57
me tine" f0<:leral standArr:ls OE :1:'1tn prd
in
nat:J'n~l
productive
C:1.nc,cit~r
J.na 9_
,-~l1i;.1cline
~_
-l":",le:11pntc.tion.
Ja~a[e
will not use
C2E
"Ub::~8C:ll.E'nt
o',~idcnc0d
Ct':1er difficulties are \)8j_'1 -
t~e
e of auto ac,-
,c;I12.rp dec1ine in 1:;"e
~crl1aps
C~lse
-Sl-;C
nothine to
remed7'
~s
C2se "f
2.~ltOS,
accident Guits have
·~re
In
Court
of hir)lHD.y snfcty,
~ctions
in
('m~lo~ler
i~
been done
the uce of \:.ort action for
ioinilaT reaction I,rith eo...ch productive
carr~rin~
dG.ma,:-~;e
suits
insurance il.cninst pollution.
~,]ilJ.
contribute
virtuo_ll~~
control.
~hc
decade, llowcver,
~ast
a~renr
to be omens of
future indiscril"1ina tc Ilama;:r:e su.i ts that 1:Jill result in t.ht?
citec~
t',-~;
:·7 billion a!lnual biJ 1 for
...".t the Sat1e time,
C-1
'~as
o:.~
1nd y8t this COGt contributes almost
~ublic.
every individual
environnent~l
0:[ C!1i'orCcJY]en t
le···~J_
-12mage could rosult in
";unine.s8 aTl:l
in the 2re
suits as ,
to hif,'lp:lay saf'1t;v.
pollu·:~ior:.
lemrrla
t:lrec,
-:)ollutinr.. control efforts
id0nt~-'.
liability insurance on the
j _'1
,:~rticle
"~o~'i?fnlly,
virtually r::logged tlle courts and. imnosed (.
nothin~
seen in
n;3
of' livine.
Gt8r~a:'j
f~tu~e
ior::s,
in the preceedin
'inGur;:l.~(;C
\~:ci-
nr.lra[T(lph.
in i)uluth, l"ir.ne,'3o-l::a.
t··'ined that the facility
forcing Gore
~,~OO
~,qC
~er~ons
b::J.tencn·': cOEtr; re':]uire6. tn
~l~ea:l:r
nut
'·'~c':;t
o~
nonco!:'-:~etitivl?
work, i.f
"3t:t~',:;
~orced
and ",.'ould
.~~hut
lO'.'Tll,
to aRsurle J1011ution G-
nnd federal standards.
'':'he court
recently
l~~rin'"
incrco..se froL'? cm inc:reJ.ce of :'.1.
to cut the It.5
follcus'~
incroa~e
~
~~r
TlliLoiE
to one of I.•.r::::
':d th t.l:.e 2dc;.ed -provisior:.
nff
so~c
in half if t~e sc~e~uled ~~)atemel:t pro~rarl ic not
•
out ncracs the nAtion.
in:.lur:triec '",rh0n the feasi1)ilit: r of r!12.n;r of the; recent stanJ8ruci is
considered.
l!n:ler t1-18 197 7
in
2e·,To.i~e
'-1u(l7,et,
.~ reGi:~ent ~'ix()n
bas
a.
i'lrrro}Jri~ltedA ,·'~0 ;'lil"!.:iJ'l n
})lant constr11ctio[l [,T8.nts to I'aic--:o t>le total to
current le"inla tive
trcnc~s,
1:.rill
Y'f.u:~ul t
in Ie :i;-.:;la t:-Lon of
lovol of
i'1
:.'ore ;-"r' _cticc'_l
na tU:::--8, incluCl.ing reasona 1ile standardG 3nc'! a Dro2:rC'..F1 nee CD:::! i t::l tine
nent anJ
i[liu~trial
emphn~i,~
~e:Ln5
bein-
~l~ced
conccntrate~
control.
in~crdel'endency
on leca1
in cortrol
~evplo~ement
in the area of early
in
ovcr,:"!-
ef~orts.
res~ect
~rQvention
to the environment
rather than
111ti'~ate
59
section,
irr-pler:(.~n
ta tion.
,t t'19
]. 0 C :-,.1 c
~'a7~0
(-:t. ,'-;
time, i;he
c!~~n
ln~
rclati0nGhin of various
r. e1 r :fiT'm.s move-
JutiOD control.
i,on
~eet
ir Jl0i.'ht and the
come withj.n
?~n
~e8t
of flny
~rio]~e
I:rlcreof ~hnll under 110 circuMstanceD
~rivate
•
.,7,,/,
residence within t'le vlll.:1C e .' _'
r
Go
t>.e
en~.~,
of
in~titutecl
i~~la
II there
w~s
a
~Qrticvlar
rise in
~olJution
on a state level includinr the Jevelopncnt
0.~
l.ezisl~tj.on
~'ecific
tures.
·)]''"'on -
level
cl~Lcc~nin:'
nnllutinn
~nntl·ol.
i,'~t-,nn
t:)(~re
i~
Iittlc or no cnt::'l:-
61
:n tho o-:}19r : 2.n _'-,
ot~'1er
~~t:'te:--~
(_-·u:~'
2r
fr,~\:l
:In over'-1"h 1J.lVlanCe of control.
ctatss creC.tn
acencies
tpreaucrRc~'
[1
~)0fore
scttin; a
~or
air ::>.. D0. ',,rater :rol 'ution control.
loc~tion
Cor future rower
,'or
JQuthcrr;.
