R A W MATERIALS ACTIVITIES
OF THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
IN NEW MEXICO
New Mexico Bureau o f Mines and MineralResources
Open-File Report No. 2 4 1
William L. Chenoweth
ConsultingGeologist
Grand Junction, Colorado
September 1985
R A W MATERIALS ACTIVITIES OF THE
MANHATTAN PROJECT I N NEW MEXICO
INTRODUCTION
F o r ty e a r s
ago,
became aware ofatomicenergy
o f tKe
necessary
raw
materials,
during
D i s t r i c t (MED).
The MED was e s t a b l i s h e di nA u g u s t
Engineer,
Colonel
was
made
John
1962,
p.
C.
project
t a k e nf r o mD i s t r i c t
New York City (Hewlett and
MED was
summer o f 1943 the
headquarters
of
Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
and
L e s l i e R.
The name
was
M a r s h a l l 'osf f i c ei n,
I tnh e
81).
1942.
D i s t r i c t Engineer
(Hewlett
General
development
The p r o j e c t was c a r r i e do uut n d etrh ed i r e c t i o nctfh eC o r p s '
ManhattanEngineer
t r a n s f e r r e dt o
t h ep u b l i c
The ManhattanProject
Army's Corps o f Engineers f o rt h e
o f atomic weapons and the
procurement
Anderson,
bombs,
and theManhattanProject.
was t h e code name used
by
the
World War 11.
o f three
atomic
a f t etrh ed e t o n a t i o n
D.
Lieutenant
Colonel
Kenneth
and
Anderson,
Groves i n Washington,
D.C.,
1962,
p.
Nichols
1 1 7B) .r i g a d i e r
was r e s p o n s i b l ef o trh e' e n t i r e
.
I n New Mexico,the
names o fp l a c e s
t h a t were a s s o c i a t e w
d i t thh pe r o j e c t ,
a c t i v i t i e so ft h ep r o j e c t
such as
Los
Alamos and
Mo,:kingbird
became w e l l
known.
Gap
The raw
materials
were l a r g e l yo v e r l o o k e d .T h i sb r i e fh i s t o r i c a lr e v i e w
summarizes t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s i n
New Mexico.
URANIUM PROCUREMENT
Raw m a t e r i a l sf o rt h ep r o j e c t
were c r i t i c a l . I n
sources o f uranium
were
the
Shinkolobwe
Mine
EldoradoMine
on GreatBear
1942 t h el a r g e s ta v a i l a b l e
i nt h e
Belgium CoTgo,
Lake, N o r t h w e sTt e r r i t o r i e s ,
Canada.
and t h e
I nt h eU n i t e d
was known t oo c c u ir nt h ec a r n o t i t ed e p o s i t si nt h eM o r r i s o n
Formation on theColoradoPlateau.
These d e p o s i t s ,p r i n c i p a l l yi ns o u t h w e s t e r nC o l o r a d o
and southzasternUtah,
States,
uranium
hadbeenmined
1910 t o 1924, w i t h some uranium andvanadium
f o r radiumfromabout
recovered
as
byproducts.
Since
vanadium.
1936 t h e same d e p o s i t s
A t t h eN a t u r i t a
and
Uravan,
Colorado
vanadium
oftailingscontaininglowconcentrationsofuranium
A survey otfh e
had been
mined
for
m i l l sl,a r g et o n n a g e s
had been s t o c k p i l e d .
vanadium a c t i v i t i e s on the
Colorado
Plateau
by
MED i n
December 1942, l e dt oc o n t r a c t sw i t ht h e
two l a r g e s t vanadium p r o d x e r s ,U n i t e d
States Vanadium Corporation and
Vanadium
C o r p o r a t i o no f
government
agency,
Metals
the Reserve
ReconstructionFinanceCorporation
Company,
America,
and
which
was
w i t ht h e
ptaohrfet
(U. S. Department o f Energy, 1982, p. 1).
