Cells, Organelles, and Cellular Processes Notes
Objective 2 Cells
Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy
production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and
synthesis of new molecules.
Cell Parts and Functions
Cell Structure
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Lysosome
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Centrosomes
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Structure’s Function
Encloses cell and controls what ____________ and ______________the cell
Surrounds __________________; transports some materials
_____________________, and stores some substances, throughout the cell
Builds ____________________; (protein synthesis)
Breaks down ____________________ and foreign substances
______________ __________; regulates metabolic activities, is surrounded by a
double -layered membrane.
_____________________ material The DNA with proteins form chromosomes.
Chromosomes are usually broken down into chromatin.
Encloses ________________ and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Contains __________; sends mRNA to ribosome with protein blueprints
Secretes and stores secretions for transport ________ of the cell
Manufactures ___________ in green plants; ______________
Protective ______________ barrier of plant cells
Aids in ________________ in animal cells
____________ food, water, wastes and building materials
Powerhouse of ___________; cellular respiration
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells:
Prokaryotic
1. No __________ membrane ( nucleoid region)
2. No membrane _________ organelles
3. Found _________in the kingdoms Eubacteria
and Archabacteria
4. Size 0.1 um - 10 um.
Eukaryotic
1. Definite membrane ________________ nucleus
2. _________________membrane bound organelles
3. ___________ in Kingdoms: Animal, Plant,
Fungi, and Protista
4. 10 um-100 um.
KNOW THIS INFO!
Basic Life Processes of a Cell
Life Process
Main Criteria = Method Accomplished
Organelle/s Involved
1. Nutrition
Take in nutrients = diffusion; active transport
Take in building materials = diffusion
Take in water = osmosis
* Cell membrane
* Cell membrane
* Cell membrane
2. Growth
Repair worn organelles = protein synthesis
Make new organelles =
* Ribosome
* Ribosome
3. Excretion
Send out wastes = diffusion ;active transport Send
out water = osmosis
* Cell membrane
* Cell membrane
Cell division (identical cells) =
* nucleus
* centrosomes
(animal cells)
Respond to environment = irritability
* flagella
* cilia
* special membrane
extensions
* endoplasmic
reticulum
* golgi apparatus
* cytoplasm
4. Reproduction
5. Response
6. Transport
7. Homeostasis
Move materials through out the cell = intracellular
transport
Maintain balance between cell’s internal and
external environment (Hint: combine # 1 & 3)
Take in nutrients = diffusion; active transport
Take in minerals = diffusion
Take in water = osmosis
Send out wastes = diffusion ;active transport
Send out water = osmosis
* cell membrane
* cell membrane
* cell membrane
* cell membrane
* cell membrane
Cell Size is governed by several factors:
_____________ must be available to produce the enzymes and proteins needed for proper
functioning. The second restriction is the surface area to volume ratio. As the cell
increases in size the volume increases geometrically while the surface area increase
arithmetically
4 Types of Cellular Transport:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
____________ is essential for life. Cells must import and export materials in order to maintain lifesustaining activities. Two types of transport move materials across the plasma membrane: __________
transport and ______________ transport. Examples of both types of transport will be discussed and then
applied to the cell and its functions.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Passive transport does __________ require an expenditure of metabolic energy, and materials flow down
the concentration gradient. Examples of passive transport are diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
______________ is the movement of substances with the concentration gradient. Osmosis and facilitated
diffusion are kinds of diffusion. When someone wears cologne or perfume, the aromatic molecules are
initially concentrated on that person's skin. As the constant, random motion of the perfume molecules
spreads them throughout the room, the aroma disperses. Even when the molecules reach equilibrium,
spread evenly in the room, they will continue to move randomly.
______________ is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, that is, toward the area where there is
more solute, and thus less water. The area of less solute is called the hypotonic solution, and the area of
more solute is called the hypertonic solution. If a semi permeable membrane separates the hypotonic
solution from the hypertonic solution, water will move across the membrane from the hypotonic to the
hypertonic solution. No metabolic energy is involved.
