HISTORICAL
REVIEW OF URANIUM-VANADIUM PRODUCTION
IN THE EASTERN
CARRIZO MOUNTAINS, SAN
JUANCOUNTY,
NEW MEXICO, AND APACHE COUNTY, ARIZONA
New
Mexico
Bureauof Mines and Mineral
Open-file Report No. 193
by
William L. Chenoweth
with
production statistics
compiled by
Elizabeth A. Learned
March 1984
Resources
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction..............................................
Early Prospecting
Vanadium Mining
1
.........................................
...........................................
2
4
U.S. Geological Survey Studies............................
10
Manhattan Engineer District Activities....................
10
............................................
............................................
.............................................
Uranium Mining
13
Summary.......
18
References...
20
FIGURES
Figure 1.
Mine Location Map, Carrizo Mountains Uranium
Area, Apache County, Arizona, and San Juan
In pocket
County, New Mexico
........................
Figure 2.
Uranium Productionin the Eastern Carrizo
Mountains, San Juan County, New Mexico, and
Apache County, Arizona.........................
22
TABLES
Table 1.
Details of Uranium/Vanadium Production in the
Eastern Carrizo Mountains, San Juan County, New
Mexico, and Apache County, Arizona
23
.............
Table 2.
Vanadium Production 1942-1943, Lease
7
1-149-1ND-4225..............................-..
Table 3 .
Table 4.
Vanadium Production 1942-1947, VCA's East
Reservation Lease, I-149-IND-5705
..............
8
Location and Size of Plots, VCA's East Reservation
Lease..........................................
9
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF URANIUM-VANADIUM
PRODUCTION I N
THE EASTERN CARRIZO MOUNTAINS, SAN J U A N COUNTY
NEW MEXICO, AND APACHE COUNTY, ARIZONA
Introduction
I n 1980, a r e p o r t w i t h t h e same t i t l e was o p e n - f i l e d b y t h e
Grand J u n c t i o nO f f i c e
Department of Energy (DOE) a s
of t h e U.S.
Technical Memorandum
No.
210.
S i n c et h i sr e p o r t
was r e l e a s e d ,
c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of new i n f o r m a t i o n b e a r i n g on' t h e e a r l y
of the Carrizo Mountains has
mining history
become a v a i l a b l e .
T h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f new d a t a i s a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t
prepared by t h eG e n e r a lS e r v i c e sA d m i n i s t r a t i o n
(GSA),
TrustAccountingDivisionfortheNavajo
Thisdocument
1981) was a d m i t t e da se v i d e n c ei n
(GSA,
States, Docket NOS.
Tribe vsUnited
Tribe.
C l a i m s Court,Navajo
U.S.
69and
Indian
299 (copper,vanadium,
uranium,sand,rockandgravel!claims)heldinAlbuquerque,
Mexico, February 24-March 4,1983.
A copyof
New
t h e vandium and
uranium s e c t i o n was obtain'ed for t h e N e w MexicoBureau
and Mineral
A
of Mines
Resources.
review of t h e Vanadium CorporationofAmerica's
1947-1953 mill r e c e i p t s t o t h e
(VCA)
AtomicEnergyCommission
(AEC),
located i n t h e DOE a r c h i v e s a t Grand J u n c t i o n , added t o our
knowledgeof
the early
the individuals
mining,
e s p e c i a l l y i n terms ofnames
of
who o p e r a t e d the VCA mines under contract.
As this report deals only with historical production data,
thereader
Corey(1958),
i s referred t o r e p o r t s byBlagbroughand
Brown (1955),
King (1951,1952),Mastersandothers(1955),and
Stokes (1951,1954)
for d e s c r i p t i o n s of thegeologyandore
1
deposits. A report by Albrethsen and McGinley (1982) gives the
details
of
the
AEC's
uranium
procurement
program,
and
a
report
by
of the mines.
Anderson (1981) describes the current condition
Figure 1 shows the locationsof the mines: the production is
summarized
in
Table
1
and
Figure
2.
A DOE report (Chenoweth and Learned, 1980) covers the
production
and
will
Early
history
be
of
revised
the
in
northern
the
near
and
western
Carrizo
Mountains,
in
Carrizo
future.
Prospecting
Outcrops
Mountains
containing
were
uranium/vandium
discovered
minerals
John
Wade of Sweetwater,
by
the
Arizona,
around 1918. At that time the Navajo Reservationwas closed to
30, 1919,
prospecting and mining. A Congressional Act of June
opened
the
Navajo
Reservation
to prospecting
claims
inthe same manner
as
prescribed
by
and
locating
the
United
mining
States
Mining Law. This act allowed prospectors
to enter the
Reservation
and
stake
a
mining
claim
if their
prospecting
located
promising mineralization. The locator of the claim then obtained
a
leaseon this
land
under
terms
that
included
escalating
advance
royalties and rentals, and annual work commitments.
By 1920, Wade, operating as the Carriso Uranium Company, had
located 40 claims
the
vicinity
of
astride
the
New Mexico-Arizona
state
line
in
16.
Milepost
In April 1921 the area was examined W.byH. Staver, a
consulting mining engineer. He noted that the company's holding
consisted of the South Butte, Bluebell, North Star, and Hilltop
n
claim groups. The North Starclaims were astride the state line,
with fiveinNew Mexico and six inArizona, and containedthe
only development. Thirty-seven sacks of high-grade ore from
these
1921).
claims
were
stored
at
Beclabito
Trading
Post
(Staver,
He estimated that a total of
2,900 tons of probable ore
could be developedon the property.
The
GSA (1981) could not locate the details of the Carriso
Uranium Company's lease, except for the first year's rental
on
177.45 acres paid in May1922.
No production was recorded, and
the disposition of the sacked ore at Beclabito is not known.
TWO other
companies
acquired
leases
in
the
eastern
Carrizos
The Navajo Mining Company leased
80
during the early1920's.
acres on April 6, 1921, effective May 10, 1921.
The 80 acres
29 and 30, T. 13 N.,
included four contiguous claims in sections
R. 5 W.,
Navajo Baseline and Meridian, in Apache County, Arizona.
The four claims, Navajo Mining Claim, Navajo Mining Claims
1, 2,
and 4, were covered by U.S. Mineral Survey Number 3643.
appears
that
this
lease
was
approximatelytwo miles
westof
Beclabito Trading Post in the vicinity
of Milepost 12.