~lant2.
over '<"letter pollution, :-'lir ;-;o11u t::Lon, fish nn:1 G'amc, "Fa tel' tu: ,; )arl::::;, u til-
of
ities, qnd atomic
they rerform
ex~
an~
tl18
Juties
is in numerOUG stnteD.
'cion-n1c::J,:inr, rec;ula tion-en forcinr,
Vnles8 of considerahle
:,'_ountin-
a~encies
siz~,
~nd
"ollu tiO:'1-~olicing -:JONer.
localities
effective ;Jron,J-scCl.le pro· ranf; of
,tnte
0r~
nf
cr
h~IV8
ccnGi~cra~le
~lolluti0n
10c01
control.
Gubsi~ieG
t~,: c:'0~ptinnc
or
leaven
tho+; find t"eir l'ro rans of
~o11uti""
control to
"0
co'
t1~'
dif:icult~
_.t .:-,
~'lin-
or :inuDci:_l
cre~it
line~)
;3tate . ro~r~ms [or InJustrial ollution Control
In~-~uG trial ,evclo-,:,r:lcn t. ~ ovef"tber. 1S'-7C. p. C,.
_. lake:l from
"
,; I
-,
l'(~',r
ercc;,r, ,'l,n',' -Til' ,iri,n.
Ir
Million
~-eErl:F
~li~Qtin~~
a: e
in
re:~dil~'
Chaptor~;
mninten~ncc
of such
-F'und b:r
lc~islatinn
a~~crent.
'~1~8
7ive and ';ix.
nnd
:-,he
sub~e~uent
c:·:C\ct :-'-:u'clBn of
ju~ici~l
~olllltj_on
action
cnn::.rol
t~
inJustry
'J:'lic~'.
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t,:::c·tr;,
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:-:;t:i.~
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(, r;: r; tO'l in its irrol},ution
force.
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Based on averaGe cost fir~rcs, operation costs ~er year exceed capital
and installed costs of equi-;.lr.lent in most industries. In most instances,
yearly cost of Haste disposal "·JaG 27 to ~~O. of yearly operatin0· CODtS.
In }~ of 10 industries :rearl:r operatinc; costs have become a major ~xpense
source. ~~t the same time, llowevor, most re~orts in the past decade have
overlook.ed yearly operating costs as Et major problem.
I
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Averarse . . lan t -.lDencling in 1971
Canital ~~au:iDment Cost
Installation Cost
~.
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C}Jcrating COGt
rot,].l
00GtS
'. 2.2., 'fOO
73,200
.' ~·C , 5 .~-)o
.1!~8, 150
(:pera ting Costs:
i-oT/ler, .I1uel, 'later
Fiaterial.s, :..J}}are ~ artr;
Laintennnce Labor
Collected ·jaste ~iGPosal
.lS,840
:'.,100
7,100
14,510
;lt6,550
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~ollution
is of
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bill is held
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and is ;,vorkine dili,""en tly on ch emicals and rccovcrin' - fib :;:rs fro):]
packac;in:3' itl3.stes.
,;ith complete success
t~e
project may eliminate
the need to raise prices in or(er to of ,'set pollution control costs.
PcrhapG one of the most unavailable means of
transferrin~
costs
of pollution is federal subsidies in the form of tax deductions or
direct loans for poIlu -:ion aba temen t equi}!r1en t
purc~1as
es.
:JUCll
pro,";rams exist on a sta to and local level, but usually cio not hold
sufficient funds to co"')e Hith existant pollution problems effectively.
Cpera tint; Qno. main tenance expenditures are clirectly deuuctible under
federal incentive procrams, but excess treatment over natural assimi-
lative levels causes a direct reduction in taxable income o.nd therefore a
10SB
of revenue to federal and state governments
ding no additional benefits to ttlC enviroJrnent.
~t
w~ile
"rovi-
the same tine,
however, the federal government is the only body laree
enou~h
to pro-
vide adequate financial aid to encourage pollution control expenclitures
on the part of industry.
This fact is made evident in a _U'ortune poll
concerning pollution financing:
",Ihat cio you think \'lOuld be the single most effective--and least effecti ve--incen ti ves to business to do .something' about r,ollu tion? ,I
Foc;t
:~ffective
----" -,,---,---
Leas t
':f:fccti ve
.-------.---
Tax credits for pollution control
costs
2.,
Industry \Viole action
Government
~rants
11.·
7
10.
5,.J
matc}linC company
expenditures
Government 3ubsidies
oosts to the conGumer
Improvement in the ""lorking
environ:nent
An;;r
mea:~s
of transferring
16 ,
C()C;t;:·:,
:hm·.rever, cou1.::1_ not iJe as ef.:ective
as
.:J..
com!Jren.ensive pollution nro£::ran involving an interdependency of
S'overnnent and
induRtr~y
in standard setting, enforcement, and fin2.ncial
backin.'.::; if such a program vIere available.
In chal'Jter ":,ir-;ht, I have tricJ
-Co uesign Bueh a :prol3'rDm ",hile takin,; in co conside::'a tion the cost factors,
public and industrial desires, and the preoent dc.·-ree of the pollution
problem
pr(~sented
in the first seVen chapters of this paper.
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With the current system
1
or
l~rge
; 1
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100
., r'
i . ,.. , .' ,(;,
struction of the
five yenrc), and
--lants anl operating exrenses,
durin~
•
Tl18C8
~rants
the re~--ional s~rstem (first
tl:cse yenrs lone term finRncinc could be arran-
t11is point on the nroject WQul·1
~'rom
ef~luent
treat~c0t
lurin:~ early implemcntatioll 0
1;[oulJ continue
,-.:. _,
t )
1
l' "
v
~:e
tllrou~;h
finunced entirel,
cbarses.
