Syllabus For
Master of Pharmacy
(M. Pharm)
(Two year full time course)
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Saurashtra University
Rajkot - 360 005
M. Pharm. Semester-I
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I
Interdisciplinary paper - I
Modern Analytical Techniques-I Theory
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
UNIT-I
UV‐VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY :
Brief review of electromagnetic spectrum and absorption of radiations. The chromophore
concept, absorption law and limitations. Theory of electronic spectroscopy, absorption by
organic molecules, choice of solvent and solvent effects. Applications of UV‐Visible
spectroscopy, Woodward –Fischer rules for calculating absorption maximum, interpretation of
spectra, multi‐component assay, difference spectra and derivative spectra.
INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY :
Introduction, basic principles, and sampling techniques, interpretation of spectra, applications in
Pharmacy. FT‐IR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Near infra red Spectroscopy (NIR)
‐theory and applications.
UNIT-II
ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY:
Principle, instrumentation, interferences and applications in Pharmacy.
REFERENCE STANDARDS
Reference standards source, preparation, characterization, usage, storage and records.
UNIT-III
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Fundamental Principles and Theory, Instrumentation, solvents, chemical shift, and factors
affecting chemical shift, spin‐spin coupling, coupling constant, and factors influencing the value
of coupling constant, spin‐spin decoupling, proton exchange reactions, simplification of complex
spectra, FTNMR, 2D ‐NMR and applications in Pharmacy, interpretation of spectra. C13
NMR‐Introduction, Natural abundance, C13 NMR Spectra and its structural applications.
UNIT-IV
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Basic principles and instrumentation, ion formation and types, fragmentation processes and
fragmentation pattern, Chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (CIMS), Field Ionization Mass
Spectrometry (FIMS), Fast Atom Bombardment MS (FAB MS), Matrix Assisted laser
desorption / ionization MS (MALDI‐MS), interpretation of spectra and applications in Pharmacy.
Books Recommended:
1.
Instrumental Methods of Analysis - Scoog and West.
2.
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds - Silverstein et., al.
3.
Instrumental Method of Analysis - Willard Dean & Merrit.
4.
Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry — A.I. Vogel.
5.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I & Vol. II — Becket and Stanlake.
6.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I & Vol. II — L.G.Chatten.
7.
Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis - K.A. Connors.
8.
Pharmaceutical Analysis — Hiquchi, Bechmman, Hassan.
9.
Methods of Drug Analysis — Gearien, Graboski.
10.
Text Book of BioPharmaceutic Analysis — Robert Smith and James Stewart.
11.
Pharmaceutical Analysis — Modern methods — Part A and B — Munson James. W.
12.
Quantitative Analysis of Drugs — Garrot.
13.
Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations — P. D. Sethi.
14.
IP/BP/USP.
15.
Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds — Dyer.
16.
Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances — Florey [Volume 13].
17.
Spectroscopy of Organic Compound - P. 5. Kalsi, Wiely Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
18.
Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules — V. M. Parikh, Addision — Wesley
Publishing Company, London.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I
Interdisciplinary paper - II
Modern Analytical Techniques-I Practical
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
1. Use of colorimeter for analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations.
2. Use of Spectro photometer for analysis for Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations.
3. Simultaneous estimation of combination formulations (minimum of 4 experiments)
a. Vitamins
b. Oral antidiabetics
c. NSAIDs
d. Antimicrobials
e. Antihistamines
f. Antihypertensive etc.
4. Effect of pH and solvent on UV Spectrum of certain drugs.
5. Experiments on flame photometry.
6. Use of fluorimeter for analysis of Pharmacopoieal compounds.
IR, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy – Interpretation of spectra & Structural elucidation
(atleast for 4 compounds each).
7 . Any other relevant exercises based on theory.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – I (Core Subject-I)
Fundamentals of Biotechnology Theory
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
Unit - I
1. Microbial biotechnology :
• Bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and viruses- structure, chemistry, morphology,
nomenclature, general classification, molecular & genotypic taxonomy, cultural,
physiological and reproductive features, methods of isolation, cultivation, and
maintenance of pure cultures. Industrially important micro organisms- examples and
applications.