(1981) report notes that1,500 pounds of ore
lease in April1921.
It
The GSA
was shipped from the
This is the first recorded shipment of
uraniferous material from the eastern Carrizo Mountains.
The
Value of the ore was listedas $68.33 (GSA, 1981).
By 1922 the
beginning
to
competitive
radium
decline
with
the
industry
as
the
newly
in
southwestern
Colorado
was
carnotite
ores nowere
longer
developed
high-grade
pitchblende
in the Belgian Congo. A vanadium market never developed,
as there
was
little
demandfor domestic
vanadium
3
due
to imports from Peru.
ore
In spite of the lack of demand for carnotite ores, George
0.
Williams
and
Nephi
Johnson
effective January22, 1924.
leased
20.661 acres on June 8, 1923,
This lease covered the Upper Bell
Lode Claim of U.S. Mineral Survey Number1887.
The only
description of the location is in T. 11 N., R. 5 W., Navajo
Baseline and Meridian,San Juan County, New Mexico. Since King
Tutt
Mesa
is
located
in
this
north-central of
part
the
township,
it is very possible that the lease
was located here. No
production was located by the GSA
(1981), but
Office
of Indian
an
Affairs memorandum of December4, 1936 (in GSA,1981) noted a 20ft-deep shaft, or hole, had been on
dugthe claim, and about one
ton of ore had been hauled
to Durango, Colorado.
On March 25, 1936, the Secretary of the Interior closed the
Navajo
Indian
Reservation
to
claim
location
and
for
prospecting
minerals until further authorization. In July, 1936, an
application
to
prospect
was made
to
the
Executive
Committee of
the Navajo Tribal Council in the form of asking the council to
pass
a
resolution
requesting
the
Secretary
of
Interior
to open
the Navajo Reservation for mining
to the applicant. The
resolution was rejected by
evidently
did
not
want
the
Executive
prospecting
or
Committee,
mining
on the
which
Reservation
at that time.
Vanadium
Mining
of
By the late1930's, the mines in the carnotite region
southwestern
Colorado
and
southeastern
Utah
were
being
reopened
for their vanadium content. At the same time, the Secretary of
4
the
Interior
Reservation
The
was
being
asked
for
prospecting
Navajo
Reservation
to
and
open
the
Navajo
by
a
Indian
mining.
was
opened
Congressional
Act
of
May 11, 1938, but with new procedures. This act gave the Tribal
Council the authority to enter into leases for the Reservation
of the Interior.
lands with approval of the Secretary
Prospectors
mining
no
claim
longer
under
could
enter
regulations
the
Reservation
and
similar
to those of the
stake
a
United
States Mining Law. The new mining regulations contained
escalating annual rentals, a base royalty
of 10% (mine-mouth
value), bond requirements, acreage limitations, and a term
of 10
years
which
couldbe extended
Due to the
vanadium
for
by
uncertaintyof foreign
war
armaments,
the
Metals Reserve Company in
1942.
purchasing
ore.
production.
program
and
supplies
federal
and
the
government
need
for
formed
the
The company beganan ore-
increased
the
base
price
paid
for
vanadium
At Monticello, Utah, the Defense Plant Corporation, a
government
agency,
funded
of a vanadium plantto
construction
the
be operated by the Vanadium Corporation of America
(VCA).
Actual
construction started in February, and
on August 24, 1942, the
first vanadium was produced. In April 1942, while construction
was
under
ore-buying
way,
the
Metals
Reserve
stationat Monticello
and
Company
appointed
(MRC)
the
established
an
United
States
Vanadium Corporation (USV) as its buying agent. All ore
producers, independents and VCA, then sold ore
to the MRC. MRC
in
turn
had
the
ore
milled
by
VCA
or
other
mills.
At Durango, Colorado, the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation, a government agency, contracted with USV to convert
5
and operate an old lead smelterfor vanadium production. The
vanadium was suppliedto Metals Reserve Company. United States
Vanadium
when
operated
the
the
government
plant
for the
vanadium
government
purchasing
until
program
early
was
1944,
terminated
because of adequate vanadium stocks. U.S. Vanadium Corporation
then
purchased
Corporation
and
the
facilities
operated
from
for the'
them
the
Reconstruction
production
of
Finance
vanadium
for
commercial sales until August 31, 1945, when the plant was
closed.
The
Metals
Reserve's
program
was
the
stimulus
to revive
mining in the Carrizos.
On April 5, 1940, effective May 9, 1940, John
F. Wade,
Thomas F. V. Curran, and H. R. Redington (d.b.a. Wade, Curran and
CO.) leased 42.32 acres in the Carrizo Mountains. Their lease,
I-149-IND-4225, covered the Syracuse Lode Claim near MP-16 and
the Sunnyside Lode Claim in the western Carrizos. The lease was
for a periodof five years.
Production from the two claims
isnot separated, butJohn
Wade (pers. comm., 1955) stated the Syracuse was the first
of the properties
property to be mined. It was also one
prospected by Wade's Carriso Uranium Co. in the 1920's.
Shipments
from
Lease
I-149-IND-4225
were recorded
from
May
1942
through October 1943. Details of the production are given below.
6
TABLE 2
Vanadium Production 1942-1943,
Lease I-149-IND-4225,
Wade, Curranand Co.
Tons of
"_
Year
1942
Pounds
x225
1205
Ore
8.96 246
"
44,075
1943
720
-
40,343
Totals
966
4.37
84,418
Source:
-
Percent
"
2.80
GSA (1981)
Oreminedby
Wade, Curranand
Companywas
and r a i l t o t h e mill a t Durango, Colorado.Lease
shipped by t r u c k
I-149-IND-4225
expired on May 9 , 1945.
On April9,1941,theNavajoTribalCouncilrequestedthe
t o the
S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r t o l e a s e l a n d s f o r m i n i n g p u r p o s e s
h i g h e s tb i d d e r .I no r d e rt ot a k ec a r eo ft h i ss i t u a t i o n ,t h e
mining leases were written for large areas
and subsequently
of a s p e c i f i e d time period.
r e d u c e di na c r e a g ea tt h ee n d
The
n e t e f f e c t of t h i s t y p e of l e a s e was t h a t a p r o s p e c t i n g p e r m i t
was i s s u e d t o t h e h i g h e s t b i d d e r , who t h e n h a d t h e r i g h t t o
up t o a maximum acreage.
leaselandwithinthepermitarea
On
May
t o r e q u e s t s by mining
29, 1942, i n r e s p o n s e
companies, the
O f f i c e ofIndianAffairsadvertisedanexploration
l e a s e sale f o r c a r n o t i t e and r e l a t e d m i n e r a l s i n t h e e a s t e r n
CarrizoMountains.