Due t o the uncertainty of foreignsupplies
and the need f o r vanadium f o r
war armaments, the federal government formed the Metals Reserve Company (MRC)
i n 1942. The company
began
an
ore-purchasing program and increased
the
base
pricepaidfor
vanadium ore. A t Monticello, Utah, the Defense PlantCorporation,
a government agency,funded
the construction of a vanadium plant tl, be operated
by the Vanadium Corporation of America (VCA) f o r Metals
Reserve.
Actual
constructionstarted
i n February, and on August 24,
1942,
the f i r s t vanadium
was produced (Albrethsen and McGinley, 1982, p. A-91).
In January1943,Metals
Reserve Company agreed t o produce a uranium-vanadium
( U - V ) sludge a t Monticello
that
was soldto
MED on a u n i t pricebasis.
The
sludgecontained 45 t o 50% u308 and about 25% V2O5 and was shipped t o the Vitro
Manufacturing Co. a t Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania,
for
additional
processing.
Tailings from the Monticellomill
were considered by the MED t o be too low i n
uranium for additional
processing
(Merritt, 1945, p. 4). In February 1944,
MRC closed the Monticello
mill
and ceased
production
of both fused vanadium
oxide (V2O5)and the U-V sludge.
In 1945 VCA leased the Monticellomill
from the Defense PlantCorporation
and purchased from MRC the remainingorestockpiles.
VCA processed the stockpiled
ore plus ore from othersources,
and sold a U-V sludge t o the FED u n t i l the
mill closedagain
i n 1946. (Albrethsen and McGinley, 1982, p. A-92). The price
paid by MED f o r the Monticellosludges
were $1.10 per pound f o r U3O8 and $0.90
per pound f o r V2O5 (U.S. Department ofEnergy,1982,
p. 4).
Since the government had established a market f o r vanadium, and the Navajo
IndianReservation was onceagain open forprospecting and m i n i n g , thecarn'otite
deposits i n the Morrison
Formation
of
the Carrizo Mountains were of interest
t o m i n i n g companies. A t a competitiveleasesaleheld
i n June
1942,
VCA was
the highest bidderfor
some 104 square
miles
of land i n the easternCarrizo
Mountains. Ores from this lease were hauled t o the MRC plantatMonticello,
Utah which was operated by VCA.
Records of the General Services
Administration
(1981)
show t h a t between
August 1942 and August 1944, some 10,201tons
of orecontaining
5113,617 pounds
vanadium oxide (V2O5) were mined from the easternCarrizo
Mountains, w i t h an
exceptionof a minor amount; a l l came from New Mexico.
By u s i n g a uranium t o vanadium r a t i o of 1:8, based on the 1948 shipments
from t h i s same lease, and an estimatedrecoveryfactor
of 70%, I estimatethat
some 44,000 pounds of
uranium
oxide (U308) from New Mexico vanadium ores went
i n t o the manufacture of the f i r s t atomic weapons.
2
ORGANIZATION OF UNION
MINES
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
much a s p”Jssib1e about
Early i n 1943, MED decided i t needed t ol e a r n .a s
the uranium and thorium
resources
o f the world.
Rather
than
establish
a new
agency; MED decided t o use the servicesof
an existing organization
(Groves,
Carbon
Corporation was a prime contractor
1962, p. 180). Union Carbide and
t o MED a t Oak Ridge, Tennessee. A subsidiary, United States Vanadium Corporation
was a supplier of uranium t o the ‘project. W i t h such a background, Union Carbide
agreed t o undertake the resource
evaluation
assignment
(Groves,
1962, p. 180),
and
Union
Mines Development Corporation (UMDC) was created. A contract No.
W-7405 Eng-78, effected May 11, 1943, provided t h a t a l l c o s t s should be reimbursed
by the government, w i t h no f i x e d‘ f e eo pr r o f itto
UMDC (Manhattan D i s t r i c t
Engineers,1947,
p. 1.1.).
To oversee the resourceappraisalactivitiesof
UMDC, the MED created the
Murray Hill Area Officein
New York City on June 15, 1943. Lieut’want Colonel
Paul L. Guarin served a s Area Engineer from June 1943 until March 1946. He
was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel A. W . Oberbeck who served as Area Engineer
f o r about one month, u n t i l the Murray Hill Area was absorbed by the Madison
Square Area i n April 1946 (Manhattan D i s t r i c t Engineers, 1947, p. 5.5-5.6).
