Image Credits for the home page of the Visual Resources Center
For all other images on the website of the Department of Art History and the Visual
Resources Center, please see our Image Credits page
The captions below each image list the works from left to right
1. Malian (Bankoni), Equestrian Figure, 13th-15th century, Yale University Art Gallery,
New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
2. Nigerian (Benin), Plaque (detail), 17th century, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Gabonese (Kota), Reliquary Figure (Mbulu-Ngulu), 19th century, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
4. Gabonese (Fang), Female Guardian Figure (Bieri), 19th century, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
5. Nigerian (Nok), Female Figure, ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art Gallery,
New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. Edmonia Lewis, Bust of Dr. Dio Lewis, 1868, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
2. Henry Ossawa Tanner, Spinning by Firelight--The Boyhood of George Washington
Gray (detail), 1894, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Robert S. Duncanson, Still Life (detail), 1849, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Joshua Johnson, The Westwood Children (detail), ca. 1807, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Grafton Tyler Brown, View of Mount Rainier (detail), 1886, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
1. John Singleton Copley, Isaac Smith (detail), 1769, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
2. John Trumbull, Declaration of Independence (detail), 1786-1820, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Charles Willson Peale, George Washington at the Battle of Princeton (detail), 1781,
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph
provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Benjamin West, Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus
(detail), 1768, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Ralph Earl, Roger Sherman (detail), ca. 1775, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. George Wesley Bellows, Forty-two Kids (detail), 1907, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. George Wesley Bellows, Blue Morning (detail), 1909, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. George Wesley Bellows, Both Members of This Club (detail), 1909, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. George Wesley Bellows, Cliff Dwellers (detail), 1913, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. George Wesley Bellows, Lady Jean (detail), 1924, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. John Constable, Hadleigh Castle, the Mouth of the Thames--Morning after a Stormy
Night (detail), 1829, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
2. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Staffa, Fingal's Cave (detail), 1831-1832, Yale Center
for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the
Yale Center for British Art)
3. Joshua Reynolds, Mrs. Abington as Miss Prue in William Congreve's "Love for Love"
(detail), 1771, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
4. William Hogarth, The Beggar's Opera (detail), 1729, Yale Center for British Art, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British
Art)
5. Thomas Gainsborough, Portrait of a Woman (detail), ca. 1750, Yale Center for British
Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center
for British Art)
1. Mary Cassatt, Margot (Lefebvre) in Blue (detail), 1902, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
2. Mary Cassatt, The Letter, ca. 1891, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United
States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Mary Cassatt, Mother about to Wash Her Sleepy Child (detail), 1880, Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Mary Cassatt, The Coiffure (detail), ca. 1891, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Mary Cassatt, The Loge (detail), ca. 1878-1880, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Chinese (Shang), Food Vessel (Ding), ca. 11th century BCE, Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art
and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
2. Chinese (Western Zhou), Square Lidded Ritual Wine Container (Fangyi) with Taotie,
Serpents, and Birds, ca. 1050-975 BCE, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United
States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution)
3. Chinese (Shang), Ritual Vessel (Jue), ca. 12th-11th century BCE, Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art
and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
4. Chinese (Western Zhou), Lidded Ritual Wine Container (You) with Birds, ca. 10501000 BCE, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
5. Chinese (Western Han), Lidded Incense Burner (Xianglu) with Geometric Decoration
and Narrative Scenes, ca. 2nd century BCE, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
1. Wu Zhen, Fishermen (detail), ca. 1341, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United
States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution)
2. Dai Jin, Fishermen on an Autumn River (detail), 15th century, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. Traditionally attributed to Zhou Fang, Palace Ladies Playing Double Sixes (detail),
late 12th to mid-13th century, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States
(Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian
Institution)
4. Daoji, Peach Blossom Spring (detail), 1690s-early 1700s, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
5. Zhao Mengfu, Sheep and Goat (detail), ca. 1300, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
1. John Constable, Malvern Hall, Warwickshire (detail), 1820-1821, Yale Center for
British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
Center for British Art)
2. John Constable, The White Horse (detail), 1818-1819, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. John Constable, Stratford Mill (detail), 1819-1820, Yale Center for British Art, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British
Art)
4. John Constable, Wivenhoe Park, Essex (detail), 1816, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from Lower Marsh Close (detail), 1820, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
1. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Faun and His Family with a Slain Lion (detail), ca. 1526, J.
Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program)
2. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Crucifixion with the Converted Centurion (detail), 1538,
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph
provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Princess of Saxony (detail), ca. 1517, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Judgment of Paris (detail), 1527, Statens Museum for
Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens Museum for
Kunst/National Gallery of Denmark, www.smk.dk)
5. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Melancholy (detail), 1532, Statens Museum for Kunst,
Copenhagen, Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens Museum for
Kunst/National Gallery of Denmark, www.smk.dk)
1. Edgar Degas, Dancers at the Old Opera House (detail), ca. 1877, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Edgar Degas, Bellelli Sisters (Giovanna and Giuliana Bellelli) (detail), 1865-1866, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Edgar Degas, Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 1878-1881, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Edgar Degas, Au Louvre: La Peinture (Mary Cassatt) (detail), ca. 1879-1880, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Edgar Degas, Woman in the Bath Drying Her Arm (detail), 1880s or 1890s, J. Paul
Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the
Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Albrecht Dürer, Nativity (detail), 1504, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Albrecht Dürer, Nemesis (detail), ca. 1501-1502, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Albrecht Dürer, Coat of Arms with a Skull (detail), 1503, Los Angeles County Museum
of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Albrecht Dürer, The Little Horse (detail), 1505, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I (detail), 1514, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
1. Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, Cathedral of Saint John at 's-Hertogenbosch (detail), 1646,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Ambrosius Bosschaert, Bouquet of Flowers on a Ledge (detail), 1619, Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Paulus Potter, "Piebald" Horse (detail), ca. 1650-1654, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
4. Aelbert Cuyp, Maas at Dordrecht (detail), ca. 1650, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Frans Hals, Portrait of an Elderly Woman, traditionally called Mevrouw Bodolphe
(detail), 1643, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
1. Frans van Mieris the Elder, Doctor's Visit (detail), 1667, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
2. Pieter de Hooch, Dutch Courtyard (detail), 1658-1660, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance (detail), ca. 1664, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Jan Steen, Drawing Lesson (detail), ca. 1665, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Gerard ter Borch, Music Lesson (detail), ca. 1668, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
1. Jan van Goyen, Sandy Road with Thatched Cottages (detail), 1633, Yale University
Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
2. Meindert Hobbema, Wooded Landscape (detail), 1663, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Jacob van Ruisdael, Two Watermills and an Open Sluice (detail), 1653, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
4. Aelbert Cuyp, Flight into Egypt (detail), ca. 1655, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Salomon van Ruysdael, River View with Fishermen (detail), 1633, Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore)
1. Anthony van Dyck, Isabella Brant (detail), 1621, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Anthony van Dyck, Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (detail), 1637-1638, Yale Center
for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the
Yale Center for British Art)
3. Anthony van Dyck and workshop, Virgin and Child (detail), ca. 1630-1632, Walters
Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters
Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. Anthony van Dyck, Queen Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson (detail), 1633,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Anthony van Dyck, Portrait of Agostino Pallavicini (detail), ca. 1621, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
1. Thomas Eakins, Dr. Agnew (detail), ca. 1889, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
2. Thomas Eakins, Taking the Count (detail), 1898, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
3. Thomas Eakins, John Biglin in a Single Scull (detail), 1874, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
4. Thomas Eakins, Kathrin (detail), 1872, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Thomas Eakins, Maud Cook (Mrs. Robert C. Reid) (detail), 1895, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
1. Egyptian (Middle Kingdom), Relief Depicting a Sunshade Bearer, ca. 2040 BCE, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
2. Egyptian (Late Period), Seated Male Figure, ca. 664-525 BCE, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. Egyptian (Ptolemaic or Roman Period), Mummy Mask of a Woman, ca. 50 BCE-50
CE, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by
The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. Egyptian (New Kingdom), Female with Lotus, ca. 1473-1458 BCE, Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Attributed to the Isidora Master, Mummy Portrait of a Woman, ca. 100-110 CE, J.
Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Andrea del Castagno, David with the Head of Goliath (detail), ca. 1450-1455,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Domenico Veneziano, Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (detail), ca. 1445-1450,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Sandro Botticelli, Adoration of the Magi (detail), ca. 1478-1482, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Masaccio, Saint Andrew (detail), 1426, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Hercules and Deianira (detail), ca. 1475-1480, Yale University
Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
1. French, Armoire, ca. 1720-1725, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California,
United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
2. Martin Carlin, Table, ca. 1773, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United
States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
3. Attributed to André-Charles Boulle, Coffer on Stand, ca. 1684-1689, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
4. French, Writing Table, ca. 1670-1675, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California,
United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Bernard van Risenburgh II, Cartonnier with Bout de Bureau and Clock, ca. 1740, J.
Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Georges de La Tour, Magdalen with the Smoking Flame (detail), ca. 1638-1640, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Philippe de Champaigne, Omer Talon (detail), 1649, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Louis Le Nain, Peasant Interior (detail), ca. 1645, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Nicolas Poussin, Testament of Eudamidas (detail), 1644-1648, Statens Museum for
Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens Museum for
Kunst/National Gallery of Denmark, www.smk.dk)
5. Claude Lorrain, Pastoral Landscape (detail), 1648, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. Jean-Siméon Chardin, Soap Bubbles (detail), after 1739, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. François Boucher, Madame Bergeret (detail), possibly 1766, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Antoine Watteau, Ceres (Summer) (detail), ca. 1717-1718, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Laundress (detail), 1761, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
5. Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Young Girl Reading (detail), ca. 1770, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. French, Last Judgment (detail of the tympanum), ca. 1124-1135, Sainte-Foy,
Conques, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College
Teaching)
2. French, Prophet Jeremiah (?) (trumeau of the south portal), ca. 1115-1135, SaintPierre, Moissac, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College
Teaching)
3. French, Central Portal of the West Façade (one of the "Royal Portals"), ca. 11451170, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art
Images for College Teaching)
4. Gislebertus, Last Judgment (detail of the tympanum), ca. 1130-1140, Saint-Lazare,
Autun, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. French, Visitation (jamb figures on the central portal of the west façade), 13th century,
Reims Cathedral, Reims, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for
College Teaching)
1. Thomas Gainsborough, Mary Little, Later Lady Carr (detail), ca. 1763, Yale Center for
British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
Center for British Art)
2. Thomas Gainsborough, Seashore with Fishermen (detail), ca. 1781-1782, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
3. Thomas Gainsborough, The Gravenor Family (detail), ca. 1754, Yale Center for
British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
Center for British Art)
4. Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (detail), 1785-1787, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
5. Thomas Gainsborough, William Lowndes, Auditor of His Majesty's Court of
Exchequer (detail), 1771, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United
States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
1. Albrecht Dürer, Lot and His Daughters (detail), ca. 1496-1499, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Mary Magdalene (?) (detail), ca. 1525, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
3. Matthias Grünewald, Small Crucifixion (detail), ca. 1511-1520, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Hans Baldung, Saint Anne with the Christ Child, the Virgin, and Saint John the
Baptist (detail), ca. 1511, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States
(Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of a Hanseatic Merchant (detail), 1538, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
1. Vincent van Gogh, Potato Eaters (detail), 1885, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Vincent van Gogh, Night Café (detail), 1888, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Vincent van Gogh, Irises (detail), 1889, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
4. Vincent van Gogh, Bridge at Langlois (detail), 1888, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait (detail), 1889, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. French, Chartres Cathedral, 1194-1221, Chartres, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. French, Amiens Cathedral, 1220- ca. 1270, Amiens, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. French, Notre-Dame Cathedral, 1163-ca. 1245, Paris, France (Photograph copyright
© Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. French, Reims Cathedral, begun 1211, Reims, France (Photograph copyright © Allan
T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. French, Rouen Cathedral, rebuilt after 1200, Rouen, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
1. Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (plate 43 from Los
Caprichos), 1799, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United
States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
www.lacma.org)
2. Francisco de Goya, Portrait of the Marquesa de Santiago (detail), 1804, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
3. Francisco de Goya, Contemptuous of the Insults, ca. 1816-1820, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
4. Francisco de Goya, Here Comes the Bogey-man (plate 3 from Los Caprichos), 1799,
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Francisco de Goya, Señora Sabasa Garcia (detail), ca. 1806-1811, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. El Greco, Saint Ildefonso (detail), ca. 1603-1614, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. El Greco, Saint Martin and the Beggar (detail), 1597-1599, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. El Greco, Madonna and Child with Saint Martina and Saint Agnes (detail), 1597-1599,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. El Greco, Christ Cleansing the Temple (detail), probably before 1570, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
5. El Greco, Saint Jerome (detail), ca. 1610-1614, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Greek, Temple of Hera II, ca. 470-460 BCE, Paestum, Italy (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. Greek, Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 420 BCE, Acropolis, Athens, Greece (Photograph
copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. Greek, Tholos, ca. 390 BCE, Sanctuary of Athena Pronoaia, Delphi, Greece
(Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. Greek, Temple of Apollo, ca. 560 BCE, Corinth, Greece (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. Greek, Erechtheion, ca. 420 BCE, Acropolis, Athens, Greece (Photograph copyright
© Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
1. Douris, Attic White-ground Lekythos, ca. 500-490 BCE, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
2. Paseas, Attic Red-figure Plate, ca. 520-510 BCE, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
3. Aegisthus Painter, Attic Red-figure Calyx Krater, ca. 470 BCE, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
4. Brygos Painter, Attic Red-figure Kylix, ca. 490 BCE, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
5. Kleophrades Painter, Attic Black-figure Panathenaic Prize Amphora, ca. 490 BCE,
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph
provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
1. Guercino, Landscape with a View of a Fortified Port (detail), ca. 1635, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