The area o f f e r r e d was described as follows:
"beginning a t a p o i n t on t h e New Mexico-Arizona S t a t e L i n e which
i s approximately 8 1 / 3 miles s o u t h of t h e c o r n e r
S t a t e s of Colorado,Utah,
miles; thence south
common t o t h e
New Mexico, andArizona;thenceeast
1 2 miles; thence
west 6 miles t o the Arizona-
N e w Mexico s t a t e l i n e ; t h e n c e w e s t 3 1 / 2 m i l e s ; t h e n c e n o r t h 2
7
6
one mile: t h e n c e n o r t h
miles: t h e n c e e a s t
1 0 miles: thence east 2
1 / 2 miles t o t h e Arizona-New Mexico s t a t e l i n e and i n t h e p o i n t
ofbeginning."
miles.
The areacontainedapproximately104square
This was t h e s e c o n dc a v n o t i t e
The f i r s t was h e l d i n
h e l d under thebiddingprocedures.
November 1941 i n t h e n o r t h e r n
lease s a l e for Navajolands
and western Carrizo Mountains.
Bids wereopenedonJune15, 1942, atwhichtimeVCAbid
$7,600,andJohn
$7,550 (GSA,
F. Wade and Thomas F.
V. C u r r a n ,p a r t n e r s ,b i d
A s t h e b i d s were n e a r l ye q u a l ,
1981, e x h i b i t 31).
and s i n c e Wade and Curran offered
t o pay$2,000overandabove
h i g h e s tb i dr e c e i v e d ,t h eG e n e r a lS u p e r i n t e n d e n t
S e r v i c e requested that the Commissioner
of I n d i a n A f f a i r s make
which was e x e c u t e d o n J u l y 1 4 , 1 9 4 2 , e f f e c t i v e J u l y
23, 1942, for a period of 1 0 years.Mining
of t h a ty e a r
of t h e Navajo
VCA was a w a r d e d t h e l e a s e I-
the d e c i s i o n t o a w a r d t h e l e a s e .
149-IND-5705,
the
and continuedthroughAugust
were a l s o r e c o r d e d i n F e b r u a r y
Lease I-149-IND-5705
ReservationLease"by
VCA.
1945and
commenced i n August
1944.
S i n g l es h i p m e n t s
i n J u l y 1947.
was commonly r e f e r r e d t o as t h e " E a s t
D e t a i l s of t h e vanadium p r o d u c t i o n
are tabulated below.
TABLE 3
Vanadium Production 1942-1947,
V C A ' s East Reservation Lease
Year
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
Tons of Ore
"__
2,063
7,082
1,056
15
0
15
P e r c e n t V2O5
Pounds
x295
"
"
"
100,069
346,730
56,818
582
0
623
2.43
2.45
2.69
1.94
0
2.08
I
_
504,822 T o t a l s
2.47
10,231
8
Source:
1942-1945;
GSA (1981)
1947; USGS memo datedJune
2, 1948 ( i n DOE f i l e s )
O n S e p t e m b e r 2 , 1 9 4 3 , t h e l e a s e was r e d u c e d t o a p e r m a n e n t
1 2 p l o t s (claims) t o t a l l i n g 436.79 a c r e s were
o p e r a t i n gl e a s ea n d
s e l e c t e d t o b er e t a i n e d .D e t a i l s
of t h e s ep l o t sa r eg i v e n
below.
TABLE 4
Location and S i z e of P l o t s ,
V C A ' s East Reservation Lease
Number
Location
Acres
Name
1
RedWash
2
King T u t t P o i n t
3
Shadys i de
4
Williams Point
8.62
N.
C e n t r a l King T u t t Mesa
5
Fissure
1.57
N.
C e n t r a l King T u t t Mesa
6
Franks Point
6.23
NW King T u t t Mesa
7
Lower Oak Creek
8
Cottonwood B u t t e
9
Lone S t a r
6.20
E of MP-16
10
Oak Springs
5.53
Oak Springs
11
White Cap
20.66
S
W of MP-16
12
Syracuse
4.13
Point
Total
3.53
SE King T u t t M,esa
9.14
SW King T u t t Mesa
145.13
205.39
Oak C r e e k Canyon
20.66
Cottonwood Butte
W of MP-16
436.79 a c r e s
T h r e eo ft h ep l o t sn e a rM i l e p o s t
covered the remainder
C e n t r a l King T u t t Mesa
1 6 ( 9 , 11, and 1 2 )
of the area previously developed by the
C a r r i s o Uranium Company on t h e i r North Star claims.
The o r e from t h e E a s t R e s e r v a t i o n l e a s e
9
was t r u c k e d t o t h e
m i l l a tM o n t i c e l l o ,U t a h ,u n t i l
Later production in
it c l o s e di nF e b r u a r y
1944.
was shipped t o t h e Durango
1944and1945
t o VCA‘s vanadium m i l l i n
p l a n t , and the1947productionwent
Naturita,
Colorado.
The Metals Reserve’s program t e r m i n a t e d i n
March 1944, a t
a l l b u t ceased in the Carrizo
which time vanadiummining
Mountains.
GeologicalSurveyStudies
U.S.
A s p a r t of
t h e U.S.
GeologicalSurvey‘s
(USGS)
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of c r i t i c a l war m a t e r i a l s , the uranium-vanadium
d e p o s i t s of t h e C a r r i z o Mountains were examined during October
and November 1942.