~espitE
current criticism, J1uch can be caid for the establisjment
of re:'ionaJ standarJ.: by a
joint Government/industry control Group.
To
achieve ef -, ecti ve refiul ts, lee-isla tion must involve a neces·';ary ie:-;ree of
cooperation octvJeen legislators and those ultimately affected
b~T
the Ie -
islation to jointly Jeter':ine the objectives ,;hich ("ust be achieved if
the
PU]~Dose
throuGh a
of the legisl"'t1_on is to be ac,;oflplished.
rer-~ional
~t
the saMe tiMe,
3'lan a major obstacle to the effectivenef.;s of present
legislation ':lould 1JC r-er.1oved.
TIl is factor i;-; the fact that nain air and
1;later basins overlap Eeveral states; '.':lile the flot·! of air
not
reco~;n:~ze
-(loliticDI
boun'~lries,
state la't\ls do.
an(~
lFJ..ter __,oe.c
It is not ef ective
for onG locality to centrol industrial "(',ollution Hhen its efforts are
~ullified
llY its inability to induce
locali'ties.
overla~~in,~
an]
fu~Js
A
rG~ion~l
of political
to other
si!:lilar actions from other nearby
plan, on tl1e otller hand, proviJes control for an
~)oundries
re~ional
and a
trans~er
control croups.
~Jequate
of
authority
The re'"ional control
could Glso provide an opnortunity [or inCuntry ana
overnDent to
~roup
~et
ta-
~h~","d.c.. (- d s
gether and discuss pro111ems and their solutions.
I~e\,.r
~;oals
ard "coul,l be
Gstablishe,i throuch conference techniques and would be clear, fairly expresseJ, aJld predictable for all concerned.
101
Ideally, standards would be
GUC'~
t:'nt fixed tine limits
durin?, which standards ir.1posed cannot be ~-~ltered.
~1ould
exist
Values 0; credit ar-
ransements HGul:.l be seriously G~f::ected if the borro1'Ter iB conpelled by
standar(~s
to yurchase neH abateMent 8C}ui?I;1ent, incidence of l:!hich is
unl:nm-m at tile time of ta}::.inC credit.
guent iritervals, they
~ill
affect credit
tures of til e -poIlu tiOD ridlLen :"'irns.
environmental measures affect
d88}!ly.
~;uch
If standards are altered at frc-
factors .'3.re ' f
liS
well
~B
the capital struc-
Lenl.Lers could become critical if
cor~orate
~.)EJ.rticular
economics too often or too
it:l:,ortance to Med.ium and 81'1[1. 11
sized inuuEtries which lack financial resources of Plajor, science
companys.
Cther confllsion woulJ b2 elirninated since rresent state re[-
ulations oi'ten result in a
-plan,
[itanc~ards
~ixture
of Rtandards, while in e re ional
"'QuId be uniform on a recional basis.
facine the same river have set conflictinr; stanclards;
tucky has established
Q.
inequj_~'_es
·."Gcl'l~7
Gome states
ex[~r'l~le,
;or
i:~en-
,naxi:-:mn therl:13.l stanllnrd of 93° for industrial
2ards at g('~ lJhio at S3~ and
the
ba~5ecl
lest
~ith
2nd the conlpetitive iioadvantaces
un~er
a reGional plan,
tIle present
syste~
of var:rinL, standards ':!Quld be effectively elininated.
on a
joint in~ustr:r and joint 5_ndustry/municipality ba,~is.
COOl)eration through joint c, mpo.ny resea:r'ch or mutual uc;e
orcani:?ations
i/licle,
C[1_11
Interindustry
O~:
industrial
cut costs and help solve pollution problefrls industry
thus mutually
benefit;~in.~~
all firrls involved;
for example, ,--1n
8n;:;ine emin,sion research project jointly performed by ?orJ, Lobil Uil
Corporation, Sta.ndard Cil
~-=O!?l'\,-~ny,
.I~tlD.ntic
,~ichfield
Conpnny, harathon
Cil Compan:r, and Sun Cil Company at a cost of :~7 f1ili.ion. 5
-:~ime
combined trer_tment
0:
indur-;tr~_c.l
<-',:rl,
municipal
T;J<'lBte
At the .same
\-TOuld be en-
102
courar';ed l'esul ting in
[3harin e ' ()'~ troe'.- tl"_cnt costs, minimization of Lhe
;.1
number of points of final (:if;cl:ar,~'e, a.nd the enlar::ement of treatment
plan t
f:
'~h(;
izen.
~ual:~ ty j~ct of 1965 develoI)ed 2, stud.y to in-
ia tel"
vesticate the interest in cem ined se,'er nrojects between cities and
in~~ustries;
interest
1-/8.8
~1.i~:h
~;,ut
nothinc ,-vas done to apply existin;-;
tecllno1o'J to the idea.
d.11
exanple of
tl~,e
success of re::,'ional control can be found in the
story of l;he ctio niver Valley ',iDter _l3.nitation ComwisRion (,,'~:,--, .. LC(j)
Hhich 1,NlG :Lni tia ted ,-:urin
-:hc in terG to. te
':'l"uman aclF:inis trn tion.
tl--te
and was be un with a emaIl staff of five (three encineers, one biologist,
and
OTIe
/~t
pu-blic relo..tion.s man:.
its beGinning, the project had. no
lab c~n(l a buCiCet 'Ghat ClP10unted to less tr:an l¢ per r>erson in the Valley
£or its first
ci~hteen
the record. of
~ ~{;JL\I~CC
years
0::-
.
eX1S tancc.