2. Guercino, Christ Preaching in the Temple (detail), ca. 1625-1627, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
3. Guercino, Caricature of a Man Wearing a Large Hat (detail), ca. 1630-1640, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Guercino, Rest on the Flight into Egypt (detail), ca. 1626, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Guercino, Madonna and Child with an Escaped Goldfinch (detail), early 1630s,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. William Hogarth, Before (detail), 1730-1731, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
2. William Hogarth, Gin Lane (detail), 1751, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. William Hogarth, Scene from The Beggar's Opera (detail), 1728-1729, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
4. William Hogarth, Self-Portrait (detail), 1749, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
5. William Hogarth, Time Smoking a Picture (detail), 1761, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Winslow Homer, Game of Croquet (detail), 1866, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
2. Winslow Homer, Waterfall in the Adirondacks (detail), ca. 1889, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. Winslow Homer, Old Mill (The Morning Bell) (detail), 1871, Yale University Art Gallery,
New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
4. Winslow Homer, After the Hunt (detail), 1892, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Winslow Homer, Eight Bells (detail), 1887, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Sanford Robinson Gifford, October in the Catskills (detail), 1880, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Thomas Cole, View of the Mountain Pass called the Notch of the White Mountains
(Crawford Notch) (detail), 1839, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States
(Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Albert Bierstadt, Yosemite Valley, Glacier Point Trail (detail), ca. 1873, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Asher Brown Durand, The Catskills (detail), 1859, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
5. Frederic Edwin Church, Niagara (detail), 1857, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Jean-Baptiste-Armand Guillaumin, Bridge of Louis Philippe (detail), 1875, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
2. Auguste Renoir, Pont Neuf, Paris (detail), 1872, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Edouard Manet, Rue Mosnier with Flags (detail), 1878, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
4. Camille Pissarro, La Place du Théâtre Français (detail), 1898, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Stanislas Lépine, Estacade Bridge (detail), 1880, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
1. Islamic, Mosque of Bab Mardun, ca. 960-999, Toledo, Spain (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. Islamic (Nasrid), Alhambra, 14th century, Granada, Spain (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. Turkish (Ottoman), Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Blue Mosque), 1609-1616, Istanbul,
Turkey (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. Islamic (Umayyad), Great Mosque, begun 785-786, Córdoba, Spain (Photograph
copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. Turkish (Ottoman), Topkapi Palace, 16th century, Istanbul, Turkey (Photograph
copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
1. Egyptian (Mamluk), Mosque Lamp, ca. 1360, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
2. Qanbar ibn Mahmud, Mausoleum Doors (detail), 1551-1552, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
3. Persian (Samanid), Bowl with an Arabic Inscription Reading "Glory Be to God," 10th
century, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Maqsud Kashani, Ardabil Carpet (detail), 1539-1540, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Yunus ibn Yusuf, Ewer, 1246-1247, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland,
United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
1. Duccio, Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (detail), 1308-1311, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
2. Bernardo Daddi, Vocation of Saint Dominic (detail), ca. 1338, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Orcagna, Crucifixion, 1350s, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United
States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. Taddeo Gaddi, Lamentation over the Dead Christ (detail), ca. 1335-1340, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Simone Martini, Saint Luke (detail), 1330s, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Domenico Veneziano, Madonna and Child (detail), ca. 1445-1450, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Jacopo Bellini, Madonna and Child (detail), ca. 1465, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child (detail), ca. 1440, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Gentile da Fabriano, Virgin and Child (detail), ca. 1420-1424, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
5. Pietro Perugino, Madonna and Child (detail), ca. 1500, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Sandro Botticelli, Giuliano de' Medici (detail), ca. 1478-1480, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Pietro Perugino, Portrait of Lorenzo di Credi (detail), 1488, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Filippino Lippi, Portrait of a Youth (detail), ca. 1485, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Andrea del Castagno, Portrait of a Man (detail), ca. 1450, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Giovanni Bellini, Portrait of a Young Man in Red (detail), ca. 1480, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Ercole de' Roberti, Head of a Mourning Woman (detail), late 15th century, Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore)
2. Master of the Osservanza, Saint Anthony Abbot Tormented by Demons (detail), ca.
1435-1440, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Pietro Perugino, Crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John (central panel of a triptych),
ca. 1482-1485, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph
courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Andrea Mantegna, Christ as the Suffering Redeemer (detail), ca. 1495-1500, Statens
Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens
Museum for Kunst/National Gallery of Denmark, www.smk.dk)
5. Giovanni Bellini, Saint Jerome Reading (detail), 1505, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Desiderio da Settignano, Little Boy, ca. 1455-1460, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Antonio Rossellino, Madonna and Child, ca. 1475-1478, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Andrea del Verrocchio, Putto Poised on a Globe, probably 1480, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Italian (Florentine), Saint John the Baptist, ca. 1490, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Saint Jerome, ca. 1477, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Bernardino Luini, Portrait of a Lady (detail), ca. 1520-1525, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Moretto da Brescia, Portrait of a Lady in White (detail), ca. 1540, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of a Young Woman as a Wise Virgin (detail), ca.
