Thinning Stagnated Ponderosa and
Jeffrey Pine Stands in Northeastern
California: 30- Year Effects
UM"d Sial ••
Do",,,,,,",,.) of
A~oculrur..
P.olI l" $QU'Ow."
Fe, .... nd R.,,~.
E.p.,lmon, $,,,10,,
PO. Bo. 2.5
Bo"'·~·1
Robert J . Lllieholm
Dennis E. Teeguarden
Donald T. Gordon
C.I,'",,,,, 9470'
eor,"
R••
No,"
PSW 407
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IJOk.)..,j .. ,.." lro~'th of <=> "" tho ",,"",~
~Io< '.., 167 "",,,,,, • ..t 6l P<""'" I """'. '"'P«""'y, U". "'" 01
til< ",,,,,,,,,,. ~OI.
Du"". Lho r,,,j 12_y... on",U"""'"'
'I' .",.at 0.' ........ ,"" I'.".u, 01 ~"" '" ....
",,,,noJ pi'" w" <J 1"""'" on<! JI 1"'''"' I"""'.
"', pe<" . . I,. <1> .. "''' 01 'roJ>
on ..... ""th .. n«I
",.,. 0.., .... 30-, ...... ,,"''''''' ..
d b.h
• nO ."1"' ....... , of ""', ... th< ", .... dpI« n, ~\
,",'«"' md 39 ,","""'
""p«",·dy. ",."
'"'P
pi"', ........ ., •••
''''1''''''''
r<'""". ""-
'«u
"",m
1"""".
.n"',,.
'm" on .... ""'' 'moO
li.-. ,m.." ,.... 01 , ... , on "'" ~ plot ,." 3\
<",,<on, ..... ,,, "an <hot 01 '"'P
on ..... ... <lnn
,=.
a_
.", ,""" MC<U"'y ..... ''''f' ''''' ' ~" kno> on
both pi"'" .·,th ., .," ",",GO""" ",,, ''''!' '"". on
"" ",",""""d pIoc '" ,1o~'1y doll, ....... "".
' )." ',,,I,,,",,.!I ,.. ,"" '''..... ion. Aw-.h ",i,
,wdy . '" h"" .. J.o 0<>< " " '...,,' rlot ..... ... "\~
"'''''''y
""""." tIw. '''I'''''''.
old, .. pi"I·"'<O
".nJ, <0" ~"'<"<l y "'pmd to ..,,," '"' '"" ..... ~
h.iJ/!' ,,'" th¥n"., ,"""k,
R"""•• T",." "' ........ ' .. ~"'. '''' '''''''', pm_
<Ie",.. p'M. !tIfrey p;...
T h. interior ponderosa pone fore'llype
(SAF '237) (overs rO<l&hly 35 mil·
lOon ""re, of the Modoc; Plale,u in ncrth·
easlern CahforrlLa.' Trre &rowtil " ')'1',.
cally slo'" due W poo< :roil< ,nd low prec'pital ,on ..... , th 'lands 0( ponde ros.a I
u.r po,, dcro,n OoLlg1. ex Laws.) ~nd Jeffrey pme
fr./'fIr.,-; Grev. ond Balf,) commonly ,(ag nallng in don.." pau:h)' th,c~el' of up 10
17.000 tree, pcr acre (TPA) (42.000 tree,
per hectaro IITHlJ. Despit. slow Ire.
growth. tho economic ,'ahlCof the region:os
• SOUfce of fOfcst pfOdocts i5 ,",pected to
increase since much Gf the arca will proba·
hi)' remain asa trco-gro"·,"g.liv.'!O<~. and
wildlife·producing region wilh li lli. I"" of
land to hOn\"~'lCS and ,oc,,,,tiOf1~1 dovoipp.
rm
of Initial (hinning in 1957, lhe subjec(stands
w.re S~ )'.ar,old Mda""rag~d I.ss than 2.0
,nches (5.1 cm) in diaJn¢ler al br-easlllCight
(d,b.h.).