• Microbial pathology – identifying features of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses,
mechanism of microbial pathogenicity, etiology and pathology of common microbial
diseases and currently recommended therapies for common bacterial, fungal & viral
infections.
Unit - II
2. Molecular Biology :
• Structure of nucleus and chromosome, Nucleic acids and composition, Different
structures of DNA, DNA packaging, C-value paradox, genomic organization in
prokaryotes and Archaebacteria. Bacterial characteristics determined by plasmids,
Molecular properties of plasmid, Plasmid stability, method for studying plasmids.
• Central dogma of molecular biology: Replication, Transcription and posttranscriptional/transcriptional controls, transcription factors.
• Gene regulation: Gene copy number, transcriptional control and translational control.
RNA processing: Modification and Maturation, RNA splicing, RNA editing, RNA
amplification. Control of diversity in protein synthesis through alternate RNA splicing
mechanisms.
Unit - III
3. Cellular Biology :
• Cell structure & function- cell organelles, cytoskeleton & cell movements, basic aspects
of cell regulation, bioenergetics and fuelling reactions of aerobics and anaerobics,
secondary metabolism & its applications. Intracellular vesicular traffic, cell
communication, cell cycle and apoptosis, mechanism of cell division. Cell
junctions/adhesion and extra cellular matrix, germ cells and fertilization, histology – the
life and death of cells in tissues.
• Cell Cycle and Cytoskeleton: Cell Division and its Regulation, G-Protein Coupled
Receptors, Kinases, Nuclear receptors, Cytoskeleton & cell movements, Intermediate
Filaments. Microtubules, Functional Role and Therapeutic Potential of Cytoskeleton.
• Apoptosis and Oncogenes: - Programmed Cell Death, Tumor cells, Proto-oncogenes,
oncogenic mutations, cell cycle & controls, carcinogens & repair.
• Differentiation and Developmental Biology : Fertilization, Events of Fertilization, InVitro Fertilization, Embryonic Germ Cells, Stem Cells and its Application
Unit - IV
4. Genomics :
• Basic understanding of genome and its structure & function- genome, difference between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome, transcriptome, proteome, phylogenetics. : Genes in
development, the dynamic genome; DNA in flux, Control of Prokaryotic gene
expression. Studying mapping, sequencing human genome & understanding genome
sequence, genetic disorders, Positional cloning, mutation, repair & recombination.
• Functional analysis of gene variation, Genotyping techniques, Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism, Pharmacogenomic Management.
Books Recommended:
1. Microbiology : Pelczar
2. General microbiology by R.Y. Steiner
3. Essential and application of microbiology, ZUDYKANDAL
4. Actionomyocytes : Waxman S.A.
5. Genomes by T. A. Brown.
6. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish.
7. Genes V And VI by Lewin Benjamin.
8. Biotechnology the biological principles by M. D. Trevan, S. Bofley.
9. Modern Biotechnology by Primrose.
10. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation by David Lachman.
11. Microbial genetics by David Friefelder.
12. Functional genomics-Methods & Applications by Brown.
13. Molecular cloning by Sambrooke.
14. Industrial Microbiology by LE Casida
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – I (Core Subject-II)
Fundamentals of Biotechnology Practical
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
Practicals : Laboratory examination including oral and practical examination in general course
illustrative of theory section in the syllabus 1. Basic Laboratory Procedure – Instrument Introduction and Handling, Maintenance,
Aseptic condition maintenance, Sterilization, Microscopy, etc.
2. Basic Microbiology Practicals : Culturing and harvesting of microbes. Staining and
identification. Maintenance.
3. Isolation of human DNA, quality assessment by spectrophotometer and gel
electrophoresis, restriction digestion of DNA, and separation of DNA fragments by gel
electrophoresis, staining of bands with ETH-Br, DNA visualization.
4. Isolation of RNA from microbial sources and estimation.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – II (Core Subject-III)
Advanced Biochemistry, Bioprecessing and Immunotechnology Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
Unit – I
1. Biochemistry
• Brief introduction to carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to carbohydrate
metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, methyl keto urea, galactosmias glycogen storage disease,
lactose intolerance and glucose tolerance test.
• Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acid, alpha, beta, gamma-oxidation and energetics,
control of metabolism, essential fatty acids and ecosinoids, (prostaglandins,
thromboxanes and leukotriene) phospholipids, sphingolipids clinical orientation of lipid
metabolism. Disease related to lipid metabolism. Hyper lipidamiya, cholesterol
metabolism, fatty liver and lipotropic factors, hypolipoproteinous atherosclerosis.
• Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers: Nitrogen balance, essential
amino acid, transamination, deamination, conversion of amino acids to specialized
product assimilation of ammonia urea cycle, metabolic disorders, formation of bile salts
and pigment and clinical significance.
• Biological oxidation: Redox potential, energy rich compounds. The respiratory chain,
mechanism and energetics of oxidative phoshosporylation, study of cytochromes,
bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.
Unit - II
2. Enzymology :
• Introduction, classification, general properties of enzymes, sources of enzymes,
extraction and purification, Enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, applications of
enzymology: biological preparations/ analytical reagents, diagnostics, therapeutics,
inborn errors of enzymes, of production of important enzymes (examples), Techniques of
immobilization of enzymes and their applications in industry, Biosensor technology,
Immobilized Enzyme engineering, Kinetics of immobilized enzymes.
Unit - III
3. Immunology :
• Cellular basis of Immune response, Immunity to Viruses, Bacteria and fungi,
Immunodeficiency diseases, Immune system, cells-tissues-organs of immune system,
immunological tolerance, immunity to virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms. Primary
and secondary immuno deficiency, autoimmune diseases, cell migration, inflammation,
cytokines and cytokine receptors, T cell receptors, MHC, antigen presentation, antibodies
and cell cooperation in antibody response, Hypersensitivity TYPE I, II, II, IV,
Hypersensitivity reactions, Vaccine technology: Immuno-diagnostics.
•
•
Vaccine technology: conventional vaccines, novel methods for vaccine production, antiidiotype vaccine, DNA vaccine, genetically engineered vaccine, iscoms, synthetic
peptides, and immunodiagnostics
Hybridoma techniques – fusion methods for myeloma cells and B-Lymphocytes,
selection and screening techniques. Production and purification of monoclonal antibodies
and their applications in clinical diagnosis, immunotherapy and pharmaceutical research.
Unit - IV
4. Fermentation technology:
• Fermenter design, aeration agitation, mass transfer in fermentation, Reactors of
immobilized enzymes: design and application, theory of fermentation system,
fermentation kinetics scale up, screening techniques of microorganisms, detailed study of
few industrial important microbial metabolites, computerized control of fermentation
process: system configuration, Scale up of fermentation processes: principles, theoretical
considerations and techniques used, Product recovery, isolation and purification of
fermentation products: filtration, solvent extraction, adsorption and partition,
paper/gas/thin-layer and ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis and countercurrent distribution, crystallization, turbidity analysis and cell yield determination,
metabolic responses, enzymatic assays, bioautographic techniques, disintegration of cells
for product recovery.
• Products of fermentation: Organic solvents (alcohol. Acetone, butane) Organic acids
(citric acid, lactic and gluconic acid). Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin , tetracycline ,
erythromycin , griseofulvin, neomycin , cephalosporins , ergot alkaloids, vitamins
(vitamin C), Amino acids: glutamic acid and lysine.
Books Recommended:
1.
Immunology by Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostooff and David Male.
2.
Immunology by Weir.
3.
Biochemical Engineering by Steel.
4.
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry by Robert K. Murray.
5.
The foundations of biochemistry by Lehninger.
6.
Biochemistry by Jeremy M. Berg, 5th edition.
7.
Principles of Biochemistry by Zubay.
8.
Principles of Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayan.
9.
Encyclopedia of Bioprocess technology: Fermentation, biocatalysis,
Bioseparation by Michael C. Flickinger and Stephen W. Drew.
10.
Microbiology : Pelczar.
11.