Union
Mines
set up o f f i c e s i n June 1943 on the 18th f l o o ra t 50 East 42nd
Street i n New York City and immediately began the recruitment of personnel.
Due t ot h e
extreme secrecyoftheproject,
UMDC operated under thepretense
of a large
international
m i n i n g company, interested i n tungster, molybdenum
and vanadium (Manhattan D i s t r i c t Engineers, 1947, p. 1.6).
Operations of UMDC were performed by fourdivisions:bibliographicsearch,
f i e l d exploration,explorationresearch,
and metallurgicalresearch.
The Bibliographic
Search
Division
d i d the examination
of
a lalv a i l a b l e
l i t e r a t u r e and the preparation of reports on a l l recordedoccurrenc’?s ofuranium
ores.
About 67,000 volumes were examined, more than
half
were i n foreign
languages.
Minerals
of
New Mexico (Northrop,
1942)
was the principal
source
ofinformation on
New
Mexico.
The Field
Exploration
Division
sent outfieldpartiesofgeologists
and
m i n i n g engineers who
made
examinations i n more than 20 foreigncountries
and
i n 36 s t a t e s i n this country.
The ExplorationResearchDivisiondealt
w i t h the development oc information
and methods for
field
exploration,
i n two principal fields: research
as
to
the applicability
geophysical
of
methods prospecting,
of
and mineralogical
research.
3
The geophysical
research
was concerned w i t h the development of improved
portable models of
Geiger-Muller
counters
f ofri e l du s e ,
proced,mes for the
useof
thesecounters
for quantitativeorsemiquantitativeassaying,laboratory
countersforaccuratequantitativeassays,
and radioactive methods of locating
and measuringorereserves.
A f i e l dt e s t
of a portablegeigercounter
i n New
Mexico i s described by Keith(1945b).
The mineralogical
research
was carried
out
f i r s t i n thelaboratories
of
the Union Carbide andCarbon
Corporation a t Niagara F a l l s , New York,and
later,
i n a laboratory
established
at
the
New York o f f i c e s . T h i s work resulted i n
the development of a devicefor
measuring the maximum s e n s i t i v i t y of the bead
t e s t , which was thestandard
chemical method of t e s t i n gf o r
t h e presence
of
uranium.
Research
determined t h alti t h i u m
floride
be used insteld
of
sodium
fluorideas
a f l u x i n the bead t e s t S; t u d i e s
on themineralogy
of the White
Signal d i s t r i c t o r e a r e givenin a report by George (1955).
The Metallurgical Research Division
devoted
i t s f i r s t e f f o r t osh e
development of suitable
processes
for
concentrating
carnotite
o-es from t h e
ColoradoPlateauregion,
b u t beforetheir work
was
finishedthey had done work
on nearlyeverytypeof
uranium oreoccurringthroughoutthe
world. The Division
made a working agreement w i t h the DenverEquipment Co., Denver, Colorado, whereby,
the
research
investigations
were carried on i n t h a t company's laboratories,
withthe useof
the company's f a c i l i t i e s and many of i t s personnel. The r e s u l t s
of work
on
samples from New Mexico arecontained
i n reports by Handley (1945,
1946).
The majority of the work of
the
Field
Exploration
Divisior
was
on
the
Colorado
Plateau.
A f i e l do f f i c e
was established i n Grand Junction,Colorado,
i n July 1943, w i t h Benjamin N. Webber, a s Chief
Field
Geologist
(Van Fleet,
1944, p. 4 ) .
After a briefgeologicaltrainingperiod
by geologists of the United S t a t e s
Vanadium Corporation,
field
work
by
UMDC geologists began on July 28,
1943,
on the Navajo IndianReservation.
By February 1, 1944, the Grand JunctionField
Office had a s t a f f of 48 geologists and engineers,dividedinto
11 f i e l d p a r t i e s ,
plus a small administrativeforce (Van Fleet, 1944, p. 4 ) .