The USGS g e o l o g i s t s examinedand
mapped the e x i s t i n g mines,
and acquired production history and statistics
of t h e vanadium-ore reserves a l s o were
o p e r a t o r s .E s t i m a t e s
made.
from t h e mine
For t h ee a s t e r nC a r r i z oM o u n t a i n s ,t h e ya r ea sf o l l o w s :
I n f e r r e d Ore
Tons
-% 2
V-”
O
Area
-
Indicated O r e
Tons
x2205
--
E a s t s i d e Mines25,000
2-2.5
5,000
1.5-2.5
Syracuse Mine
600
2-2.5
1,500
2.0-2.5
Horse Mesa
600
2-2.5
9,000
1.5-2.5
“zm
Total
The mines on, and
35,500
2
2
i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f ,King T u t t Mesa were
referred to as theEastside Mines, anamestillusedinrecent
USGS r e p o r t s .
The d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s
investigationsarein
of t h e October-November1942
a r e p o r tb y
10
Duncan and Stokes (1942),which
was s u b m i t t e d t o t h e
ManhattanEngineer
geologyandthedescription
publishedby
District.
of t h e o r e d e p o s i t s
The g e n e r a l
was l a t e r
Stokes ( 1 9 5 1 ) .
ManhattanEngineer
District A c t i v i t i e s
formed t h e
During World War 11, t h e Army CorpsofEngineers
D i s t r i c t (MED) f o r t h e
ManhattanEngineer
development of atomic
of
weapons and a c q u i s i t i o n of raw m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n
weapons. The Murray
1943, f o r t h e
H i l l Area of MED was e s t a b l i s h e d o n J u n e 1 5 ,
majorpurpose
m a t e r i a l s onwhich
of e x p l o r a t i o n anddevelopmentof
t h e e n t i r e Manhattan Project
raw
was dependent.
Determination and e v a l u a t i o n of t h e uranium resources of t h e
world was f i r s t undertaken,andtheprogram
was l a t e r expanded t o
includethoriumores.
A c o n t r a c t , No.
W-7405 Eng-78,
made w i t h UnionMines
s u b s i d i a r y ofUnion
o u tt h e
work.The
DevelopmentCorporation
(UMDC),
a
CarbideandCarbonCorporation,forcarrying
c o n t r a c tp r o v i d e dt h a ta l lc o s t ss h o u l d
reimbursed by the government, with
UMDC
e f f e c t i v e May 11, 1943, was
be
no f i x e d fee o r p r o f i t t o
.
On theColoradoPlateau,
UMDC's i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were l i m i t e d
t o the S a l t Wash Member of the Morrison Formation,
EntradaSandstoneinthearea
and t h e
of t h e r o s c o e l i t e d e p o s i t s .
Geologic s t u d i e s for t h e e a s t e r n C a r r i z o M o u n t a i n s a r e
c o n t a i n e di n
a report by Coleman (1944).
A l l of the known
o u t c r o p s of uranium/vanadiumminerals,prospects,andmines
mapped anddescribedby
UMDC g e o l o g i s t s .
11
were
The g e o l o g i s t s mapped
the Syracuse
Mine of Wade, Curranand
Co. and d e s c r i b e d s m a l l
open p i t s andan
a d i t s on V C A ' s P l o t s 9 and 1 2 , f i v e s m a l l
on P l o t 7, two open c u t s and a n a d i t on P l o t 3,and
onPlot
adit
a smalladit
1.
O f t h e 128 uranium-vanadium-bearing outcrops examined by
UMDC,
59 were on ground l e a s e d by VCA, and Wade, Curranand
CO.
The remaining 69 exposures were c o n s i d e r e d t o b e " r e l a t i v e l y
unimportant andhave
a poor prospectivevalue"
(Coleman,1944,
p.
19).
A s p a r t of t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
areasthatshouldbeacquired
UMDC g e o l o g i s t s recommended
by t h e F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e
development of uraniumresources.IntheCarrizoMountains,
s e l e c t e d 1 2 p l o t s fromexplorationlease
CurranBrothersand
UMDC
I-149-IND-6197
issued t o
Wade, w i t h 2 / 3 i n t e r e s t a s s i g n e d t o
T h i sl e a s e ,c o n t a i n i n g
USV.
was 24 mileslong,
1 6 8 squaremiles,
7 miles wide, e a s t - w e s t w i t h t h e s o u t h e a s t
north-south,and
c o r n e rl o c a t e dn e a r
Cove School(Fig.
1).
Although Coleman (1944, p. 20) consideredtheSyracuse
"tohavethebestprospectivevalue
NavajoReservation,"
of anythingseen
Mine
on t h e
it was n o t a c q u i r e d s i n c e t h e p r o p e r t y
was
locatedoutsidetheexplorationleaseboundary.
Late in1942 andearlyin1943 the ManhattanEngineer
District (MED) began a program t o o b t a i n uraniumfromdomestic
sources.InJanuary
vanadium (U-V)
1943, VCA agreed t o produce a uranium-
sludge a t M o n t i c e l l o t h a t
On a u n i t p r i c e b a s i s .
was sold by
The sludgecontained
MRC t o MED
45 t o 50% u308 and
about 25% V2O5 and was shipped t o t h e V i t r o M a n u f a c t u r i n g
a t Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania,
Company
for a d d i t i o n a p
l r o c e s s i n gT
. ailings
12
from
the
Monticello
mill
were
considered
by the
in uranium for additional processing.
closed
the
Monticello
mill
and
MED
to
be
too
low
In February 1944, MRC
ceased
production
of
both
mill
the
fused
oxide (~205)and U-V sludge.
In 1945,
Plant
VCA
Corporation
leased
and
the
Monticello
purchased
from
MRC
from
the
Defense
remaining
ore
from other
stockpiles. VCA processed the stockpiled ore plus ore
sources
again
in
and
sold a
U-Vsludge
to
the MED until the mill closed
1946.
During
the
1943-1944
period,
USV
constructed
and
operated
a
uranium-vandium sludge plant at the Durango site, under a costplus-fixed-fee agreement with the MED. Feed for the plant
consisted of vanadium tailings from past and current operations.
The
sludge
was
shipped
to a refinery at Grand Junction, Colorado,
operatedfor the
also
to make
the
sludge
MED
by
suitable
USV,
for
where
the
further
vanadium
was
removed
refining
to black oxide.
Uranium Mining
The
Atomic
Energy
Commission
was
established
by
the
Atomic
Energy Act of August 1, 1946, in recognition of a need to provide
for a
civilian
government
development of atomic
promote
the
research
agency
energy
and
for
which
could
military
development
assure
purposes
necessary
to the
the
and
continued
also
utilization
of atomic energy for peaceful applications.