M F.THons
Study A ...
n.e Blocks Mounl.)m Expenmental Forest i , locale<! on the . ast slope of the wuthemmos( tip oflheCascado Range in U5Sen
County. California. Annual precip,(ation
averages 10 to 20 inches(25 \(l51 ~m). m<m
of which fall< BS snow during the "'inler
months. 1lIeSOilsofthe>tudyarea areslOny
.nd sltaIlo ..... WIth f'eq""nl rock ""lerops.
men!.
Black. Mountain is l)'pical of th. inlerior
Prev,ou_, studies hav~ demonStrllod!he pon<lerola pine forest type. Found at ele,·a·
range of growth response, from polo - 'il~d Lion. of 4.500 to 7.000 foet (1.372 10 2.134
stands p fOcomm ere .. ny lh I nrtt<J 10 d, fferenl m) on Call forrua .s no"""astcrn pi~leau. Ole
denSOl,tS, .., bu' ,he c ffec ~ of th' nn," g 01 do r, forest lype ,s cil3.racteriLed by v.n.bl~
saphng-si,ed. s.lagns,cd "alum! 'tand, hav~ mi'''''''' or ponderosa and Jeffrey
nm been prevlOusly in,'estigaled in north· incense·c~dar (CaiaccdrUJ dccurrcns
em CalifornIa. The Lhmning respoIls.. of (TOfT.) Amin) and California whit" n.
,,,ch Stands i, of in,ereSt sin~c procommer· (11m,s CO"CQWr (Gord_ and Glend.) Lindl.
eill thmning com t)-piclily increase BS e. Hil<lebr,).· Site indox on tho '(udy .....
.",rage '!and d,,,,,,e ,ef ,ncrease!, Further· forponde= and Jeffrey pine i$ 72 foel (22
moro. lhe ",sl"""" to relo:osing older. nag- rn) (b3seage 100 y....).
n"cd standS(ommOf1ly found in the inlerior
rro«dur.
~rosa pine fOO-CSL Lypc IS ,mportant in
defining lhe range of Ifealm"nl opponuniStudy plots ..... '" establis.hed in 1957 ..
tICS a,'rulable 10 forcs! managers.
part of a larger Study BSscssin g the COSt. and
Thi' nolo repons !he .<sults of a ,mall· production m"" of pre<ommorcial thin<cale ox!">,,,,,,cn, on lhe BIMks M""n..,m ning.' Thoarea thinned in the originals",dy
"'penmen..,1 F()(eSlto evalu~ le the growlh covered 519 acrel (110 h:J) . Because of
response of 'tagnaled. sapiLng-.;,ed pon· funding lim'tallon •. only two plots .... re
M"~ 'TId Jeffrey pine 10 !,"ecommereial e,uoblis.hed to "'"aluau> the effec~' of ihi ••
lhlnning in nonhern California. Al th~ time ningon ,ubSCqocnl tree growth. "sa ""ult.
p""'.
A
B
FI"",o 2_ Thonoood plot, Ii.. ! .............
196~ The _ . "" ... QlOWft U
monl
~,*,1 . - "' .... G<O;I ..... Oft . , .
"""""""'" pioI
caution should be cxerdstd ... hen inlUp!'l:linll!he resulu of!he ~UJd)' since lhe lao::k of
"'Plication precluded statisucal analysis of
lhe dala.