1510, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Agnolo Bronzino, Young Woman and Her Little Boy (detail), ca. 1540, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
5. Titian, Portrait of a Lady (detail), ca. 1555, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Mattia Preti, Saint Veronica with the Veil (detail), ca. 1655-1660, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Domenico Fetti, Christ and the Tribute Money (detail), ca. 1618-1620, Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore)
3. Guido Reni, Penitent Magdalene (detail), ca. 1635, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. Tanzio da Varallo, Saint Sebastian (detail), ca. 1620-1630, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Orazio Gentileschi, Lute Player (detail), ca. 1612-1620, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Attributed to Fujiwara no Nobuzane, Portrait of Minamoto no Kintada (detail), ca.
1186-1334, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
2. Sesshu Toyo, Landscape (detail), late 15th century, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. Katsushika Hokusai, Boy Viewing Mount Fuji (detail), 1839, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
4. Tawaraya Sotatsu, Waves at Matsushima (detail), 17th century, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
5. Ogata Korin, Cranes (detail), late 17th-early 18th century, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
1. Kitagawa Utamaro, Wakana and Wakanoura of Wakanaya (from Facing Mirrors:
Courtesans of the Pleasure Quarters) (detail), ca. 1800, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
2. Katsushika Hokusai, Kirifuri Waterfall at Mount Kurokami in Shimotsuke Province
(from Famous Waterfalls in Various Provinces) (detail), 1833, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. Suzuki Harunobu, Descending Geese of the Koto (detail), ca. 1766, Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art
and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
4. Toshusai Sharaku, The Actor Iwai Hanshiro IV (detail), 1794, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
5. Utagawa Hiroshige, Sudden Shower over the Shin-Ohashi Bridge and Atake (from
One Hundred Famous Views of Edo), 1857, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
1. Felipe de Estrada, Virgin with the Christ Child and Little Bird, late 18th century, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Peruvian (Cuzco), Virgin of Bélen (detail), ca. 1700-1720, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Manuel Arellano, Virgin of Guadalupe (detail), 1691, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Peruvian (Huamanga), Virgin of Carmen with the Christ Child, 18th century, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Peruvian (Cuzco?), Virgin Adoring the Christ Child with Two Saints (detail), 18th
century, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States
(Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, http://www.lacma.org)
1. Edouard Manet, Café-Concert (detail), ca. 1879, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
2. Edouard Manet, The Railway (detail), 1873, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Edouard Manet, Young Woman Reclining in Spanish Costume (detail), 1862-1863,
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph
provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Edouard Manet, Woman Lying on the Beach: Annabel Lee (detail), ca. 1881, Statens
Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens
Museum for Kunst/National Gallery of Denmark, www.smk.dk)
5. Edouard Manet, Jeanne (Spring) (detail), 1881, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Byzantine, Saint Mark (detail of a detached folio from a Gospel lectionary), early 11th
century, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided
by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
2. Ottonian, Women at the Tomb (detail of folio 19v from a sacramentary), ca. 10251050, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image
courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
3. English, Harrowing of Hell (detail of folio 82v from the Illustrated Vita Christi), ca.
1190, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image
courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
4. Silesian, Saint Hedwig of Silesia (detail of folio 12v from the Vita beatae Hedwigis),
1353, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image
courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Boucicaut Master, Mary Magdalene (detail of folio 274v from a book of hours), ca.