Fermentation and biochemical engineering handbook: Henry C Vogel.
And
Multidisciplinary/ Elective Subject-I
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I
Multidisciplinary / Elective paper - I
Pharmaceutical Preformulation Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
UNIT – I
General Considerations, Spectroscopy and Assay development, dissociation, partitioning and
Solubility of Pharmaceutical Solids, pKa, salts, solvents, Ko/w, drug design, phase solubility
analysis, solubilization, release, dissolution and permeation, chiral drug substances,
characterization scheme.
UNIT – II
Solid state properties, crystal morphology, melting point and its analysis, microscopy and
particle size analysis, laws of crystallography, habit, polymorphism, pseudomorphism,
isomorphism, purity, solubility, hygroscopicity, study methods for evaluation of solid state.
UNIT - III
Dosage form consideration in preformulation, solid dosage form, solution formulations,
emulsion, suspension, freeze dried products, topical, pulmonary, evaluations and its regulatory
considerations, stability tastings, order of reaction, antioxidants, chelating agents, impurity,
GMP related to bulk drugs and APIs.
UNIT – IV
Characterization of Biopharmaceutical drugs and Phytomedicines.
REFERENCES
1. Modern Pharmaceutics by G. Banker.
2. Physical Characterization of Pharmaceutical Solids by H. Brittain.
3. Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids by H. Brittain.
4. Solid State Chemistry of Drugs by S.R. Byrn.
5. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals by K.A. Connors.
6. Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation by M. Gibson.
7. Solubility Behavior of Organic Compounds by D.J.W. Grant and T. Higuchi.
8. Remingtons “Pharmaceutical Sciences” 19th edition.
9. Pharmaceutical Preformulation by J. Wells.
10. Solubility and Solubilization in Aqueous Media by S. Yalkowsky.
11. Pharmaceutics “The Science of Dosage form design” by Aulton.
12. Hand book of Preformulation by Sarfaraz K. Niazi.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I
Multidisciplinary / Elective paper - I
Methods in Biological Evaluation of Drugs Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
Unit-1
A. Biological standardization, general principles, Scope and limitation of bio-assay, bioassay
of some official drugs.
4
B. Preclinical drug evaluation of its biological activity, potency and toxicity-Toxicity test in
animals including acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity, ED50 and LD50 determination,
special toxicity test like teratogenecity and mutagenecity. Various guidelines for toxicity
studies. Animal experiments assessing safety of packaging materials.
6
C. Selected topics in screening of drugs:
2
a. Recent advances in Transgenic and Knockout animals
b. Administration of Neuropeptides and Neurohormones by Intracerebroventricular
(ICV) route in rats.
c. Screening models for drug abuse like alcohol addiction, dependence and
withdrawal syndrome.
d. Biostatistics and calculation of doses in experimental pharmacology
Unit -2
A. Pyrogens: Sources, Chemistry and properties of bacterial pyrogens and endotoxins,
Official pyrogen tests
2
B. Microbiological assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
4
C. Biological evaluation of drugs--Screening and evaluation ( including principles of
screening , development of models for diseases : In vivo models / In vitro models / cell
line study ) techniques of the following:
Unit -3
A. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympathetic blocking agents, Sympathomimetics,
Sympathetic blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blockers, Neuromuscular
stimulants and blockers.
8
B. General and local Anesthetics, Sedatives and Hypnotics, Antiepileptics,
Psychopharmacological agents, Analgesics, Anti-inflammatory agents, Anti-Parkinson’s
drugs, CNS Stimulants.
12
C. Cardiotonics, Anti-hypertensive drugs, Anti-arrhythmic drugs, Drugs used in Ischemic
Heart Diseases, Drugs used in Atherosclerosis.
10
Unit -4
A. Drugs used in Peptic Ulcer, Respiratory disorders, Hormone and Endocrine disorders.
Anti fertility agents and diuretics.
8
B. Various models for Cataract, glaucoma, inflammatory bowel disease
4
Books recommended (Latest Edition):
1. Screening methods in pharmacology (vol I & II)–R.A. Turner
2. Drug Discovery and Evaluation in Pharmacology assay: Vogel
3. Design and analysis of animal studies in pharmaceutical development, Chow, Shein,
Ching.