Geologic work on the ColoradoPlateau
was limitedtotheSalt
Wash
Member
of
the
Morrison
Formation,
and the
Entrada
Sandstone
i n the
areas
where i t
contained vanadium deposits, such a sa tR i f l e ,P l a c e r v i l l e ,
and Rico,Colorado.
The Chinle Formation was not
studied,
although
carnotite
deposits
were known
i n this formation i n southeastern Utahand northeasternArizona.
4
All known exposures of the S a l t Wash
Member
were prospectee and
mapped.
Exposures
of
carnotite-bearingminerals,prospects,
and mines were mapped and
described. Ore reserves were calculated from samples collected on outcrops
and i n mines. Areas where reserves
could
be developed by additionaldrilling
were especiallynoted.
Allof
this work was done under the disguise o f looking
f o r vanadium.
Although the reports of the UMDC geologists were c l a s s i f i e da s
SECRET
by
the MED, they
could
not
contain
the word uranium. Hence, special
codes
were
used: S-37 were uranium minerals; SOM was uranium; and SOQ was uranium oxide
(u308). A typicaldescriptionof
an occurrence was, "....31 f t . long
outcrop,
avg. thickness 3.2 f t . of vanadium w i t h some weakly disseminated S-37. Avg.
gradeestimated
t o be better than 1%V2O5 and 0.25% SOQ. Horizon about 42 f t .
above base o f S a l t Wash. Sample 3513 cut."
UMDC geologists
also
collected
historical
production
informtion
on the
mines which had been a c t i v e d u r i n g the radium and vanadium eras.
Field work
on
the Colorado Plateau was c u r t a i l e di ne a r l y
1946. When the
work
was
completed l a t etrh ayt e a r ,
some 44 separate
geological
reports
had
been written for the Colorado Plateau localities, including
one f o r New Mexico.
GEOLOGIC
STUDIES
IN
NEW MEXICO
Colorado Plateau
Eastern
Carrizo
Mountains Investigations--Party No. 1 under the leadership
of
Alfred H. Coleman began f i e l d work intheeasternCarrizo
Mountains d u r i n g the
1944 fieldseason.
The exposures of the S a l t Wash between Red Rock and Beclabito
Trading
Posts
were mapped a t scale
a
1:24,000.
of
Some 128 exposures of
uranium-vanadium minerals were located and described, and
19
stratigraphic
sections o f the S a l t Wash and adjacent units were measured. Only the Syracuse
Mine of Wade, Curran and Co.
was
b o t h completely mapped
and
Sampled. O f the
128 exposures, 59 were on vanadium leasesof the Vanadium Corporatimof America
and the Wade, Curran and Co.
Coleman
considered the remaining 69 exposures
t o be poor and relatively unimportant, and estimated they might producea combined
t o t a l o f 1,500 tons o f oreaveraging2.00% V2O5 and 0.28% u308.
The results o f the 1944 reconnaissance (Coleman, 1944) were considered
preliminary, and UMDC plannedadditional
mapping and sampling i n order t o make
detailedore
reserve estimates.
Unfortunately,
no follow-up work
was
done i n
the easternCarrizos, due t o Coleman'suntimelydeath
i n 1945. Hence, the eastern
Carrizo
project
i s not
as
complete
as
other
UMDC d i s t r i c t studies ( J . W.
Harshbarger,personal comm., 1983).
5
Morrison
Formation
Reconnaissance--Party
No. 7 under William
Gruenerwald
made
regional
a
reconnaissancestudy
of the Morrison
Formation
on the perimeter of
the San Juan Basin i n New Mexico
and
Arizona. A t o t a l of 13 s t r a t i g r a p h i c
sections of the Morrison and adjacent
formations
were measured (Gruenerwald
and Dalton,1944).
The information from these sections was incorporated i n t o regional
a
synthesis of the MorrisonFormation
t h a t was prepared by the UMDC s t a f f i n Grand
Junction (Webber, 1947).
AreasOutside
the ColoradoPlateau
W i t h the exception of the Huerfano
Park
area i n Colorado,
areas
outside
the ColoradoPlateau
were examined by UMDC geologistsreportingto
the New York
office.Initialreconnaissanceactivitiesofthis
group were directedtoareas
where uranium minerals had been reported i n the l i t e r a t u r e (Northrop, 1942).