1415-1420, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image
courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Rhenish, Arm Reliquary of Saint Pantaleon, late 13th century, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
2. French, Stained-glass Window with Scenes from the Life of Saint Vincent (detail),
1245-1247, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph
provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
3. Carolingian, Book-cover Plaque with the Crucifixion and Holy Women at the Tomb,
ca. 870-880, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph
provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. French (Limoges), Reliquary Shrine with the Adoration of the Magi, ca. 1220-1230,
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
5. Visigothic, Eagle Fibula, 6th century, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland,
United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
1. French, Virgin and Child, ca. 1350-1360, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland,
United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
2. German (?), Diptych Leaf with the Crucifixion and the Martyrdom of Saint Thomas
Becket, ca. 1350-1375, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
(Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
3. French, Virgin and Child, ca. 1175-1225, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland,
United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. English (Nottingham), Resurrection, ca. 1450-1490, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
5. French, Head of an Old Testament King, ca. 1140, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
1. Daniel Libeskind, Frederic C. Hamilton Building, Denver Art Museum, 2006, Denver,
Colorado, United States (Photograph copyright © 2015 Derek D. Churchill)
2. Richard Meier, High Museum of Art, 1980-1983, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
(Photograph copyright © 2010 Derek D. Churchill)
3. I. M. Pei, Indiana University Art Museum, 1982, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
(Photograph copyright © 2007 Derek D. Churchill)
4. Renzo Piano, Whitney Museum of American Art, 2015, New York, New York, United
States (Photograph copyright © 2015 Derek D. Churchill)
5. Santiago Calatrava Valls, Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee Art Museum, 1994-2001,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States (Photograph copyright © 2014 Derek D. Churchill)
1. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Girl in White Chemise (detail), 1914, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
2. Theo van Doesburg, Simultaneous Composition (detail), 1929, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Kazimir Malevich, Knife Grinder (detail), 1912-1913, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
4. Juan Gris, Fantômas (detail), 1915, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United
States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Amedeo Modigliani, Madame Amédée (Woman with Cigarette) (detail), 1918,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Amedeo Modigliani, Head of a Woman, 1910-1911, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Amedeo Modigliani, Chaim Soutine (detail), 1917, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Amedeo Modigliani, Alice (detail), ca. 1918, Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen,
Denmark (Photograph provided by the Statens Museum for Kunst/National Gallery of
Denmark, www.smk.dk)
4. Amedeo Modigliani, Young Woman of the People (detail), 1918, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Amedeo Modigliani, Portrait of a Young Woman (detail), 1918, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
1. Claude Monet, Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning (detail), 1891, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
2. Claude Monet, Waterloo Bridge, London, at Sunset (detail), 1903, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Claude Monet, Japanese Footbridge (detail), 1899, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Claude Monet, Houses of Parliament, Sunset (detail), 1903, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Claude Monet, Portal of Rouen Cathedral in Morning Light (detail), 1894, J. Paul
Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the
Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Mesopotamian (Neo-Babylonian), Lion Relief from the Processional Way (detail), ca.
605-562 BCE, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
2. Mesopotamian (Sumerian), Headless Male Figure Wearing Kanache, ca. 3000 BCE,
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
3. Iranian (Luristan), Finial, ca. 1000-500 BCE, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
4. Persian (Achaemenid), Fragment of a Relief: Man Holding Covered Cup (detail), late
6th-5th century BCE, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United
States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Mesopotamian (Neo-Assyrian), Eagle-headed Deity (detail), 9th century BCE, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
1. Petrus Christus, Portrait of a Man (detail), ca. 1465, Los Angeles County Museum of
Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Rogier van der Weyden, Saint George and the Dragon (detail), ca. 1432-1435,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Dieric Bouts, Annunciation (detail), ca. 1450-1455, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
4. Hieronymus Bosch, Allegory of Intemperance (detail), ca. 1495-1500, Yale University
Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
5. Hugo van der Goes, Portrait of a Man at Prayer with Saint John the Baptist (detail),
ca. 1475, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph
provided by The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
1. Nigerian (Nok), Male Figure, ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
2. Nigerian (Nok), Anthropomorphic Head, ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Nigerian (Nok), Female Figure (Fragment), ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
4. Nigerian (Nok), Female Figure (Fragment), ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
5. Nigerian (Nok), Head, ca. 900 BCE-500 CE, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
1. Phidias, Dionysos (?), from the Parthenon (East Pediment D) (detail), 438-432 BCE,
British Museum, London, England, United Kingdom (Photograph copyright © Allan T.
Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. Phidias, Centaur and Lapith, from the Parthenon (South Metope XXXI) (detail), 447438 BCE, British Museum, London, England, United Kingdom (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. Phidias, Five Gods and the Peplos Ritual, from the Parthenon (East Frieze, Block V)
(detail), 438-432 BCE, British Museum, London, England, United Kingdom (Photograph
copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. Phidias, Iris, from the Parthenon (West Pediment N), 438-432 BCE, British Museum,
London, England, United Kingdom (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for
College Teaching)
5. Phidias, Two Horsemen, from the Parthenon (West Frieze, Block II) (detail), 438-432
BCE, British Museum, London, England, United Kingdom (Photograph copyright © Allan
T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
1. Timothy H. O'Sullivan, Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle, New Mexico, in a Niche
Fifty Feet above Present Cañon Bed (detail), 1873, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
2. Gertrude Käsebier, Blessed Art Thou among Women (detail), 1899, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
3. Eadweard Muybridge, Animal Locomotion (detail), 1887, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content
Program)
4. Gustave Le Gray, Mediterranean Sea, Sète, No. 18 (detail), 1857, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
5. Lewis Wickes Hine, Sadie Pfeiffer, Spinner in Cotton Mill, North Carolina (detail),
negative 1910, print ca. 1920s-1930s, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California,
United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
1. Raphael, Bindo Altoviti (detail), ca. 1515, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Raphael, Small Cowper Madonna (detail), ca. 1505, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Raphael, Alba Madonna (detail), ca. 1510, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Raphael, Saint George and the Dragon (detail), ca. 1506, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Raphael, Niccolini-Cowper Madonna (detail), 1508, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of Marten Looten (detail), 1632, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Rembrandt van Rijn, Raising of Lazarus (detail), ca. 1630-1632, Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Mill (detail), 1645-1648, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Rembrandt van Rijn, Daniel and Cyrus before the Idol Bel (detail), 1633, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
5. Rembrandt van Rijn, Lucretia (detail), 1664, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Rembrandt van Rijn, Faust (detail), ca. 1652, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
2. Rembrandt van Rijn, Hundred Guilder Print (detail), ca. 1649, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait Leaning on a Stone Sill (detail), 1639, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
4. Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Six (detail), 1647, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
5. Rembrandt van Rijn, Three Trees (detail), 1643, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. Joshua Reynolds, Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Godrey Wentworth (detail), 1763, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
2. Joshua Reynolds, Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children (detail), 1777-1779,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Joshua Reynolds, Lady Caroline Howard (detail), 1778, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Joshua Reynolds, Charles Stanhope, Third Earl of Harrington, and a Servant (detail),
1782, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph
provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
5. Joshua Reynolds, Sarah Campbell (detail), 1777-1778, Yale Center for British Art,
New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for
British Art)
1. Auguste Rodin, The Shade, modeled ca. 1880, enlarged ca. 1901, cast 1969, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Auguste Rodin, Prodigal Son, modeled ca. 1884/1894-1899, cast 1967, Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
3. Auguste Rodin, Monument to Honoré de Balzac, modeled 1897, cast 1967, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, modeled 1880, cast 1901, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Auguste Rodin, Saint John the Baptist Preaching, modeled 1878, cast 1966, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
1. Roman, Pont du Gard, late 1st century BCE, near Nîmes, France (Photograph
copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. Roman, Library of Celsus, 135 CE, Ephesus, Turkey (Photograph copyright © Allan T.
Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. Roman, Street in Pompeii, city destroyed 79 CE, Pompeii, Italy (Photograph copyright
© Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. Roman, Trajan's Column, dedicated 113 CE, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy
(Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. Roman, Colosseum, 69-80 CE, Rome, Italy (Photograph copyright © Allan T. Kohl/Art
Images for College Teaching)
1. Roman, Portrait of Emperor Augustus, 27 BCE-14 CE, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
2. Roman, Portrait of Caligula, 37-41 CE, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Roman, Portrait Head of Nerva, 96-98 CE, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
4. Roman, Portrait of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
5. Roman, Fragment of a Togate Statue of Diocletian, ca. 295-300 CE, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
1. French, Saint-Philibert, early 11th century, Tournus, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
2. French, Abbey Church, 1088-1118, Cluny, France (Photograph copyright © Allan T.
Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
3. French, La Madeleine, ca. 1120-1132, Vézelay, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
4. French, Saint-Sernin, ca. 1080-1120, Toulouse, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
5. French, Sainte-Trinité, begun 1062-1066, Caen, France (Photograph copyright ©
Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching)
1. Francisco de Goya, Bullfight, Suerte de Varas (detail), 1824, J. Paul Getty Museum,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open
Content Program)
2. Thomas Cole, Scene from Byron's "Manfred" (detail), 1833, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
3. Caspar David Friedrich, Walk at Dusk (detail), ca. 1830-1835, J. Paul Getty Museum,
Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open
Content Program)
4. Théodore Géricault, Riderless Racers at Rome (detail), 1817, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
5. John Martin, The Bard (detail), ca. 1817, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
1. Peter Paul Rubens, Assumption of the Virgin (detail), 1636-1638, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
2. Peter Paul Rubens, Peace Embracing Plenty (detail), 1633-1634, Yale Center for
British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
Center for British Art)
3. Peter Paul Rubens, Daniel in the Lions' Den (detail), ca. 1614-1616, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Peter Paul Rubens, Holy Family with Saint Elizabeth, Saint John, and a Dove (detail),
ca. 1609, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States
(Photograph provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
5. Peter Paul Rubens, Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria (detail), 1606, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. John Singer Sargent, Marie Buloz Pailleron (Madame Édouard Pailleron) (detail),