'The Iwa plou ... etC laca\ed in m... ed
pondem$l. _Jeff",y pille ""ph nJ s~ willi0111 o~mary cornpcUUOl'l. o...e O.Q4·II:rl:
pk>!. (162 m') Wall <hosen ... ran(\am and
prt!COIIU1"'flOi.ally tlunned from 1 UXX. TPA
(27.181 TPH) 101 dcn!llyof aboul 100TPA
(l7JO TPH) (Jil· J). Crop ~ ~rl: seIoxled LO ma>IIwn an "'engespaclna; of7.9
rcci (2.4 m) and ..... '" LIued 10&1I0'0I penodJC rl:~/Il; III 0LlIc0" ~ were
felled. On !he IIIIlhUlllCd pIaL: {()'o311:«:)
(121 m') c""""8 Il.000 TPA (32.123
lPH).!he eqLIlvaicnI Q( 700 lPA (1,730
lPH) w= $>m,br\y taued: !he IUI\IlnlDC
IreC$ wen: Iofl uno;Ul Measured 'KIP uees
analyud III lh.s swdy were l(IcaLcd w"l"n
"'" bou~ Q( !he llo1ndS 10 lVOId ... y
cd~ccff... ~
In July 19S7. lhe d.b.h. ar.J 1(l1:1l belChl of
tagged crap IreC$ on the "'"U pIoo were
measured. TDcnsurethalfulun: .. ~=.
menU """'~ consiSlttl~y located .• 1'Iai1 ",-as
dnven in", the base of..,h ....... 11. poon(
ooe fOOl (0.3 m)
Flgu,ol - Th ....... IlIol. "",~ ..',...."'.......", IN? Tho _ . """.
g....-n l\I ~ lillo, tIl"".,O!'!tH. 0<11"" ..., .. ,"""" ~lol
3
abo~
,round
level. LO
.. rve as a penn .... nl .. r..UlCe JXlIIII.
D.~.h. aro::llLeilh( measuremenu ",ere repdlled in Augosl 1962 (Jig 2). July 1975.
alld SepLembcr 1987 (Ji" J). HcIKhllC> the
USDA """,,, $0,. ... R..
1'1... PSW .oQl 19*9
T."'. 1-$""" d...",,,, ~,,,,, <I 81"" .. M."",••• ,"",... _
,,,,,",,,,, >,,-. /.J7·/0P _., ... "." ...
I"'cno,,'n was me:uun::d In 1981
<fI""n ""0, ~ lnu;"1
(hjnntn~ rc'l'O"5C aflC"r S )'~"'5 ... as reponed
b~,,' ~f lilt
,~ d~'om';"~ h~
),1 .... -
(
,-, "-,
M_
~.
REl>l ITS
D.IL>'
GrO"lh
,\llhe lJnl~ of rklt c<w>hsllm~nL '" 1937.
I:ogg<.J c "'P l""" on the !hI nned 11\\1 uoth,n·
...,J pi"" l'''r.q;c'tl 2.1
d.b.h. (5.3
tm ) ( :~,",·I ). DUling lbe 10 ycvs folio ..··
111,0; Ounnin,. d.b,h. tro .. '" 01 UttS on ll>e
IhlnneJ plol" ,os9J pcz~cru gre31ct lhatlwl
01 c"'" tr\...,. on <he undunned plol (fir 4)
,,,,'II,,,
11r....•
-
L~
'''h'''~u<n( m,·."ur~nlCnll"C'Oods (Iub/" 1).
,=
1.0('0.1')
Ihe th inned rlOi
:tl ((ll')
u(O.n)
H(O.2t\)
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LI (IHl)
l.t(OJ1)
' I ('lUI)
6J (011)
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1.0(0.3)
101 (11m
Il1(ll·m
20 l< 0 (II.m
,
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of • ..,,,_ "","" ...............
•.. ruIn .... ,.,...