During World War 11, the Manhattan Engineer District (MED),
under the
Army
of Engineers,
Corps
had
been
charged
with
the
development of atomic weapons. Its activities included research
and
development,
engineering
and
13
design,
the
operation
of
f o r weapons m a t e r i a l s andcomponents,and
production facilities
weapons.
of uranium for t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f n u c l e a r
the acquisition
A l l of t h e s e MED f u n c t i o n s , a n d t h e
numerousgovernment-
were
owned f a c i l i t i e s i n which many of them were being performed,
transferred to the
AEC by E x e c u t i v e Order 9816, e f f e c t i v e a t
midnight, December 31, 1946.
An O f f i c eo f
N e w York Directed
Operations was e s t a b l i s h e d by the AEC onJune9,1947,and
office supervised the procuring and processing
that
of uranium u n t i l
t h e AEC's D i v i s i o n of Raw M a t e r i a l s was formed i n October 1947 t o
direct t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s
from t h e A E C ' s H e a d q u a r t e r s O f f i c e i n
Washington, D.C.
On t h e C o l o r a d o P l a t e a u , t h e
AEC began a procurement program
The f i r s t d o m e s t i cc o n t r a c t
f o r uraniumconcentrate.
was signed
w i t h VCA on August 28, 1947, e f f e c t i v e May 20, 1947, t o purchase
uranium concentrates
Colorado.
from the company's mill i n N a t u r i t a ,
The AEC a l s oc o n t r a c t e dw i t h
VCA,
e f f e c t i v e October 8,
1948, t o buy c o n c e n t r a t e s from t h e AEC-owned mill a t Durango,
which VCA had l e a s e d w i t h a n o p t i o n t o
S i n c e a m a r k e t haddeveloped,
miningon
beganfrom
t h e i rE a s tR e s e r v a t i o n
VCA began prospecting and
Lease.
t h el e a s e ,m a i n l yf r o mP l o t
pers. comm.).
P r o d u c t i o ni n
c o n t a i n i n g 7,614pounds
buy.
I n March 1948,shipments
3 (PageEdwards,1955,
1948amounted
u308 (Fig.
t o 1,303tons
2).
Durango m i l l i n March 1949 r e s u l t e d i n
The reopening of the
a shorter haulage for t h e mines i n t h e C a r r i z o
Production increased in
Mountains.
1949 with mining expansion on the
ReservationLease,mainlyon
P l o t 3 b u t a l s oo nP l o t s
14
East
1, 2,
4, 6
through 9, 11, and 12.
differentiated the
I t was n o tu n t i lJ u l y
1950 t h a t VCA
numbers of t h e i n d i v i d u a l p l o t s
r e c e i p t s t o t h e AEC.
Hence,
t h ee x a c ts o u r c e
on o r e
of t h e 6,758tons
c o n t a i n i n g 29,786 pounds u308 l i s t e d as E a s t R e s e r v a t i o n
Lease
Also i n 1949, C a t 0 S e l l s made
(Table 1) cannot be determined.
i n i t i a l shipmentsfrommineralizedoutcropsnear
Oak Springs,
Arizona.
I nt h ee a r l y1 9 5 0 ' s ,t h eN a v a j oT r i b a lC o u n c i la d o p t e d
a
series of resolutions dealing with uranium mining which
approvedby
t h e Commissioner of I n d i a nA f f a i r s .
developed the r e g u l a t i o n s f o r p r o s p e c t i n g
andmining
o b t a i n permits for prospecting.Miningpermits
were no l o n g e r t h e s u b j e c t
These r e s o l u t i o n s
permits,
A l l prospectorsneeded
miningleases,androyaltyschedules.
t o Navajos, who c o u l da s s i g n
were
were g r a n t e do n l y
them t o non-Navajos.Mining
of c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g , b u t
negotiatedwiththeTribalCouncil,
to
leases
were
s u b j e c t t o approval by t h e
Bureau of I n d i a nA f f a i r s .T h e s ea c t i o n s
would g r e a t l yi n c r e a s e
the Carrizo Mountains and throughout
prospecting and mining in
t h e NavajoReservation.
During1950,
VCA's o p e r a t i o n sc o n t i n u e d
andat thecanyonview MineonPlot
7.
t o expand on P l o t 3
A l s o , numerous smallnon-
VCA o p e r a t i o n s commenced throughout the e a s t e r n C a r r i z o
Mountains.
Among t h ep r o p e r t i e st h a tc o n t r i b u t e ds i g n i f i c a n t l y
t o theyear'sproduction
were Cat0 S e l l s ' Upper Canyon Mine and
Nakai Chee Begay's Red
Wash
O f t h et o t a l
Reservation Lease.
During t h a ty e a rp r o d u c t i o n
t o n s of o r e c o n t a i n i n g
reached a peakof5,089
(Fig. 2).
Mine.
uranium,73%
27,525pounds
u308
came from t h eE a s t
The 1950 p r o d u c t i o nr e p r e s e n t e dt h ea l l - t i m e
15
"~
yearly record for uranium produced in the eastern Carrizos.
During
May
and
June
1951,
the
AEC
drilled
12
holes
in
vicinity of Nakai Chee Begay's Red Wash Mine,with
allnegative
results (Anderson and others, 1952).
After reaching a peak in 1950, production declined low
to a
of 1,504 tonsof ore containing 8,718 pounds u308 in 1952 (Fig.
2).
This decline was largely dueto the fact that all
of the
exposed ore in outcrops and in the old mines was depleted and no
exploration
occurred.
On January 7, 1952, the AEC opened
an ore-buying station at
Shiprock, New Mexico. This station provided a nearby market for
independent producers in the Four Corners area. Also, during the
first
halfof 1952
the
AEC
conducted
an
extensive
exploration
drilling project throughout the eastern Carrizos. This drilling
project discovered ore
on
King Tutt
Mesa
and in the Oak Springs
area (Masters and others,
1955).
In 1953, Walter Duncan,
Jr. commenced mining at the Begay
No. 1 Mine, which was discovered by AEC drilling (Garbrecht,
1954),
and
mining
continued
on
Plot
3
where and
AEC VCA drilling
discovered additional ore. Mining resumed at the old Syracuse
RFhR Mine. During the spring andsummer
Mine and was renamed the
of 1953, the AEC conducted
two more drilling projects in the
eastern Carrizos. These drilling projects discovered several
small orebodies and the extension of others on Plot 3
and
in the
Oak Springs and Syracuse Mine areas (Blagbrough and Brown, 1955).
