Urban Fores sts sts & &
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Urban Fores sts & Public Healtth William Sullivan University of Illinois Take Home e Message g Expo osure to urban forests • Enhances E h h lth health • Across A lifespan Long g-term g term studies necessary This morning morning • Landscapes p then & now • Research design g • Review findings • Long-term studies 165 7 1 Change in Forrest Canopy Atl t Atlanta Washington g DC Portland, OR Chattanooga ª 36% ª 43% ª 48% ª 50% Do these settings promote wellness? Q Questions Consequences of living with little or no nearby nature on: Social functionin ng? Cognitive functio oning? Aggression & violence? Crime? H lth d Healthy develop l pmentt in i children? hild ? How This morning morning • Landscapes p then & now • Research design g • Review findings • Long-term studies Clinical Trial Two conditions • Treatment & Control • Random R d A Assignment i t Neighborhood d characteristics • • • • Variation in green Other features simiilar Random assignmen nt R id Residents don’t d ’ inf i fl fluence f green Data collectiion • Focus Groups Data collectiion • Focus Groups • Observations ~ 500 5 Data collectiion • Focus Groups • Observations ~ 500 • Structured intervviews ~ 530 Data collection • • • • Focus Groups Observations ~ 500 5 Structured intervviews ~ 530 Archival data This morning morning • Landscapes p then & now • Research design g • Review findings • Long-term studies Individua als Obs served Empirical Evid dence 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0 0 1- 2 3-4 5+ 0 0 C l Coley, K Kuo, & S Sullivan lli (1997) 1- 2 Taylor y Number of o Trees Present 3-4 Wells 5+ Empirical Evid dence dence K Kuo, Sullivan, S lli C Coley, l &B Brunson (1998) Empirical Evid dence K Kuo, Sullivan, S lli C Coley, l &B Brunson (1998) An interview study: 145 residents Asked about soccial dynamics Compared answ wers from people living with and without nearrby nature Empirical Evid dence What did we find? K Kuo, Sullivan, S lli C Coley, l &B Brunson (1998) 4 3 General Social Ties 2 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 General Social Ties 4 4 3 3 2 2 Socializing at Taylor 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 3 Greenness Greenness Nearby Neighbors 2 4 4 3 3 2 2 Local Sense of Comm. 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 0 1 2 Greenness 3 n.s. 4 General Social Ties 4 3 3 2 2 Socializing at Taylor 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 3 Greenness Greenness Nearby Neighbors 2 4 4 3 3 2 2 Local Sense of Comm. 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 0 1 2 Greenness 3 n.s. 4 General Social Ties p < .0001 4 3 3 2 2 Socializing at Taylor 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 3 Greenness Greenness Nearby Neighbors 2 4 4 3 3 2 2 Local Sense of Comm. 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 0 1 2 Greenness 3 n.s. 4 General Social Ties p < .0001 4 3 3 2 2 Socializing at Taylor 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 Nearby Neighbors 3 Greenness Greenness p < .001 4 2 4 3 3 2 2 Local Sense of Comm. 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 0 1 2 Greenness 3 n.s. 4 General Social Ties p < .0001 4 3 3 2 2 Socializing at Taylor 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 Nearby Neighbors 3 Greenness Greenness p < .001 4 2 p < .0001 4 3 3 2 2 Local Sense of Comm. 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 Greenness 3 0 1 2 Greenness 3 Empirical Evid dence dence • Kuo, Sullivan, Coley, & Brunson (1998) • Kweon, Sullivan, & Wiley (1998) • Sullivan, Kuo, & DePooter (2004) Domestic Vio olence An interview study: 145 residents Compared answ wers from people living with and without nearrbyy nature Domestic Vio olence How do you measu ure domestic violence? Use interviewerss who inspire trust Ask about “conflict tactics” answer Make it easy to a Mean Rates of Aggress sion Against Partner Past Year 1.6 no trees Mean Values M 1.4 trees 1.2 1 p < .05 0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Psychological Aggression Miild Violence Severe Violence Aggressive and a Violent Behavior Kuo & Sullivan, 2001 Mean Rates of Aggress sion Against Partner Past Year 1.6 no trees Mean Values M 1.4 trees 1.2 1 p < .05 0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Psychological Aggression Miild Violence Severe Violence Aggressive and a Violent Behavior Kuo & Sullivan, 2001 Mean Rates of Aggress sion Against Partner Past Year 1.6 no trees Mean Values M 1.4 trees 1.2 1 p < .05 0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Psychological Aggression Miild Violence Severe Violence Aggressive and a Violent Behavior Kuo & Sullivan, 2001 Mean Rates of Aggress sion Against Partner Past Year 1.6 no trees Mean Values M 1.4 trees 1.2 1 p < .05 0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Psychological Aggression Miild Violence Severe Violence Aggressive and a Violent Behavior Kuo & Sullivan, 2001 Mean Rates of Aggress sion Against Partner Past Year 1.6 no trees Mean Values M 1.4 trees 1.2 1 p < .05 0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Psychological Aggression Miild Violence Severe Violence Aggressive and a Violent Behavior Kuo & Sullivan, 2001 Crime Crime An archival study: 98 apartment buildings Measure densityy of vegetation FBI Part I crime statistics 9 Tottal Crim mes 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low M Medium Density of vegetation High K & Sullivan, Kuo S lli 2001b 9 Tottal Crim mes 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low M Medium Density of vegetation High K & Sullivan, Kuo S lli 2001b 9 Tottal Crim mes 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low M Medium Density of vegetation High K & Sullivan, Kuo S lli 2001b 9 Tottal Crim mes 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low M Medium Density of vegetation High Summary of findings f • Less aggression n and violence Kuo & Sullivan, 2001a • Lower levels of crime & incivilities Kuo & Sullivan, 2001b Brunson, Kuo, & Sullivan, ‘96 • Greater sense o of safety Kuo, Sullivan, Coley, & Brunson, ‘98 8 Kuo, Bacaicoa, & Sullivan, ‘98 Summary of findings f • Better social fun nctioning & social support Kuo, Sullivan, Coley, Brunson, ‘98 Kweon, Sullivan, Wiley, ‘98 Sullivan, Kuo, & DePooter, ‘04 • Better parental functioning f Taylor, Wiley, Kuo, & Sullivan, ‘98 • Healthier pattern ns of development Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, ‘02 Taylor, Wiley, Kuo, & Sullivan, ‘98 Impacts This morning morning • Landscapes p then & now • Research design g • Review findings • Long-term studies Clinical Trial Two conditions • Treatment & Control • Random R d A Assignment i t Clinical Trial Two conditions • Treatment & Control • Random R d A Assignment i t Clinical Trial for f Urban Forests 300 N Neighborhoods 200 Barren Neighborhoods 100 Remain Ba arren 100 Tree-Plantting 100 Green Controls Empirical Evid dence dence Mit h ll & P Mitchell Popham h (2008) • 40m ppeople p • 2001 - 2005 • Tracked • exposure • income • 366k died Empirical Evid dence dence Mit h ll & P Mitchell Popham h (2008) Empirical Evid dence Mit h ll & P Mitchell Popham h (2008) Incidenc ce Rate R Ratio 2 1.8 1.6 Highest Middle Lowest Linear (Highest) 1.4 Linear (Middle) Linear (Lowest) 1.2 1 No green Little green Some green Exposure to o Green More green Very green Take Home e Message g Expo osure to urban forests • Enhances E h h lth health • Across A lifespan Long g-term g term studies necessary