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.I><,w",) ~ rn .... 'd ",:",:1.", ,n "''',~l ~ro"'h
!1Ie l,',11 r"I1,,"'mg 11""'"°1. 'n.locallllJ1.lfl
, ,,,,noJ<JlC
Ol'l-~
""
Cr'l' lr,x, on Ihe 11"",ltd and UIIlhmllCd
rl,a.", "'~~cd 6,3 \ 1(,0 ,ml and 403 ,nclle$
( 1U.9 _m) d.b.II., ""p<l"'·~ly. In 1987,
A .~r.l~~ Jnnu~1 II b.h. ,.0" Ih ",-a, ~tC~""
Qn \he "''''ncd rl'~ dllllng ex" of the Iht«
""at
'"'
'"'
'w
,~
n;"n'~ •• r
L"r, ' k-J ,."nphng
----
T,._'
~",,~!e[
,.,
_010_
1""" .... f_ ...".. ."""'"
r~'I>C1n", It> ,ck~
A"tmgc
on lhe lhmrl<:<i
)'1", iu, ,k,,\LIlc<i ' HK C lhe 1%~·I<)7S
rnc",ur~mOnl period (0, Ii \0 0,10 meh/
)\:;ul (OX! "> (),2~ em/Far), !xlI >\ ",as Stoll
4 3 r< "'c nt gr~ ~Icr lhan lh~1 of Ihe unthwn ~<i
l'~" tlu,,"~ Ihe \.'1 12.)'car n'e;ts,,,cmont
1""00. Crop !roel on (he unlhlllllOO p~Ol had
a ,c!au>cl)' COII,IUllI 3vcr:11l" Illlnual <l.b,h.
an",,~1 d.~.h. ~r<>\... h of [(CCI
,
•
g''''''1ir ofO,06 !oO,O!I ,nch PC' l= (0.13 to
O.X1 '"V)ff
<wc,!he
3().),<~,
oo.c"'·aoon
,
pcrrw
I!.·;~h l
(;." .. th
lh: 3'''r,ll;~ h.,:'i>hl of uucdntIP (fOCI ,0
1951 ...... 8.0 fOCI (2.4 ml on bolh (II(:
lll"",,:d >rId unlh>nr'lOO plr)15 frabk I). On
boo,/( plOlS. ~'·=,e a.... u;)II>e'gh( VO"'tlI
,..~. 'OlfiJNC o.('f !he )0 )'U1J follu..
Ibonn"". 'II( r~ ... 'n, from Ihc r'f" 1lIC," .. c·
p ..:n, I"-"n,>.\1<) lbe.c.:on.l. blu Ih<n doxrtu·
'n)! '" Ihc ~ pcnod (I<lNr 1). o.:..l"lC lh'l
I""'I""~I '·Jri:lh,\i,y. Ui."CS on lhe lh,n,,,,d
"n,
,
l' ••• ~ 0811
(, .. lots)
[ ,-,
' oc/o,_
,
, •
pk'i '''''''' ....... (1). a''<r:lg..'<l 35 10 62 pClCtnl
n~".
,n
~l)nu31
bc,g.t
tf(I" 'lh lh:In en-.p
or"", un ,h.,: un,h.nncJ plOI.
a,'cr
~IC .\().
)'"" OI»C"'d'lOII 1",.00<1. 1Ie'~hl tfO"'lh of
IrCO, ,.\ ,lie ,h,nr'lOO rio!. w~S 39 pcrt~n(
8"'JI..:r (I.m Ilral of crop lr<:Cson (lie ""Ih,n·
n,"l l'lt~ !filt· n In 19~7, l.lg:,,,'d lTCO,{)n ,he
II1;n",,<I ;lnJ untll,Mcd p~)(5 3>crJ~OO 24 ,0
(n ",I und 1\.l.5 r"" l (5 ,~ 'n) ,n lI<:'Sh(,
,c·'I"CII>~I )·
(wl>lt I),
150M
liM
I":'
,m
Y..,
1111
,.
I,..
Itlil
_,.,. at ""'" ""'gO( 01 0'01'
' ',,0"l0(I fio ..
Figu,. ~ _ " ""'~ Q
. _ 00 "',oooO.M ....