On June 30, 1953, VCA exercised their option and purchased the
Durango mill from the AEC.
16
the
a t Cat0 Sells' Oak
During1954,sustainedproductionbegan
Springs Mine and a t V C A ' s P l o t 7.
On November 1, 1954, t h e new
Kerr-McGee O i l I n d u s t r i e s , Inc. m i l l a tS h i p r o c k ,
beganoperating
and p u r c h a s i n g o r e
N e w Mexico,
fromindependentproducers.
Operation of t h e ore b u y i n g s t a t i o n
was taken over by
Kerr-McGee.
The o r e p u r c h a s e d b y t h e AEC a t t h e b u y i n g s t a t i o nwas
subsequently sold
t o Kerr-McGee a l o n g w i t h o r e
from o t h e r AEC
ore-buyingstations.
Production from
V C A ' s P l o t 1 0 Mine and Texas Mining
Company's Tent Mine and Begay I n c l i n e began i n 1955.
Ore
p r o d u c t i o nd u r i n gt h a ty e a r
23,502
was 4,481tonscontaining
pounds u308, t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t y e a r f o r t h e e a s t e r n C a r r i z o s
(Fig. 2 ) .
A f t e r r e a c h i n g a peak i n 1955, p r o d u c t i o n g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d
t o a low i n 1961, when only 324 t o n s of o r e c o n t a i n i n g 1 , 4 4 6
Poundsu308
were produced(Fig.
2).
The d e p l e t i o no ft h e
known
orebodies was t h ec a u s e
of t h i s d e c l i n e .
decliningtrendseenin
1960 (Fig. 2 ) was due t o p r o d u c t i o n from
P l o t 3.
the new Lookout P o i n t I n c l i n e o n
1962 i n c r e a s e d t o 1,933tonscontaining8,124
P r o d u c t i o ni n
poundsu308(Fig.
Begay No.
The anomaly i n t h e
2 ) a s DavisMining
Co.
commenced mining a t t h e
2 Mine t h a t hadbeendeveloped
in the vicinity
of
e a r l i e r AEC o r e h o l e s .
On March 1, 1963, VCA a c q u i r e d t h e Kerr-McGee mill a t
Shiprockandclosed
i t s Durango mill l a t e r t h a t month.
eastern Carrizos, material
uneconomicalbecause
Inthe
which was p r e v i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d
of t h e l o n g h a u l a g e t o
mined.
17
Durango could now be
A f t e r reaching a s m a l l peak i n 1962, p r o d u c t i o n g r a d u a l l y
declinedto
1965(Fig.
a low of 344 tonscontaining1,363pounds
2).
Thisdropoccurredbecause
was b e i n g d e p l e t e d a n d o t h e r
u308 i n
the Begay No. 2 Mine
small o p e r a t i o n s were runningoutof
ore.
a t t h e Begay No. 2
The d i s c o v e r y of some a d d i t i o n a l o r e
boosted the 1966 p r o d u c t i o n t o 964 t o n s c o n t a i n i n g
u308 (Fig. 2).
I n a f i n a lc l e a n - u pe f f o r ti n
740 t o n s of o r ec o n t a i n i n g
2,089pounds
Begay 1, Begay 2, andNelsonPoint
4,215 pounds
1967, VCA produced
u308 (Fig. 2 ) from t h e
Mines.
The f i n a l shipment was
made i n August 1 9 6 7 .
VCA merged with Foote Mineral
Company onAugust
Foote continued the Shiprock milling operation until
31, 1967.
May 1968
when t h eo p e r a t i o n sc e a s e d .
Summary
Forty-nine properties in the eastern Carrizo Mountains have
produced46,507tons
of ore c o n t a i n i n g 217,839pounds
averaging 0.23% u308 s i n c e 1948.
contained2,263,758pounds
I na d d i t i o n ,t h e s eo r e s
V2O5 averaging 2.43% V2O5.
interestingtonotethat
115,985pounds
uranium produced i n t h e e a s t e r n C a r r i z o
VCA's E a s t ReservationLease--landsthat
J u l y 1942 f o r vanadium.
onKing
these plots p l u s the other
approximately127,100pounds
U308,
Mountains, came from
were a c q u i r e d i n
of 1.4 square miles.
mineson
were l o c a t e d
Productionfrom
t h e mesa t o t a l e d
u308, o r 58%of
18
It i s
o r 53% o f t h e t o t a l
S i x p l o t s of t h i s l e a s e
T u t t Mesa, a na r e a
U308 and
t h er e g i o n ' st o t a l .
On King T u t t Mesa, P l o t 3 , c o n t a i n i n g 145 acres,produced
at
l e a s t 72,400 pounds, o r 33% of t h e t o t a l
i n the
e a s t e r nC a r r i z o s .
19
uraniumproduced
References
Albrethsen, Holger, Jr., and McGinley, F.E.,
1982, Summary
history of domestic uranium procurement under
U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission contracts, final report: U.S. Department
of Energy, Report GJBX-220(82), 162 p.
Anderson, 0. J., 1981, Abandoned or inactive uranium mines in New
Mexico: New Mexico Bureauof Mines and Mineral Resources,
Open-file Report 148,778 p.
Anderson, A. H., Foster, J. R., and Hurley, D. B., 1952, Results
Arizona: U.S. Atomic
of preliminary drilling, Red Rock,
Energy Commission, Report TM-39,
4 p. (open-filed 1979).
Blagrough, J. W., and Brown, J. F., 1955, Diamond and wagon
drilling in the east Carrizo area, Apache County, Arizona
and San Juan County,
New Mexico, Contracts No. AT(31-11-1364
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Report RMEand AT(05-1)-231:
83 (Pt. l), 19 p. (open-filed 1973).
Chenoweth, W. L., and Learned, E. A., 1980, Historical review of
uranium-vanadium production in the northern and western
Carrizo Mountains, Apache County, Arizona: U.S. Department
of Energy, Report TM-209, 19
p.
Coleman, A. H., 1944, A reporton the geology and
ore deposits of
the B'Cla B'Toh (Beclabito) district, Carrizo uplift area,
New Mexico-Arizona: Union Mines Development Corporation,
Report RMO-469, 28 p. (open-filed by AEC 1957).