1879, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. John Singer Sargent, Nonchaloir (Repose) (detail), 1911, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. John Singer Sargent, Street in Venice (detail), 1882, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. John Singer Sargent, En route pour la pêche (Setting Out to Fish) (detail), 1878,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National
Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. John Singer Sargent, Miss Beatrice Townsend (detail), 1882, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait (detail), ca. 1630, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. William Hogarth, Self-Portrait (detail), ca. 1735, Yale Center for British Art, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British
Art)
3. Paul Gauguin, Self-Portrait (detail), 1889, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait (detail), 1659, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Leon Battista Alberti, Self-Portrait, ca. 1435, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Georges Seurat, Seascape at Port-en-Bessin, Normandy (detail), 1888, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
2. Georges Seurat, Echo (Study for "Bathers at Asnières") (detail), 1883-1884, Yale
University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by
the Yale University Art Gallery)
3. Georges Seurat, Black Cow in a Meadow (detail), ca. 1881, Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale
University Art Gallery)
4. Georges Seurat, Study for "La Grande Jatte" (detail), ca. 1884-1885, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Georges Seurat, Seascape (Gravelines) (detail), 1890, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
1. Francisco de Zurbarán, Saint Lucy (detail), ca. 1625-1630, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Jusepe de Ribera, Euclid (detail), ca. 1630-1635, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles,
California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
3. Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (detail), 1680-1682,
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
4. Diego Velázquez, The Needlewoman (detail), ca. 1640-1650, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. El Greco, Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (detail), ca. 1585-1590, Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore)
1. Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (detail), ca. 1821, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Gilbert Stuart, John Adams (detail), ca. 1821, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Jefferson (detail), ca. 1821, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
4. Gilbert Stuart, James Madison (detail), ca. 1821, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Gilbert Stuart, James Monroe (detail), ca. 1817, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Virgin and Child (detail), ca. 1720-1725, Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore)
2. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Scipio Africanus Freeing Massiva (detail), 1719-1721,
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
3. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Wealth and Benefits of the Spanish Monarchy under
Charles III (detail), 1762, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States
(Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Alexander the Great and Campaspe in the Studio of
Apelles (detail), ca. 1740, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States
(Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Madonna of the Goldfinch (detail), ca. 1767-1770, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of
Art, Washington)
1. Titian, Venus with a Mirror (detail), ca. 1555, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
2. Titian, Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos (detail), ca. 1547, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
3. Titian, Ranuccio Farnese (detail), 1542, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Titian, Cupid with the Wheel of Fortune (detail), ca. 1520, National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
5. Titian, Doge Andrea Gritti (detail), 1546-1548, National Gallery of Art, Washington,
DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Mortlake Terrace (detail), 1827, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art,
Washington)
2. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort Packet-boat from
Rotterdam Becalmed (detail), 1818, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut,
United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
3. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Lake Avernus: Aeneas and the Cumaean Sybil
(detail), 1814-1815, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
(Photograph provided by the Yale Center for British Art)
4. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore
(detail), 1834, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph
courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
5. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight (detail),
1835, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
National Gallery of Art, Washington)
1. Canaletto, Piazza San Marco Looking South and West (detail), 1763, Los Angeles
County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph provided by
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
2. Giovanni Paolo Panini, View of the Roman Forum (detail), 1747, Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore)
3. Francesco Guardi, Temporary Tribune in the Campo San Zanipolo, Venice (detail),
1782 or after, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph
courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
4. Luca Carlevarijs, Bucintoro Departing from the Bacino di San Marco (detail), 1710, J.
Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of
the Getty's Open Content Program)
5. Bernardo Bellotto, Lock at Dolo (detail), ca. 1745, Yale University Art Gallery, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale University Art
Gallery)
1. James McNeill Whistler, Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen (detail),
1864, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
2. James McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Black: Portrait of F. R. Leyland (detail),
1870-1873, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
3. James McNeill Whistler, Princess from the Land of Porcelain, 1863-1865, Freer
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of
Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
4. James McNeill Whistler, Harmony in Green and Rose: The Music Room (detail),
1860-1861, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy
of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
5. James McNeill Whistler, Thames in Ice (detail), 1860, Freer Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, United States (Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution)
1. Rosalba Carriera, Sir James Gray, 2nd Bt. (detail), ca. 1744-1745, J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles, California, United States (Digital image courtesy of the Getty's
Open Content Program)
2. Elisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun, The Marquise de Pezay, and the Marquise de Rougé
with Her Sons Alexis and Adrien (detail), 1787, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
United States (Photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington)
3. Sofonisba Anguissola, Portrait of Marquess Massimiliano Stampa (detail), 1557,
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, United States (Photograph provided by The
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
4. Angelica Kauffmann, Rinaldo and Armida (detail), 1771, Yale Center for British Art,
New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Photograph provided by the Yale Center for
British Art)
5. Clara Peeters, Still Life with Cheeses, Artichoke, and Cherries (detail), ca. 1625, Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, United States (Photograph
provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, www.lacma.org)
rev. 12/5/2015