,
tiL'. Crn .. ," RUl io. Morlal,,)"
and Sland l)yn3rnics
Thitt~ yo..tr$ aft .. ,hll1n,"f!. lhc h,c crown
1'31;0$ of ~"ed crop trees aV1:raged 71
percen, UId S4 percent. respccuv<:ly ,on ~
lIunned In<I unl/liMcd plou. The lve~c
liye CAl""" r21000l crop 11'«'1 on me unlhin·
ned plol'$ relatively luSh conmlcnns Lhe
ageanddenSJ,yQ(Lhe swod. Th:cond,\Jons
under which I.hese Lrces sum". no dou~
CQIltribulC 10 Ihe tmdency or sunds 110 SIIj_
~~
Moruhly on Ihc t1tim'led pl~ has bffiI
ligh,; DIlly one ~ died eMf llle JO.yur
obst7vauon periocL Oespilll: the hl,h iniual
densi,y or lIIoe unlhmned plol. monal"y
among crop IIte!''''''' limlle<! 10 only one
t=: II>(>r12.lily wonE the ulIl3Ued UUS 011
lbe umhmncd pl~. "'hile II()I meai5llled, was
considerably grealer.
ConsiSlent increase. in sucuss". uti·
rrtlIlClI 0( lhc roe mc:icnl M ""~Uon (CY) of
crop Itt. heigh! and d.h.h. on llIe unlh.nned
rlol mIl' indicate 11131 the oo,hinned Sla>ld is
<10110'1)1 ovcreO<n ing ,he eMended pcnod at
stagnalion r'~&le I). In contraSI. in lhe
,I"nned pl()l,lheCY oflr« d.b.h. isd«:rea..jn~ and the CV of tree height h&.l remaHled
relauvely constant , The unthlnl\Cd !land
wi IIneed to be mOnl t(U(! for a1000ger penod
of time, 1Io...'''~r. 10 determl~ whelller
changes in crop ltee CV In If«! I>!:,gnllnd
d.b.h , 5igl\lll the onset of illCroased tree
mortality in the lene, erown claMoe$ In<!
grea u=. e rown dI fferentiation among lagged
crop tre«.
•
•
,
b ...
«. Ht'Chl
,
-
,
DlSCUSS10,"! AND CONCLUSIONS
/
"
(1m)
-,
"
/
r-c -
-
/
~
•
1Il10
I~
I~
IfIO
lIn
IJIIO
,..
1110
Y."
FlgV'. s_~"",.
• .,. vn~" ploc.
"';g"' 0' ~
BlIIn'uU rqmned 110
In hel&ln If'lwth 1(1
signlroanl re:5po1lS1e
thlnn",. pole.sizc(I
ponderosa pine In the P3cinc Nonl..,al.
Similarly, Schubert found no SlinonC&n1
responge ift p:II,e·Slzod por\denl$a pone In
IIOfthem Ari>;CtRL' OJi_ rll'Sl rtpOI"1ed the
al:lllilY~~ pt/Ie 10 req!OIId 10 thm·
ninj tIuou.gh II'ICI'U$ed helghISI'OVo1h.' The
'-10 ryOM lag time he obs(fved bel ...... "
thinnmg and the onstI of lna-eased hc:lihl
JltlWth "'III.ttributed 10 the beliel'wl trees
must lim btPld up crown aru in order 10
produce the oddil)()ll31 rood rtql.llJod for
man: rapid heighl ifUwth.
This siudy, wrule limited 10 • lingle tre.lt.
U . . . ""
"'.".«1
menl plot, indic~les th31 slagnated, rei.·
u. cly old, saplini'I;~d stands c." quickly
respOnd 10 release. DunnK II>!: nm S)'ear$
after thinn ing . . .crage annu41 height
\J~D"
.... " s"",iot Ru, l<_ PSW.<II]1, 1919,
growth of trees O<l the Iltinnoo plOl was 62
percenl grea It. Win thaI of l.1Ined crop
on tile ""th in ned plOt. Dunn, tile WIle
period. avernge aMWlI d.b.b. ~fI)"'lb of
uu< <WI !he II"nl'lO(l plol was 167 pen:enl
grealC. IlwI lh31 of crop trC>!Son the untbln·
=
~.~
'11< .....