4. Evaluation of Drug Activity: Pharmacometrics D.R. Laurence
5. Animal and Clinical pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation-Nodine and Siegler
6. Pharmacology and Toxicology- Kale S.R.
7. Fundamentals of experimental Pharmacology- Ghosh M.N.
8. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology- Goyal R.K.
9. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology- Kulkarni S.K..
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – I
Multidisciplinary / Elective paper - I
Pharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
Theory: 4 hours/week (4 Credits)
Unit I
Industrial aspects: Stability studies of biotechnology derived products, Effects of various
environmental /processing on stability of the formulation and techniques for stabilization of
product against the same regulatory requirement related to stability testing with emphasis on
matrixing bracketing techniques, Climatic zones
Unit II
Concept of biotech process validation, Cell lines culture process validation and characterization,
Purification process for viral clearance, validation of recovery, Purification, Cleaning, Filtration,
Issues of DNA vaccines and plasmid DNA vaccines
Unit III
Analytical methods in protein formulation: concentration, size, purity, surface charge, identity,
structure/sepuence, shape, activity.
Unit IV
Industrial application of biotech products: industrial enzymes (examples), immobilization of
enzymes, their applications in industry, Immobilized Enzyme engineering, Kinetics of
immobilized enzymes, novel methods for enzyme and vaccine production.
READING MATERIAL
1. Jens T. Cartensen and C. T. Rhodes, Drug stability principle and practice, 3rd ed. Vol.
107, Marcel Dekker
2. Rodney pealman, Y. John wang, formulation characterization and stability of protein
drugs, (1996)
3. Eugene J. McNally, Jayne E. Hasted, protein formulation and delivery 2nd Ed. Informahealthcare.
4. Sven frokjaer and lars hovgaard, pharmaceutical formulation development of peptides
and proteins (2000) Taylor and Franceis
5. Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Preformularion (2007), Informa Healthcare
M. Pharm. Semester-II
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II
Interdisciplinary paper - III
Modern Analytical Techniques-II Theory
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
UNIT-I
CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES : 15 Hours
a) Classification of chromatographic methods based on mechanism of separation.
Theories of
chromatographic separation.
b) Principles, elution techniques, instrumentation, derivatization and applications of gas
chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC.
c) Principles, elution techniques, applications of ion exchange and ion pair
chromatography, affinity
chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, chiral chromatography, super fluid
chromatography (SFC), GC‐MS and LC‐MS.
UNIT-II
THERMAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS : 5 Hours
Theory, instrumentation and applications of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential
Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Mechanical
Analysis (TMA).
UNIT-III
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS : 4 Hours
Introduction, generation of X‐rays, X‐ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, X‐ray powder diffraction,
interpretation of diffraction patterns and applications.
OPTICAL ROTARY DISPERSION : 2 Hours
Principle, Plain curves, curves with cotton effect, octant rule and its applications with example,
circular dichroism and its relation to ORD.
UNIT-IV
RADIO IMMUNO ASSAY : 4 Hours
Introduction, Principle, Theory and Methods in Radio Immuno Assay, Related Immuno Assay
procedures and Applications of RIA Techniques. Enzyme immuno assay‐ ELISA and EMIT
ELECTROPHORESIS : 3 Hours
Theory and principles, classifications, instrumentation, moving boundary electrophoresis, Zone
Electrophoresis (ZE), Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and applications.
Books Recommended:
1.
Instrumental Methods of Analysis - Scoog and West.
2.
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds - Silverstein et., al.
3.
Instrumental Method of Analysis - Willard Dean & Merrit.
4.
Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry — A.I. Vogel.
5.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I & Vol. II — Becket and Stanlake.
6.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I & Vol. II — L.G.Chatten.
7.
Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis - K.A. Connors.
8.
Pharmaceutical Analysis — Hiquchi, Bechmman, Hassan.
9.
Methods of Drug Analysis — Gearien, Graboski.
10.
