against inferior processed quality.
There is room for many improvements in bush beans--yield, quality, growth habit,
pod set, and disease resistance. As in the case of pole beans, our selection program is
taking into account all of these characteristics.
We Wish to acknowledge the cooperation of many growers, processing company
personnel, seed company representatives, and county agents in the pursuit of bean im­
provement for this area.
--w.
A. Frazier, J. R. Baggett,
H. J. Mack and A. A. Duncan
Department of Hortictllture
--W. A. Sistrunk
Department of Food and Dairy Technology
--E. K. Vaughan
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
--J. B. Rodgers
Department of Agricultural Engineering
A.A.
,IJ
'"