(
J
phenof:1in[,~l.
has been
In 194-:)
'1.v~~ccn
the sto.ff HaS
tre0. tr.len t) and in'lus tria.l ',.fast e trcct tncn t Hac, virtuall:.r nonexistan t.
'ithiL thE first five years (,qt
3.
time 1.:1.:1en federal 'T'_:nts for munici-
r)a1 ",:)l,:::,.nt construction r-rere nonexiGtant)
~he
rectI? to coor:ercl.tion bah·reen
of
inc~uGtrial
manasefl1cnt an::'_
of
EUCCeG:J
in;)_u~~tr~r
i~ec·'1nical.
l)6.!
:~;)~'~I:CC
an
\1e]~e
can be attributed d.i-
S'ovGrl1l'1ent.
'1':18
a8:~
istance
rcpresent:'l_tivec fro!:1 l'irr15
the volle:' was enlisted at 3n early Line.
atives
of the }io:rJula.tion had £i-
\-,'it'~1in
?hecc inductrial represent-
cornbincJ into teams with federal ane state a[ency 10.1) Jiroc-
tore ;7.nd -:;echnici·J_ns from indus tr~y.
1';.ccor-~_inc:
to Jehn __
J.
tinney, c:
La -ter a. tear1 0 f
.5C'_ait,~.ry
QUc'.e2,:;'; e-f (
('J.·.I~CC
J.qllD. tic
cn~;'inC:2"rinG
biolo:~'iG tB
consultant :.'or
liee: in it: co pera.tive
103
caution
f,
'1ith BaC~l party reco[{;nizinr :)n:-~ ~cce':-'tin,~' persr'nc:.l responsi-
lJility; ~1ith each ~oul jUGtifie~; with the means of implementation jointly investi :;ated anci full;.'" apl;rai~:;cd ;':18 to r.1eritG ••• AII :parties knev-l \<Illy
they VIere involvpd ane:_ ':.'hat t:l ~r Here attemrtinc-:: to accomplish be:ore
they 2:ot involvt)d on hOl.: to (:0 it.!f~,7
~e~;rec
anQ
of success
~re
nat evident in the nresent federal approach
to air anf water polJ_uticn.
rent activities with little
the persolle
of ;'Tan t
controllin~;
f~:.n·,~~s
the
Tolay's f .. Joral procraTI involves concurinter(~e~endency;
pro~rarn
unQ
an enphasis is placed on
inl~iscrihlin~te
rather tl-:nn broa,,;_, COO})8ra ti ve of ort.s
trol stRndE.rds and means of
L~'n:y
l~-,--,_'L:::CC'S pattern of dey lonment
of t1_8 rrcsent
li1
di~burGencnts
~:o
es tablisll con-
impl~~entation.
canr3 of financin
pollution control ,dill not
be ttcl;ertable if a reE'ional :!lan i:-=; inGtitutccl.
ProsenL
t~:rpcs
of ';ov-
ernment as;;istance }Jrc:,:-rams inclul:e: (1) Investment crcclit--investr:1cnt
inv()lve~
credit
ca~ita:
the
The cost
tC)
the nrovision of
ye~rs~
covernment is the actual credit allowed,
method renresents a I'apid
The cost to
'-overnr~ent
the r3ho!"te1l0Q cleprecie.tion tir.le,
selectivit~r
cre'~1it,
i~
~rrite
C:;) Grants--such
no precedent is set in ta.x
b~r
~overnmcnt
(2) Jlc,_elorateJ
off, usually one to
is the intcrc3t on tl_e money over
of rccirJipntc; thr)u --:h the cost i:'_: Lho
therefore preferred
sary,
credit for a rerccnta_e of
cost in the year of conGtruction of abatement ecui,ment.
a~ortizati()n--t~is
five
~-overnment
~rOGraM
Game O-G
~11ows
for
inve;::;t~'1cnt
G;-:;ulation,s.
econo~ists
if tax reJ.icf is neces-
(i:_) lJOU in terGst rttte:-~--lo'}[ered in erest rates in re,r'nr':' co -:-101-
lution con.'::rol are of little [tid to
in\:i.u;3tr~,T
~-;incc
tltey 1'2,lf3C the
tain anlountE of
dischar~es.
c
for £1 fi vo year t:-;.x ar"ortiza tion 0 {' ~~olJuti0n control facilities.
a3c~i~_:tar:ce,
visions for
S TIost need2d
tance
z~n('thel'
seans of
-t]~.C
s~Tster:1
tax
alone lets the 'llant
C
~,!here
Olssif:;-
I~ie.
financin~
the
hu~e
pollution bill which
~as
thuc-
far proven to te inadequate is found in the i~~i'.\ (.:t;nvironmental Financin::;
~'lut:10rity)
l:J11ic11 buys u"0 tax free state and 10c0..1 ~lollution bonds ',.T~1er'2V r
pu ts its O1.Tn taxable obli 'R tions cJn th(: J"!larket in large blocl: sellinr
~~reQ.sury
and. the
provj dec a subsidy to make up the interest ra to differ-
_:,n nome o.re8s, hOi-rever, rn8.sonable ra teE:: on loc2.1 mal"l;:ets arc
entials.
ran~:,'ing
far too lou,
from [itate to state bet'Heen
the
'~.-n
h:;nJ,
there if) cOTIGidf:rable
consi:rilctinn
fe~eral
hi
:~w
':Jml11
-3.1 action.