Corey, A. S., 1958, Petrology of the uranium-vanadium ores of the
Nelson Point No. 1 Mine, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Report RME-122,
30 p. (open-filed
1970).
Duncan, D. C., and Stokes, W. L., 1942, Vanadium deposits in the
Carrizo Mountains district, Navajo Indian Reservation,
northeastern Arizona and northwesternNew Mexico: U.S.
Geological Survey, Report RMO-28,32 p. (open-filed by DOE
1982).
of mining methods on the outcome
Garbrecht, Louis, 1954, Effects
of small mines, Begay claim
No. 1, King Tutt Mesa, east
Carrizo area, New Mexico: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Report TM-51, 2 p. (open-filed 1979).
General Services Administration, 1981, Navajo vanadium narrative
in Accounting report
on Navajo property, copper, missions,
National Monuments, rightsof way, sand, rock, gravel, and
vanadium, Dockets 69, 299, 353, volume1: General Services
Administration, Indian Trust Accounting Division Report,
p.
46-65, appendix 67 p.
20
King, J. W., 1951, Geological reconnaissance of King Tutt Mesa,
east Carrizo district Arizona-New
Mexico: U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, Report RMO-702,
16 p. (open-filed 1981).
King, J. W., 1952, Geology of Horse Mesa, Arizona-New Mexico:
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Report TM-20,
6 p. (open-filed
1979).
Masters, J. A., Hatfield, K. G., Clinton, N. J., Dickson, R. E,,
Maise, C. R., and Roberts, Lewis, 1955, Geologic studies and
diamond drilling in the east Carrizo area, Apache County,
Arizona, and San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, Report, RME-13 (Pt. l), 55 p. (open-filed
1973).
Staver, W. H., 1921, Report on the Carriso Uranium Company's
claims in the San Juan Indian Reservation: Unpublished
consulting mining engineers report,
25 p.
Stokes, W. L., 1951, Carnotite deposits in the Carrizo Mountains
area, Navajo Indian Reservation, Apache County, Arizona, and
San Juan County,New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey,
Circular 111, 5 p.
Stokes, W. L., 1954, Some stratigraphic, sedimentary, and
structural relationsof uranium deposits in the Salt
Wash
sandstone: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Report RME-3102,
Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
50 p.
21
PZl Arizona
E 3 New Mexico
35,000
Calendar Year
Figure 2~
Uranium production, eastern CarrizoMountains,
San Juan County, New Mexico,andApache County, Arizona.
Page1
Detailsof
Index
No.
Mine
59.
Harvey Begay 3
60.
Tony Tuc
61.
of 5
TABLE 1
Uranium/Vanadium Production i n the Eastern CarrizoMountains,
San JuanCounty, New Mexico and Apache County,Arizona
(Revised9/1/83)
Tons
Ore
-
Pounds
u3°8
Pounds
v2°5
Periods o f Production/
Operator(s)
% V2O5
Rose Mining Co.
21
49
0.12
407
1,379
0.17
26,074
Upper Red Canyon
26
134
0.26
1,695
62.
King 6
54
114
0.11
773
63.
Barton & Begay
(BeclabitoLease)
254
740
0.15
11,311
2.23
1950Barton,
Begay & Beyale
1950- Barton & Begay
1951- Lewis Barton
1953-Caylor 81 Neeley
64.
Rocky F l a t s 1 , 2
(Rocky 1 , 2 )
698
2,214
0.16
34,154
2.45
65.
Canyon 1
111
237
0.11
4,6391
2~.09
66.
John John1
25
97
0.19
1,392
2.78
1955John
67.
King 2
557
1,761
0.16
31,424
2.82
1950-54-
68.
Cottonwood Butte ( P l o t 8 )
-------
SeeFootnote
860
2.05
1956Troy
1
--
-
3.26
1950-1951
Lone S t a r ( P l o t 9 )
_""
See Footnotes 1and2
276
19503.05
16,852
0.33
1,814
-
Tony Garnonez
0.72
1955,1957Troy
----
-
250
3.00
15,013
0.25
1,245
69.
Charles Ashcroft/
1956-57- T i t a 6 UranTummCorp.
1962- W.D. Tripp
1966- Sam Harvey
3.20
1953-
------
Rose Mining Co.
1950-52- Barton & Lee
1953,55- B a r r e t t Smith Mng.Co.
1 1950-51,1953-
Pete A t c i t t y
John
Jimmie King
1949- VCA
1950-51 - Alfred Ne1 son
1954- VCA
1943,1949VCA
Raymond Marshall
1950-51-Harrv Russell
1952-Leroy Pittigrew
1962- VCA
Table 1 (continued)
Page2
Index
No.
Pounds
Tons
Ore
- m
Mine
-""-
See Footnotes 1and2
225 0.27 1,203
2.96 13,321
70.
Syracuse ( P l o t 12)
71. 1.88
Hazel
72.
White Cap ( P l o t 11)
73.
Syracuse
(R, F, & R, Sam Harvey)
1,357
0.16
Val 1
75.
-------
-- -----------
Periods o f Production/
Operator(s)
1943,1949- VCA
1950-52-Leroy Pettigrew
1955,1957- Leroy Pettigrew
See
Footnote
1 -
SeeFootnote
3 -
- --- ---- -------
2.60 102,491
1949- VCA
1942-43- Wade, Curran & Co.
1954-56- Andrew A. Fry
1956-58- T i t a n Uranium Co.
1964-66- Sam Harvey
73
135
Upper Canyon
& Lower
2,795
9,496
76.
Leroy (MP-552)
25
96
0.19 2.46 1,230
77.
Oak Springs
(Gravel
5,1120.23 23,289
2.28233,362
1950,1954-59- Cat0 Sells
1962,1966- W.D.Tripp
0.24 9,389
11 1,458
2.82
1949,50-Cat0 S e l l s
1955-57- VCA
1957-58-Tanner & Thomas
7%.
79.
View
% V705
112
1,9670.28 11,051
74.
ey
Pounds
V705
% U30q
of 5
Top)
1,979
Oak10)
Springs
(Plot
Lower Oak Creek ( P7 )l o t
" " "
21,014
3,870
0.09 2.29 3,338
1950-Cat0
0.17
1950,1955-56,1961- Cat0 S e l l s
1962-63- T r i p p Mining Co.