1.~
n..
1910
C.I{.... .. " ....
h,.....,
to
B. ...... J .... ..t,
Ii"."') .... 0"''''' l-.o
$<tu... 24..t s .... y .... ,kM ,.ioky .. _)91
.~
__
'Ob_. "" ol~ •• W
~
TIledfecl ofth"lnin, ..-u 11$0 foond 10 be
long.l&«ling. o...ng the last measurem""l
period (18 to 30 years atll:r mIMIng) .•"".
_g.: annual d.b.b. and he'ibt growth 0 ( =
on llIc "tlflned pia ..... 43 p<l'UtIt aIId 38
p<rt:(r)t 1l1Uler. rupecu",ly. llwt 1.h3I of
m. l3:ggod l«lC:$ on the untlllnned pIoI.
Grov.1It I'lIlC! on lIIe lIulllltd plOl declIned
dunng the last measurement petiOlI. /low.
.''''. indlCaung [1'0'' ' " c\o$ull' and i.
c"asoci sl3J>d Comp<llliOrt. On tile untlll.·
ncd plot. increased van3bih ly In l:I"cd ~e
Migbl and d.b b. SU"UI lllal uees Itt
,lo .. 1y d i ff•• ent "wn a crow" cl1S$t$ «Sfllte
8S yean of st.3gnauon.
'" ..... " .1 "" 1\I6l ".,..,...,, -,,,,,,,,.,... ..
197~
. __.
G_4p, _ _
u~.,,....,...
_
" ......... .. , ......., .Il< ...,,_ P!<o"" 9 '''''' ..... OP.
PI<>fi< " """ . ... F,..It . - j ~"'I' " ' _ St.
/J._.«_,_,...
"
OR ho;,f"'_ ...
... _
-."-,,s..._ l,; $
D ,
"
-,.,-
1979
~,., ..
W;]b_ W
oJI<o
,w._ ..
".i
...., ...
_II..........
G
F.,.. ... _ ._
_~·I'/Iff''''''
R",. I'apo.
PSW·I' I
<.:A r...!", !IwIh . ... """",
""" R...rc F..por_ $ ..- . 1'00<>0 _ . I:'s'
~ ~ ...... . . - . lOp.
°E),,,, F H. oct 1910 F"... , ""',,,,..
1I<,' '''oy.
~_
«''''
u.... SIot... -'c. --. w ......_.oc . s.....,.
or _ _ n.I'lp
'T.._ ....... O.F.; ""'-. rn.
_....,'.. ... ,.,..._.oJI.f1..),... _
l ~ :I'l, ~ ",._.
_~
... of F<w<,.,.,. '7(ll~\lO4.
<f.........., D.E.; c...so., t:>.T.
I~
n..-...
,.,,""., . ' .... h of " ..- ... ,...,w_ ...,; I']fr.,
,.". ..,.............. "" mol or """It,)' 6;!(l).I"
~"" ....
lounul
or ....
1;5.
TIlI"1
or ....""".
-""_«
....., ..... ,..
~•••
,~"
/,
or "-01<)' tllJ(I2~151·16C1
T hl' Aut hors: ____
RO. U T J .
.......
_ ._, ...
LlU ~ IlOl..'"
" " ........
p«II'.,_
_ 1:..of
_.<t .~ '"
" ""y. Lot •• · no ..""y..,.,..... "",. . .. ....
•...~"". ". ~... '·.04...u~.-.k""_ .. ....
n.p.- '" -~.,.. .... ~.- "'.............
{; .......r or
COW....,.. H,tI.<l<y I)I~"I S E.
..
~
Ii...."",
ColJ......... s ",.l<y DO' ~L O T. (lO RIJ(l"
T U:<;~~ ~IlI:-'
or
p«II',._ I""...,...
.... _01,,, ....""'".•,,1._... ,"" '><11..
s-...." ",",It .... R...I' f.. pe~ s ..u ....
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