~
Yjol~uti~"in
to increase
to 90 ,
ar:~ue
i
•
OUSlnen:.,
t'lC
t~;,--lc::ral
re~,ultin:::
c,n the otilcr
share of
r2"ti,-:-: useJ to fina:'_ce the
ThaD e
state aTTrarriationa Gincc state fiscal of-
tl:,'l.t it . ."oul':~_ cost
:=; ta teE-;
cram, on the other hand,
th~
ret:~oactive
to wait for feJer-
that ":ere eager to initiate an
woul~
want a
~cderal
cbmpenDa ted retroactively.
such a
ti:lC
~
01
and 10,
-~rsterl.
ohtainin~ n~~!
have t,rouble
~icial:3
for
Cf);:ts
pres.'~ure
~art
~
,~ov8rnment
a~aterlent
~roMise
Federal authoritiec
payment since there would be turmoil
ov~r
prothat
op~ose
how far
bae]'." ::he rE:troactivity i'loulJ streJ\~ch.
Inc;te~d
type c:~
811
of ~einc ~roviied an economic
)sidy, nore ef.-ective financins ~ould place n stress on de-
velopomcnt of 2ll econcnic incentive to
~:;ollt~ tion,
on environnen ta.l
I:lake it
';ift in the form of some
ll2.. ·~ural
11,
l.eter po11 Jtion proce.sGes.
1
'l!:lis
e :must rely u"':'on econo:uic inc en ti veG to
for each poIlu t er cen:.'. :or each employee of a -:ollu t er
"
such i:lcen-:'ives. 1C
?h~o'l;it ¥.
economic incentive plan :;uch QS c~lClr;sin:_'
An
c.n cffl.:ent char:;e for --c;olluti0n a;iOV2 as inilativc leve:",'; lJoule'_ force
tho
to come to termG 1,·.rith the private coct,-: as '..rell as t.he
r:ollut'~r
social eo:;ts of 2'ollution.
-'0vcrn~cnt
pollutin~
industrys.
edict
the
ScUl~
could
t:_ereb~r
Q
-che nu.mber
incentive rate would not
lllantitie~
n:~
emrlo~Tees,
re~uire
(1) a
f;olids,
-!.DC:
ra~;c
i~(LSE'li
sOFletimeG
into char,:'es for the :,olluter, and (l:,)
all users 3.nd non-U3ers 1"':0 :'ain
G~uare
extensive information on
a~~roach) where
,'~~uspended
wit~
o~ller
flat~ rate invol-
or ,some other method.
or analy:-ical characteristics of the waste,
ification ··rhieh entail.::., :). flaT
.Jer1 aneJ.,
continue
tine, nu.merous me.tns of establishinc cfi'luent
rate Jetermine.l on Gome type of criteria such as
f,'1ctory area,
~o
nollution as n cooperative e 'r'rt
~j.G
charf,es CG.:1 be ar::'an,:-ied includinc the folloHine:
vin
decide Hithout u..
or not it waul) be 'lore economical
~hether
'Jr to clean up
~lt
~olluter
The
t'i0
feet of
,..iuch an
;i8char~;e
(2) vulumn mod-
on the volulrcn of cli,sc1.J.:J-r.:.;e,
waotes in
c~.llo:,_~ine
ter~s of bio oxy~en
deoanJ arc ractorej
joint croup ap::,roach in ;,Jhich
benefit 0:::' a treatr1ent pln.?1t ";lro-
vile nccesc1ary revenU8 anrroxinately in proportion to t11e cost of
106
providin~
~rhe
tIle bencfitn of tIle '1ork.
interHorkings of an econoMic incentive pro .T:?;. f:'l can be observed
in the existant system involviu',:
throu~l;.
iest
~'}ermany's
t~'le
~{uhr
1,rc:l1cy
~!lan.
most inJustrious r'::;';'ion an.1 yet the 1'iv(:1' 1',Jetter
remain2< clEar for s'ltJ'im:nin,-
,-Ll1,l
00e_ting.
'~his
retention 0:: :'. y:ollution
free envirCllmcnt in the face 01' ex:ranclinc industry i3
Juhrverban ,
:18
~."Jho
~
cooperative societ--
--,ollutes "".:1-:-er, pays
ificc"tion "L,,,t~ since
rCte ;{uhr f10'. . "5
c~
~~~30
lal"~_'01~r
Municipalities an.}
:.or t 1•. <: cost ')1 purification.
due to
2,~nO
in-
~lSS c~>smen ts
1948.
'."Jater circulation systev,s in nlantc: ',i:1ich nm:! clrc:P'! ,':"'.6 cubic yards of
water :Cor ]lroQuetion of every ton of steel.
11
imate 130 cu';ic yards 01 '!Tater [leI' ton of Gtecl.--
Suet re;::;ult::-;
ae~ieveC:.
re ~ula tion and 8CO-
throuch
:'l
pr0rer cO;'1bina tion of '-'overnnen t
nomical incentivos.
:)!~allnr
coop?rative
2,T8
Qc~nciati0ns
Gchaft,~n
involve industry' and. municipalities combined to coordinate 1:later
'.'fasteo.
'.rhrou·h [38H8.Ce an
cide for
tl~er'"!Gelvec
Hater char=es, polluters are inducec.l to de-
1:J}"en it is better to
ra~.r
t'~lG
.sG,,·raze char,.;e or l"lhe~1
In r,(:st instances
3c3.1e :nakt; i t
own
'Ja~tes
:Lor the "'enosr;enschaf
r·t~;n
to procest:; the H3.ste,rj
se?erately.
to fin'll1ce t;'l e
of the
~ossible
oper.~_t.::_l1g
oper~tion
~re
COGtc c,f tLe coorera tive fc:-,cili ties.
r€vie~Jed.