Text Book of BioPharmaceutic Analysis — Robert Smith and James Stewart.
11.
Pharmaceutical Analysis — Modern methods — Part A and B — Munson James. W.
12.
Quantitative Analysis of Drugs — Garrot.
13.
Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations — P. D. Sethi.
14.
IP/BP/USP.
15.
Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds — Dyer.
16.
Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances — Florey [Volume 13].
17.
Spectroscopy of Organic Compound - P. 5. Kalsi, Wiely Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
18.
Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules — V. M. Parikh, Addision — Wesley
Publishing Company, London.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II
Interdisciplinary paper - IV
Modern Analytical Techniques-II Practical
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
1. Experiments on Electrophoresis.
2. Experiments of Chromatography.
(a) Thin Layer Chromatography.
(b) Paper Chromatography.
3. Experiments based on HPLC & GC.
4. Thermaograph – Interpretation of spectra (atleast for 4 compounds each).
5. Any other relevant exercises based on theory.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – III (Core Subject-IV)
Proteins and Protein Formulations Theory
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
Unit I
Protein engineering: Concepts for protein engineering. Isolation and purification of proteins,
Stability and activity based approaches of protein engineering, Chemical and Physical
Considerations in Protein and Peptide Stability, Different methods for protein engineering, Sitedirected mutagenesis, gene shuffling, and direct evolution
Unit II
Proteomics:
Protein
identification
and
characterization:
Methods/strategies,
protein
identification, de novo protein characterization, Isotope labelling, N- and C-terminal tags.
2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis -methods (including IPGs), -resolution -reproducibility and
image analysis -future developments
Unit III
Protein formulation: Different strategies used in the formulation of DNA and proteins,
Analytical and biophysical parameters of proteins and DNA in pre-formulation, Liposomes,
Neon-spears,
Neon-particulate
system,
Pegilation,
Biological
Activity,
Biophysical
Characterization Techniques, Forced degradation studies of protein.
Unit IV
Methods of protein sequencing: mass spectrometry, Edman degradation, Tryptic and/or
Chymotryptic Peptide Mapping.
READING MATERIAL
1. H. Lodhish et. Al. Molecular Cell Biology,. W. H. Freeman and Company
2. Protein Purification – Hand Book – 1998 Amersham pharmacia biotech
3. Engelbert Buxbaum, Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function (2007), Springer
Science
4. Sheldon J. Park, Jennifer R. Cochran, Protein Engineering and Design (2009), CRC
press.
5. Robert K. Skopes. Protein purification, principle and practice (1993), springer link.
6. David Whitford, Proteins-Structure and Function (2005), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
7. James Swarbrick, Protein Formulation and Delivery (2008) Informa Healthcare USA,
Inc.
8. Rodney Pearlman, Y. John Wang Formulation, Characterization, and Stability of
Protein Drugs (2002), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – III (Core Subject-V)
Proteins and Protein Formulations Practical
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
1. Protein Characterization
2. Cell biology
3. Enzyme biochemistry:
4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Protein formulations
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – IV (Core Subject-VI)
Bioinformatics Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
Unit I
¾ Bioinformatics basics: Computers in biology and medicine Importance of Unix and
Linux systems and its basic commands, database concepts, protein and nucleic acid
databases. Structural data bases. Biological XML DTD's; Pattern matching algorithm
basics.
¾ Computational tools for DNA sequence analysis: GCG: The Wisconsin package of
sequence analysis programs, web-based interfaces for the GCG sequence analysis
programs.
¾ Databases and search tools: Biological back ground for sequence analysis.
Identification of protein sequence from DNA sequence. Searching of databases similar
sequence. The NCBI; Publicly available tools, resources at EBI, resources on the web;
Database mining tools.
Unit II
¾ DNA sequence analysis: The gene bank sequence database; Submitting DNA sequence
to the databases and database searching, sequence alignment, pair wise alignment
techniques, multiple sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment; Flexible sequence
similarity searching with the FAST3 program package, the use of CLUSTAL Wand
CLUSTAL X for the multiple sequence alignment.