In New Mexico, the pegmatites of the Petacaareaof
Rio Arriba County, and the
gold, silver, and copper veins of the White Signal d i s t r i c t , GrantCounty,ranked
h i g h on the l i s t of occurrences t o be examined.
Caliente
area
i n Rio
Pegmatite Investiqations--Pegmatites of the Petaca-Ojo
Arriba, County were investigated by C. N. Apsouri i n the f a l l and winter of
1943. O f the 250 known pegmatites,onlyabouthalfof
the mines were open f o r
examination.
Apsouri
(1944)
found uranium mineralsto
be exceedingly
sporadic
a t 6 mines and receivedreliablereports
of occurrences a t 7 unaccessible mines.
He concluded t h a t , under optimum conditions, one ton of uranium minerals,
principally samarskite, might be obtained annually as a byproduct
of mica mining.
Apsouri
(1945)
alsostudied
the Harding
pegmatite
i n the Picurisareaof
Taos, County. He calculatedthat 1,000 pounds of uranium oxidecould be obtained
from 150 tons of microliteconcentrate
from the Harding pegmatite. The Harding
was the onlypegmatite i n the Picuris area found to contain uranium minerals.
Hill
(1945,
p. 22) found that
minerals
i n two pegmatites
in
the
Pecos
Mountains(Rincon
Range) of northwestern San
Miguel
County showed positive bead
tests for uranium.
While i n the Pecos
Mountains,
Hill
(1945,
p. 23)
received
a
report of a
carnotiteoccurrence
i n the MorrisonFormation
i n the centralpart
of T.20 N . ,
R.24 E . , Mora County. He d i d not visit the location, b u t turned theinformation
over t o UMDC's Grand Junction office.
6
After these preliminaryinvestigations, UMDC d i d n o t consider the pegmatites
of New Mexico to warrant any additional work.
White Signal DistrictInvestigations--The mines and prospects of the White Signal
d i s t r i c t , Grant
County,
were i n i t i a l l y examined March
on
31, April 1 and 2 ,
1944, by Stanton B. Keith. He concluded t h a tt h ed i s t r i c t
had d e f i n i t e uranium
productionpossibilities
and i t warranted
detailed
a
examination
(Keith, 1944,
p. 1-5).
After receiving
approval
from the New York o f f i c e , Keith
(1945a)
made a
detailedstudy of the d i s t r i c t and of the Apache Trail Mine i n the nearbyBurro
Mountains. The studylasted
from July 1944, t o May 1945.
All
accessible mines,
p i t s , and
open
cuts were mapped and sampled. The lowest
level
of
the Merry
Widow
Mine
was
unwatered, and 11 other workings t h a t showed evidenm-e ofuranium
minerals were cleaned
out.
One hundred eighty-two
channel
samples
were cut
i n the Merry Widow Mine, and one hundred fourteen channelsamples
were cut i n
other
surface
and underground workings. Twenty-three
samples
were taken from
the Merry Widow dump, and three bulkmetallurgicalsamples
were collectedfor
testing.
As the r e s u l t of the sampling, Keith (1945a)calculateda
rpserve of 980
tons
of
rock averaging
0.34%
u308
and
an
additional 14,245 tons of material
averaging0.08% u308. Most of this reserveoccurred
i n three mine:, and nearly
half i n the Merry Widow alone.
w i t h Reported Uranium Minerals--Uranium i n the form oftorbenite
Other
Areas
and a u t i n i t e had been reported
in
association
w i t h oxidized
copper
minerals
i n a f a u l t zone i n the San Lorenzo district, five miles west of San Acacia i n
Socorro, County. A reconnaissance
of
the d i s t r i c t by Keith (194.4, p. 10-12)
d i d notobserveany
uranium minerals and a l l samples give negative bead tests.
Carnotite had been reported i n the volcanicrocksof
the Bland (Cochiti)
d i s t r i c t of Sandoval County. Hill(1945,
p. 29)couldnot
f i n d thisoccurrence,
b u t he received
reports
of
carnotite
occurrences
southwest
of Jemez Springs,
A1 1 of these reported
near
Senorita,
Youngsvil l e , Coyote, and Gall ina.
occurrences were turned over to UMDC's Grand Junction office.