107
i tEl tributaries are not l'0uch l~lore than ;: -t 11e
~iver,
all
flm:! of t1,-c 16tomac
the Ruhr liver ~Jasin i~ ,:1ble to 118.n;\le pollution fron I!·O,~ of
,~eE;t
S(2rJTl.c'1.n inc1.ustry 1-Ji th eaGe.
of th0.i:::' 'I'rater
supportinG
ference ·'n::..
syste~,
Cl
emr~~in:~
to
that oTlGratc(,
t:1axir0.um
oronin:: of ti:is
at
101:l
intCll~·,~.
',rj.t]:
:'lCl.jor
ob[~ t.2~cle
~'~oI-eful~:r
~~rogral[~
t'l,C
al1alysis.
-Jould be encountered in
C~~tcn
tir'es
,:.n·,..: derived ~Jurely .1:'rom a
era vJil1 come
Ehackles of ill conceived
of control 2.ncl is retur'ned tCl t:.:G
econor~c
the ;luhr ;clan
nolit:ic2.1 c3U3Yilort froJ11 ::,1:c·-·ticG HIlo ;;clieve tLat
cerninF nn ecoY.. omic incentive
t~(!
:overnment in-c.er-
In My oT>inion,
econon:'.c con troIs are E0 t 1..'oz'l:a. 1)lc.
e3C~~es
'The end result; a '!Gclf
a l'1ininum of
0:
c~la}Jter.
\"J~_l1
.steel indu;:;tries in the area re-
'1tJ~l.cn
le~:isl;lt~cn
re.~~lr1
:::ollution control
~ni~
of financial
1,J,cL::
:In overabunJencc
re2c;on~.n,
anu
Fcrotnotes-_-Chapter One
IHerbert F. Lund (ed.), Industrial Pollution Control Handbook
(New York, 1971)" p. 9.
2"The Trade-offs for a Better Environment," Business Week" p. 73
(April 11, 1970).
3Restoring the quality of Our Environment, Report of the EnTironmental Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, (Washington D.C., 1969), p. 25.
4"corporate Organization for Pollution," The Conference Board,
Inc. (New York, 1970), p. 2.
5Ronald M. Linton, Terracide. America's Destruction of Her Living
Environment (Boston, 1970), p., 85.
6 Ib id." p. 87.
7~., p.
e9.
8 11The Economics of Pollution," Nation, 203:4 (July 4, 1966).
9"How to'Think about the Environment," Fortune" 81:100 (February,
1970).
10Lund, p. 12.
11"How to Think about the Environment," p. 98.
12Thomas Kelsch, "Problems of Pollution Blamed on Profiteering,"
The South Bend Tribune" February 6, 1972, p. 63.
13"How to Think about the Environment," p. 104.
14Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, p. 75.
15Robert S. Diamond, "What Business Thinks," Fortune 81:118
(February, 1970).
Footnotes--Chapter Two
lRestorinq the Quality of Our Environment, Report or the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, (Washington D.C., 1969), p •. 25 ..
--
2Gene Bylinsky, "The Limited War on Water Pollution," Fortune
81: 105 (February" 1970) ~
3Herbert F~ Lund (ed.)" Indilstrial Pollution Control Handbook
(New York, 1971), p. 25.
4Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, p~ 32.
5~." p~ 45.
6Ib:id., p •. 46.
7~.,,, p. 46.
8Rona1d M. Linton, Terracide, America's Destruction of Her Living
Environment (Boston, 1970), p. 105.
9"The Economics 6'f Pollution," Nation, 203:4 (July 4, 1966).
10Gene Bylinsky, "The Limited War on Water Pollution," Fortune
81:105 (February, 1970).
llRestoring the Quality of Our Environment, p. 45.
12Marshall I. Goldman, Controlling Pollution; the Economics of
a Cleaner America (Englecliff, N.J., 1967), p. 123 •.
13"Leg:islation on Environment Becomes Gut Issue," Engineering
News, 183:18 (July 10, 1969).
14Linton, p. 235.
15Goldman, p. 125.
16Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, p. 53.
17The Corporate Organization for Pollution, The Conference' Board,
Inc. (New York, 1970), p. 53.
18Goldman, p. 225.
19Linton, p~ 136.
20Ib id""
p. 139.
21 Ibid ., p. 140.
22Ibid.
23 Ibid ., p._ 212.
24"Industry Cleans Up," Nation's Business, 56:75 (September, 1968).
Fbotnotes--Chapter Three
IThe Corporate Organization for Pollution, The Conference Board,.
Inc. (New York, 1970) ~ p. 1.
2"Industry Cleans Up," Nation's Business, 56:64 (September, 1968).
3112i9.., p. 72.
4"Pollution Abatement Report," Pipeline and Gas Journal, 197:53
(July, 1970).
5"Industry Cleans Up," p_ 65.
6 Ibid ., p. 67.
7 "Air Po·llution; Federal Standards Likely Unless States and Localities Take Early Action," Science, 150:467 (October 22, 1965)~
8The Coroors.te Organization for Pollution, p. 4.
Footnotes--Chapter Four
lRestcrring t:he Quality of Our Environment, Report o·f the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, (Washington D.C., 1969), p. 301.
3"Industry Cleans Up," Nation's BUsiness, 56:57 (September, 1:968).
4corporate Organization for Pollution, The Conference Board, Inc.
(New York, 1970), p. 20.
5Robert S. Diamond, "What Business Thinks," Fortune, 81:118 (February, 1970).
6"ECOlogy G:~oups Hit New Advice on Phosphates," The South Bend
Tribune, September 19, 1971, p. 7.