1963-64- W.D. Tripp
115,252
2.06
SeeFootnotes 1 and 2 - --0.27
171,268
'
Sells
1961- Davis Mining Co.
----
1943-44,1948-50- VCA
1950-52Hosteen
S.Begay
1950- Eugene Tapahanso
1951- Tom Jones, J r .
1954-57,1961-64- VCA
1955-59- Kennedy & McGee
1960- C.H. Corey, Jr.
1961- Will iam George
Table 1 (continued)
Page3
Pounds
Tons
Index
No.
Mine
80.
S a l t Canyon
81.
FranksPoint(Plot6)
.82.
Upper'& Lower
a l t Rock0.17
1.93 S4,122
93
Pounds
U?02
% U2Og
4,473
331
0.18
------358
% V7O5
V705
2.41
-------- -
SeeFootnote1
1950- Cat0 S e l l s
1953-Shorty & T u t t
1954-Hosteen S. Begay
1955- Kennedy & McGee
1949- VCA
1949- VCA
.
~.
84.
Sunnyside & Lookout Point
2.82
144,337
0.32
16,327
2,556
85.
Lookout P o i n t I n c l i n e
86.
Shadyside2
" " "
506
2,713
0..27
28,485
SeeFootnotes 1 and 2
6,183
3.76 66,842 0.35
87.
Shadyside,ShadysideIncline
-""3.14
108,589
0.26 8,8411,728
SeeFootnotes
88.
Nelson Point
SeeFootnotes1
3.94
211,347
0.25
" " "
13,364
2,684
Tent
-------
See Footnotes and
12
" " "
809
89.
Periods of Production/
Operator(s)
1950-51 - Eugene Tapahonso
1961-62- Davis Mining Co.
107
83.
~
2.26
54,156
0.22
5,303
1.1 98
of 5
1 and 2
and2
-
2.81
-
-----
----
-
-
--
------
.
..
-
"
1942, 1948. -50- VCA
1950- Billy,Peterson,&Shorty
1950- Billy & Shorty
1950-54-Paul
Shorty
1956,1959- VCA
1960- C.H. Corey, Jr.
1960-61 - Will iam George
1942,1498-50- VCA
1951,1953-54-Harry
1954-55,1966- VCA
Russell
1942,1948-50- VCA
1950- T u t t & Thomas
1950-51- T u t t & Tanner
1951-Harry Russell
1951 ,'53,'56,1964-65- VCA
1952-King T u t t
1942-43,1948-50VCA
1950-58,1961-Paul
Shorty
1965-67- VCA
1955- Texas Mining Co.
1956-57- Eugene Tapahonso
1963- Hazel Bryant
Table 1 (continued)
Index
No.
Page 4 of 5
Tons
Pounds
Mine
0.20
Ore
% u30q
% v705
v705
Begay 190,638
2
91.
Begay I n c l i n e
655
3,475
0.27
92.
Carrizo 1
828
3,426
93.
Begay 1
3,921
16,491
94.
King T u f t P o i n t ( P l o2t )
-""2.5915,2220.32 1,900 294
95.
King T u f f 1
96.
Red
Wash
97.
Junction
18
38
0.11
153
0.43
1953-Walter
98.
A1 ongo
27
76
0.14
76
0.14
1956- E.J. Alongo
99.
RedWash
61
127
0.10
636
0.53
1952- Hosteen S. Begay
100.
RedRock
22
65
0.15
1,001
2.25
1950-51-Leroy
101.
Red Wash
27
137
0.26
1,176
2.19
1950-Leroy
P o i n t ( P l o1t )
4,515
Periods of Production/
Operator(s)
90.
1.42
18,450
Pounds
u308
8,257
290
0.18
2.11
1962- Davis Mining Co.
1963-64- Hazel I . Davis
1965-66- Fritz-Ericson Co.
1967- VCA
38,215
2.92
1955-56-TexasMining
0.21
21,917
1.32
1956-58- Spafford & Sons
0.21
127,499
1.63
1953-54- Walter Duncan, Jr.
1966-67- VCA
See Footnotes 1 and 2
--- ----
1,060
Co.
1942, 1948-50- VCA
1950- John Joe
1950- Ray Marshall
1950- Leroy Petti grew
1951-Carl Thomas
1953,1956- VCA
1951,1953-Shorty & T u f f
1956- Sylvania Mining Co.
1958- Charles N. Pickens
-""_
See Footnotes 1 and 2
2.9717,786
300 0.37 2,206
--
-
----
1942,1948-50- VCA
1951-52- Sam Harvey
1952- Harry Russell
Duncan
Pettigrew
Pettigrew
Table 1 (continued)
Page 5 of 5
Tons
Index
No.
Mine
102.
Upper Red Wash
103.
Rocky Spring
5/
East Reservation Lease -
Pounds
Pounds
"
Ore
.!a!?&
' I 338
10,002
0.24
1,610
11
3
311,503
6,7580.22 29,786
% u?oq
0.01
~705
62
% V7Oq
Periods of Production/
Operation(s)
'
1-48
1950-51- Nakai Chee Begay
1953- Pershing Mining Co.
0.28
1951- Jerome Chee
2.30
1948-50- VCA
production shipped as East Reservation Lease,
see Footnote5.
During the period August 1942 through February1945, shipments from the East Reservation Lease totaled 10,216 tons
o f ore averaging2.47% V2O5. Mining wason Plot 3 w i t h some production from Plots 1 , 2, 7, 9, and 12.
3/ During the period July 1942 t h r o u g h August 1943, a . t o t a l of 966 tons of ore, averaging 4.37% V205was shipped from
the Syracuse and Sunnyside Mines (Sunnyside is i n the western Carrizos).
-4/. An additional 410 tons of material was shipped from this property for which no payment was received f o r either
uranium or vanadium.
5 / ' Early, 1948-50, production.from Plot 3, also includes minor production from Plots 1, 2 , 4, 6, 7,
9;-1-1,:and 12.
1/ Early
2/
Source:
AEC production records, GSA report, AEC field notes,
'
VCA mill receipts, and Bureau ofIndianAffairsrecords.
LEGEND
S.W. 114 F E N C E L A K E I:IOO,OOO S H E E T
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