¾
Submitting DNA protein sequence to databases: Where and how to submit,
SEQUIN, genome centres; Submitting aligned set of sequences, updates and internet
resources.
Unit III
¾ Protein Modeling:
Introduction; Force field methods; Energ, buried and
exposed
residues, side chains and neighbours; Fixed regions, hydrogen bonds, mapping properties
onto surfaces; Fitting monomers, rms fit of conformers, assigning secondary structures;
Sequence alignment-methods, evaluation, scoring; Protein completion, backbone
construction and side chain addition; Small peptide methodology, software accessibility,
building peptides; Protein displays; Substructure manipulations, annealing.
¾ Peptidomimetics: Introduction, classification; Conformationally restricted peptides,
design, pseudopeptides, peptidomimetics and transition state analogs; Biologically active
template; Amino acid replacements; Peptidomimetics and rational drug design; CADD
techniques in peptidomimetics; Development of non peptide peptidomimetics.
¾ Protein Structure Prediction: Protein folding and model generation; Secondary
structure prediction, analyzing secondary structures; Protein loop searching, loop
generating methods, loop analysis; Homology modeling, concepts of homology
modeling, potential applications, description, methodology, homologous sequence
identification; Align structures, align model sequence; Construction of variable and
conserved regions, threading techniques, Topology fingerprint approach for prediction,
evaluation of alternate models; Structure prediction on a mystery sequence, structure
aided sequence techniques of structure prediction, structural profiles, alignment
algorithms, mutation tables, prediction, validation, sequence based methods of structure
prediction, prediction using inverse folding, fold prediction; Significance analysis,
scoring techniques, sequence- sequence scoring.
Unit IV
¾ Protein-Ligand Docking: Introduction; Docking problems, methods for protein- ligand
docking, validation studies and applications; Screening small molecule databases,
docking of combinatorial libraries, input data, analyzing docking results, software
accessibility; FlexiDock, creating input structures, ligand propositioning, binding
pockets, flexible bonds, torsional space, genetic algorithm, scoring.
¾ The virtual library: Searching MEDLINE, Pubmed, current content, science citation
index and current awareness services, electronic journals, grants, and funding
information.
READING MATERIAL
1. David W. Mount, Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome Analysis, Second Edition –
2005, CBS Publishers and Distributors
2. S. C. Rastogi et. al. Bioinformatics- Concepts Skill and Applications, First Edition –
2003, CBS Publishers and Distributors
3. T. E. Creighton, Protein Structure and Molecular Properties, Second Edition-1993 W. H.
Freeman and Company
4. Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Bioinformatics; A Practical Guide to
the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, 2nd Edition. 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics (2002), Oxford University Press.
6. Shui Qing Ye. Bioinformatics: A Practical Approach (2008), Chapman & Hall/CRC.
7. David Posada, Bioinformatics for DNA Sequence Analysis (2008), Humana press.
Multidisciplinary/ Elective Subject-II
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II
Multidisciplinary / Elective paper – II
NDDS: Multidisciplinary and Regulatory Aspectrs Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
UNIT- I
(6 hours)
Introduction and overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDSs)
‐ Particulate Drug delivery (Microshpres, Microcapsules, Nanosheres, Nanocapusels,
Polymeric beads, etc.)
‐ Vesicular Drug delivery (Liposmes, Ethosomes, Neosomes, etc.)
‐ Insitu gelling systems
‐ Transdermal Drug delivery
‐ Microemulsion, Nanoemulsion, Self emulsifying systems, Nanosuspension,etc.
‐ Targeted Drug delivery
‐ Liquid and Semisolid preparations
‐ Sterile products, Cosmetic products and Aerosolized systems.
UNIT- II
(6 hours)
Consideration of various regulations in product development
‐ Organic volatile impurities
‐ Trace impurities
‐ API and product stability
‐ Product registration
UNIT- III
(6 hours)
Biotechnoligical Products:
‐ Formulation development aspects for biotechnological products
‐ Delivery aspects for biotechnologically derived products (Recombinat DNA,
Recombinat proteins, Gene delivery, Enzymes, Hormones, etc.)
‐ Product stabilization aspects with consideration of ICH QE5 Section.