7Herbert F. Lund (ed~), Industrial Pollution Control Handbook
(New York, 1971), p. 65.
8112i9.., p. 72.
9"Air Pollui:ion; Federal Standards Likely Unless States and Localities TaJce Early Action," Science, 150:467 (October 22,. 1965).
10Lund, p. 73.
llMarshall :C. Goldman, Controlling po·llution; the Economics of
a, Cleaner Aroerica (Englecliff, N.J.,. 1967), p •. 17.
12Lund , p .. 75.
l3~ •. , p. 77.
l4"Air and Water," The New Republic, 152:6 (April 24, 1965).
l5 Ibid •
l6~., p. 7.
l7"Air Pollution; Federal Standards Likely Unless States and
Localities Take Early Action," p. 468.
18 Ibid ., p.467.
19"Air and ,~ater," p. 7.
2 OLund , p. 76.
21~.
22~.
23~., p. 85.
24~., Appendix II.
25 "Environm!mtal Bill Goes to Congress," Engineering News, 184: 35
(February 19, 1970).
26"Regulators Getting Tougher," Magazine of Wall Street, 128:7
(September ;~7, 1971).
27 Lund , p. 49.
28"Regulaters Getting Tougher," p. 7.
29"EPA Proposes Air Standards,." Public Utilities Fortnightly, 87:
37 (February 18, 1971).
30"Air Pollution Rules Laid Down," The South Bend Tribune. July, 21
1971, p. 2.
3l"Fifty Le9islative Climates Tu= Stormy,." Industrial Development.
139:7 (November, 1970).
32~.
33 Goldman" p. IS.
3S~.,
36"The Trade-off for a Better Environment,," Business Week, 73
(April ll, 1970).
37 Lund , p. 43.
38 "Regulato:t"s Getting Tougher,," p. 7.
Footnotes--Chapter Five
lRestoring the Quality of Our Environment, Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, (Washington D.C., 1969), p. 17.
Footnotes-Chapter Six
lMarshall I. Goldman, Controlling Pollution; the Economics of a
Cleaner America (Englecliff, N.J., 1967), p. 23.
2"Facing the Cost of Pollutioh Control," Banker, 121:1180 (October, 1971).
3"Who will Foot the Cleanup Bil11" Business I'leek, 63 (January 3. 1971).
4"Regulators Getting Tougher," Hagazine of Wall Street, 128:6
(September 27, 1971).
SHerbert F. Lund, Industrial Pollution Control Handbook (New York,
1971), p. 23S.
6"Facing the Cost of Pollution Control," p. 1182.
7~.
8 "Corporate, Organization for Pollution," The Conference Board" Inc.
(New York, 1970), p., 17.
9"Regulators Getting Tougher," p. 6.
10"What Business Thinks,n Fortune, 81:118 (February, 1970).
lIRobert S. Diamond, "Cleaning Up the Nation's Air," Business Week,
91 (july 23, 1966).
12 Lund , p., 112.
13 "Cleaning Up the Nation's Air,," p. 90.
14"Allied Chemical Head Attacks Pending Birr on Waterway Quality,"
The Wall street Journal, January 7, 1972, p. 3.
15 Ibid •
l6 Ibid •
l7"Anti Pollution Drive Costing Jobs," The Shelbyville News, March
17, 1972" p .• II.
l8~.
19"Faclng the Cost of Pollution Control," p. 1182.
2 OLund , p .. 109.
2l"What Bus:iness Thinks," p •. 119.
22ltCorporabe Organization for Pollution,," p ... 21.
23~.
24"Business Fights Pollution--and the Nation Profits," Nation's
Business, 5:3:29 (February" 1970).
25"The Trade-oTfs for a Better Environment," BusineE{ Week" 70
(April ll, 1970).
26"Cleanup Costs: Who Will Pay?" Magazine of I'all street, 128:28
(September 27, 1971).
27"Industry Cleans Up," Nation's Business, 56:63 (September, 1968) ..
28"The Trade-offs for a Better Environment," p., 71.
29 "Regulators Getting Tougher," p •. 7 ..
300p • Cit., p. 75.
3l"New Federal Requirements for Power Plants Spur Debate about
Cost and Pace o·f Pollution Laws," The Wall Street Journal, January 10, 1972" p. 22.
32 Ibid •
33 Gene Bylinsky, "The Limited War on Water Pollution," Fortune,
81:105 (February, 1970).
34"CorporatE~ Organization for Pollution," p. 35.
35"Business Fights Pollution and the Nation Profits," p. 30.
36 0p ._ Cit." p. 50.
37"Site Hunting in '69: Rising Co'sts Make It Extra Tough," ~­
ical Weekly, 105:65 (October 29, 1969).
38"Industry Cleans Up," p. 63.
39"The Limited War on Water Pollution," p. 106.
Footnotes--Chapter Seven
lRobert 5., Diamond, "What Business Thinks," Fortune, 81:118
(February, 1970).
2"The Trade-offs for a Better Environment," Business Week, 63
(April 11, 1970).
3 Ibid •
4 Ibid •
5Herbert F, Lund (ed.), Industrial Pollution Control Handbook
(New York, 1971l, p. 75.
6"The Trade-offs for a Better Environment," p. 75.
1lli•
7
8 Ibid., po. 56.
9 Ibid ." p .. 75.
10"What Business' Thinks," p._ 118.
Footnotes--Chapter Eight
l"corporate Organization for Pollution," The Conference Board,
Inc. (New Y,:rrk, 1970), p. 20.