__________________ __________ is the diffusion of a substance across a membrane. It is "facilitated"
because a transport protein in the membrane enhances the transport of the substance across the
membrane.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport _____________________(in the form of ATP), and materials flow against the
concentration gradient.
Carrier-mediated active transport systems use energy and membrane proteins to "___________"
certain substances against a concentration gradient. This causes the substance to accumulate on one
side of the plasma membrane. An example of this type of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump
(see below), which consists of a membrane protein that uses ATP to pump Na+ (sodium) out of the cell
and K+ (potassium) into the cell. These unbalanced accumulations of Na+ and K+ are needed for proper
nerve functioning.
SUMMARY
The two types of transport, active and passive, are distinguished by the use of metabolic energy and the
direction of flow of materials. Passive transport does not expend metabolic energy, and the flow of
materials is down the concentration gradient. With passive transport, materials move to reach equilibrium.
Active transport uses metabolic energy, and material flow is against the concentration gradient. Materials
accumulate on one side of a membrane with active transport.
Cellular Respiration
Energy Review:
• Cells require a constant source of ____________ to carry out their life functions.
• The _________ source of energy for most living systems is the sun.
• Photosynthetic organisms capture sunlight and transform it into a useable source of
energy via the chemical bonds in the organic compounds it __________________.
• Cells use some of this chemical bond energy to make __________, the energy source for cellular
work.
• Much of this energy is ______________ as unusable heat.
Catabolism: Chemical pathways that break down _____________ and release ________________.
• The catabolic process of respiration transfers the energy stored in food molecules to ATP.
• Organisms use _________ molecules to capture and release small amounts of energy to
____________ various bodily functions.
• The molecule contains the nitrogenous base ____________ connected to three molecules of
phosphorous.
• When ATP releases the terminal (end) phosphate, energy is ______________ while forming a new
compound ADP. ADP can be refitted with another phosphate to form ATP again.
• In order for the most efficient production of _____________ to occur the cell must transfer this
energy from the chemical bonds of the organic compounds to the ATP molecule with
minimal loss.
Living systems are organized?
All living things are made up of one or more cells that contain genetic material called __________. In
many organisms, cells are organized into ____________, ____________, and ____________ systems.
Organisms are organized into _____________ and _________________. You need to be able to show
that you understand the different levels of organization.
I know that organisms are made up of cells. But what do cells do? And how do they work?
________________ are the basic units of all living things. Cells carry out the __________ functions of an
organism. In some ways, cells are a lot like factories. A furniture factory, for example, takes in raw
materials such as wood, turns them into finished products such as chairs and tables, and then sends
them out. The factory also needs a source of energy to run its tools, and it must get rid of wastes such as
sawdust.
Cells take in raw materials, such as _____________ _______________, change them into more-complex
molecules such as ______________, and then transport these molecules to where they are needed.
Cells produce _____________ for life processes by breaking down molecules like ______________.
They also get rid of waste molecules produced by these processes.
So how do cells make things?
Cells don’t make just anything. They make molecules. And the process by which cells make molecules is
called _____________________. One important molecule synthesized by plant cells is glucose. Plant
and animal cells use glucose as an energy source.
The synthesis of glucose by plant cells can be summed up with this chemical reaction:
(You need to know this process for the TAKS test!)
In plants, this process takes place in ___________________ called ______________________. It
requires light energy. For this reason, the process is called _________________________. (Photomeans “light.”) Animal cells also use glucose as an energy source. However, animal cells can’t make
glucose because they lack ________________________. So where do
animals get glucose? Animals get glucose from eating _____________ or from eating _____________
that eat ___________________.
What about proteins? How are they synthesized?
Proteins are complex molecules that have many functions in living things. For instance, they are one of
the main building materials in cells. Remember that proteins are made up of smaller units called
______________ _______________. The process by which amino acids are linked together to form a
protein is called _____________ ___________________.
Protein synthesis takes place on a cell’s ___________________. All types of cells have ribosomes, even
bacterial cells. This means that all types of cells are able to make their own proteins. Remind me to tell
you more about protein synthesis once we’ve talked about DNA.