The nickle-colbalt-native
silver
veins
i n the Black Hawk (Bullard Cone)
d i s t r i c t Grant
of
County were reported
to
contain
torbenite,
autinite,
and
pitchblende. An i n i t i a l reconnaissance by Keith
(1944,
p. 6 ) noted torbenite
and a u t i n i t e i n monzonite dikesnear the Black Hawk Mine,and dump material
7
recorded
positive
a
bead test.
Later, Keith (1945a, p. 25) observed
meta-torbenite on the dump of the Hobson Mine. A traversewithaGeiger-Muller
counter detected minor radioactivity on the Black Hawk dump.
Investigations w i t h Negative Results--Using aGeiger-Mullercounterand/or
bead
tests on samples, the followingmetallicdistrictsand/or
mines vere found t o
be barrenof uranium:
GrantCounty--Pinos
Altos and Tyrone (Keith 1944, p. 26-27),Chloride,
Fierro, Hanover, Santa
Rita,
and Silver
City
(Hill,
1945, p. 24-26).
Hildalgo County--Lordsburg and Carbonate King Mine ( H i l l , 1945, p.
27-28).
SanMiguel County--Pecos Mine ( H i l l , 1945, p. 23).
p. 14-15) examined the Swanson-Lauer property, four miles
Keith
(1944,
northeast
of
Organ, i n Dona
Ana
County. What the property owner thought
to
be carnotite turned o u t t o be yellowish limonite.
During 1944 and 1945, three UMDC geological
field
parties
examined some
1,500 square
miles
of
north central and southwestern New Mexico f o r uranium
resources. Only the White Signal d i s t r i c t of
Grant
County was found t o have
uranium production possibilities.
SUMMARY
During World War 11, the Manhattan Engineer D i s t r i c t , under the direction
atomic
of the Army Corps of Engineers, had been charged w i t h the developmlmtof
weapons.
I tasc t i v i t i e s
included
research
and development,
encineering
and
design, the operation
production
of
facilities
for
weapons materials and
components, and the acquisition of uranium f o r the production of nuclear weapons.
All
of
these MED functions, and the numerous
Government-owned
facilities
i n which many of them were being performed, were transferred to the Atomic Energy
Commission ( A E C ) by Executive Order 9816, e f f e c t i v ea t
m i d n i g h t , December 31,
1946. The creation o f the AEC transformed the development
of
atomic
energy
from a secret military organization to a civilian
agency,who'sgeneral
activities
were a matter of public record.
Uranium procurement which was done s e c r e t l y by the MEC was continued by
the AEC, b u t thatagency's need f o r uranium wasmade public. The priceschedules,
bonuses, and otherincentivesofthe
AEC, created a prospecting effort unsurpassed
i n any other metal.
a
The geologic
reports
and maps of UMDC provided the foundations
of
the
exploration
activities
of the newly created AEC.
These documents were found
t o be extremelythorough,
and very few mineralizedoutcrops
i n the S a l t Wash
were missed by UMDC. Coleman's work i n the easternCarrizo
Mountains was the
basis of planning AEC d r i l l i n gp r o j e c t si n
the area. Off the Colo-ado Plateau,
Keith's work a t White Signal was given t o the U.S. Geological Surve:, t o commence
their investigations on behalfof the AEC (Granger and Bauer,1952).
Unfortunately, the maps and reports were notdeclassified and made available
tothepublicuntil
the l a t e 1950s and e a r l y 1960s. By thattime,
the uranium
boom
had
peaked, and i t was t o ol a t ef o r
the prospectoror
company geologist
t o benefit from this massivecompilation of geologicaldata.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report would not have been preparedwithouttheencouragenent
of Frank
E. Kottlowski. For thosewanting more information on the raw m a t e r i a l s a c t i v i t i e s
of the Manhattan Project,
copies
of
the government
documents
re+erred t o i n
this report are on f i l e a t the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and MineralResources.
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11