,-~rerbert iT. Lund, Incluf;trial follution Control I-To.nclbook
p. 105.
:)":Z~'A Looks ,-,ternly at Polluter,"),
il
(ITCl:J
York, 1l)71),
Cil, F~:,:-int, and Jru:-'; _:~(:i)ort, 198: 1;
(Jecembcr l'f, 1 0 70).
cne =.~ylin:=;ky, T!rr~e Limitell
(?et:-,uary, 1970).
Cl e2. nfi
cor on
·:ater
ollution,lI --;<'ortune, 81:10:~
ration's ijuoiness,
,
"Lun(l, p. 5'f.
o
\_:~.,
p. 6~.
,--: !l~-~ir ,0111) -'cion; Federal Jt,J..n\.1ar,_ts Likely linless Jta teE an\~ Loco.li ties
':L::'_ke ~~f.rly :',-ction,11 'Jcience, 150: 1:..S7 CCctober :':2, l~>-:'~).
lO'i.:2;nvironmental :;ill
(?ebTuiCTY
12Lun,_:l ,
1':, 1970).
-:;'OCE;
cO
SO!l:,-!'ess,"
;n.~;ineerin~:;
l:C1.V5,
l·:'l:.:~~:
l1
~-ollution;
ri.ir
T~lk~
)tc-nc~ar(~s Lil~cly rnlcos ..ito.tcs an,.:. Localitic,c;
Science, CL (\,cto~'cr ;~?, I(;'G~)), ':,'~'7-4;~~~.
:?cuer01.1
~c:l.rly .'i.ction,
'I
W~ll[;iness
,TiChts ;'-olll~ tion--;-',n,-~ tJ1e
LVIII ("i'ebruary, 1;(0),
('_,c.
:~a tion
":-'rofi tc, 11
• . ,1.
"
,----'y .,.l..~n;;y..y,
_. cne liThe Li,nite' ;,'::r on .I:J.ter ,'ollution,
(iebruary, 1 0 70), 10 'i-lC; 7 •
"
fJ
rc~ tion'
s _,_,usine,sG,
?ortune, Li,
,.d_
"C'"sh to :Junter Pollution,
'Cleanup Cests: "Jho ;i11 i a:y', ': j a,' azine of
(SeptePI>er 77, 1971), "7_,C('.
'
all ,;treet, CXXVIII
IICorrorate CrC<l:'lization fc:c : ol:-t._ut::_Ol1,II ij:he Conf<?rence l.:::oard, Inc.,
l~e1.'1 fork, 1970.
Di,';-'1_mOnll,
~(lbert~;.
118-11~)
lTi~nvironmental
~r~r
Il'lhat _,;usiness _'.'hin1';,:s, " Fortune, L.x~\'XI (February, 19'/C),
•
:Jill :';08S to ,'::0n.ret,E,," j:'"r'~'ineerin
1~70),
19.
l:c~,
CLXXXI~,.r (~'--'eol'u­
•
1r:~nviTonnental ~"oll-,tj.on,!I 1:ati0nal farkc
1 a ;i.lzir.e , A'1J (Januar~,r, IS'S:;),
IS.
!'=';nvironmenta,l ~ ollution, a C~J.(lllen~':c to ·Jcicnce nl1',) 'iIechnolo ':f,:1 ::-?e,!,ort 0:: the :::';ubcorlInittce on 3cience, '~e.'3ea::,-'ch, arH~ L'cv,::::lo-'-'llent to
th'3 Cor:Lnittee on ,ciel1ce ani ~-"f:>tro:1au t,ic;_~ o.~' t:'..c Lou; c of ~c\:l:i-'e­
Ge~tatives, U.oJ.
overn~e~t 11'inti~'~
ffice, l~~S.
1"';~
L:10k::-;
","
...
J~ ~~
.?~ "" '"
"A1,Qu'_S
-c-.•
1
tr~3
COGt
~
olluters,
lS7n),
,J
,
1(71)
".-'- o~
l'
I~.
't~
,"" .~C'
c.n,~_ar·.).>-..),
,1·
1-J.J..r
( ~"Qbrl1i~"Y'"'\r
l
[
"
"'-,J
-
,Ii"'.cin.;
r:tt
;-ternl~r
(~j~cem")er I t+,
:1
-,:,
1
";rf_-"d"
" . , ~,
'hI'J..C Utiliticc3 1,-'ortni htl?, LXAXVII
li,",
•
: ol].ui::i.nl1 ,,:ontrol,n :_:cll1ker,
C~\'XI
(Cctober, 1:"<71),
nn-HE2.
n:"ifty Le~~i31ative Cli!1ates -~urn ::torrn:r D..S States F'ire U,'; lollucion
':'::oni:rol Pro;::;-rar:lS, 0' Industl'ial ,)cvelo ,f':8nt CI~, C,:ove~i1:-Jer, 19(0), 1-':".
1
101dnan, L.l:r'sh'cll I.
~\Y1eric~,
'~()ntrollin'
l~n:~~leclirf,
~-CH
~ clluticn; t1"8 _~con0r.1ic:3 of a Cleo..ncr
,,;crGe;,': i'renticc; ::al1, 1'::>:>7.
"now to ~'hink about the ~;nvironIrlent,
11
l.'-'or~, L~~AXI (February, 1970),
92-101.
JJinton, :'coLal:J
vironmE'nt,
Lun(~,
~~.erb(~rt
r C\I
York:
1':.
'2,l errCtci(le,
~oston:
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"rr~e
Crac}:~01-.,n
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;Jtren.~::thenecl ~y.r
Science,
LaH ,';.u
CL (Cctober
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