‐ Regulatory considerations with consideration of global regulatory guidelines.
UNIT- IV
(6 hours)
Herbal and naturally derived Products:
‐ Formulation development aspects
‐ Delivery aspects for herbal and naturally derived medicinal products (Herbal extracts,
crud extracts, incorporation of product performance enhancers, etc.)
‐ Product stabilization aspects with consideration of ICH guideline.
‐ Regulatory considerations with consideration of global regulatory guidelines.
UNIT- V
(6 hours)
Synthetic and Semisynthetic medicines
‐ Formulation development aspects
‐ Delivery aspects for Synthetic and Semisynthetic medicines.
‐ Product stabilization aspects with consideration of ICH guideline.
‐ Regulatory considerations with consideration of global regulatory guidelines.
Books Recommended:
1. Remingtons “Pharmaceutical Sciences” 19th Edition.
2. Pharmaceutics “The Science of Dosage Form Design” by Michael Aulton
3. Pharmaceutical Dispensing by Husa
4. Dispensing Pharmacy by Cooper and Goons
5. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Volumes: I-VI, 3rd Edition
6. www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances
7. Drug stability (Principles and Practices) by Jens Carstensen
8. Stability of drugs and dosage forms by Yoskioka
9. Modern Pharmaceutics by G. S. Banker
10. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems by Cahsin
11. Biopolymers for medical and pharmaceutical applications, Vlumes: I-II by Alexander
Steinbüchel
12. Controlled drug delivery: Fundamentals and applications by Robinson
13. Microencapsulation 2nd Edition by Benita
14. Nanoparticulate Drug delivery systems by Thassu
15. Novel drug delivery systems by Chein
16. Pharmaceutical Dissolution Testing by Dressman
17. Protein biotechnology: isolation, characterization, and stabilization By Felix Franks
18. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Development, Manufacturing, and Regulation,
Second Edition by Stanley Nusim
19. Compliance Handbook for Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices, and Biologics by Carmen
medina
20. Herbal Supplements - Drug Interactions: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives by
Y.W. Francis Lam
21. Textbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Chun-su Yuan
22. FDA Regulatory Affairs: A Guide for Prescription Drugs, Medical Devices, and
Biologics by Douglas J. Pisano
23. Cell Technology for Cell Products (ESACT Proceedings) by Rodney Smith
24. Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps by H. Butler
25. Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery (Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects) by Melgardt
M. de Villiers
26. Antigen Delivery Systems: Immunological and Technological Issues (Drug Targeting
and Delivery) by Bruno Gander
27. Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery: Novel Carrier Systems by Vyas / Khar
28. Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: Fundamentals, Novel Approaches, and
Development (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Edith Mathiowitz
29. Pharmaceutical Gene Delivery Systems (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by
Alain Rolland
30. Microparticulate Systems for the Delivery of Proteins and Vaccines (Drugs and the
Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Smadar Cohen
31. Protein Formulation and Delivery (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Eugene J.
McNally
32. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Third Edition - Hardcover by Max Wichtl
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – II
Multidisciplinary / Elective paper – II
Analysis of Recombinant Proteins and Diagnostics Theory
(Three hours per week, 4 credits)
A.
Analysis:
Unit I
¾
Total protein assay: Quantitative amino acids analysis, Folin-Lowry protein assay,
BCA assay, UV spectrophotometry etc.
¾
Purity: Protein impurities, contaminants, electrophoretic analysis, HPLC based analysis,
DNA content analysis, immunological assays for impurities, combined immunological
and electrophoretic methods, host-cell impurities etc.
Unit II
¾
Test procedures: ICH guidelines.
¾
Potency assays: In-vitro biochemical methods. cell-Iine derived assays, whole animal
assays etc.
B.
Diagnostics:
Unit III
¾
Principles, methods and applications: Principles and methods of some clinically used
diagnostic
immunoassays,
e.g.,
homogeneous
immuno
assays,
fluorescence,
chemiluminescence and bioluminescence enzyme immunoassays etc., immunosensors.
UnitIV
¾
Principles, methods applications: DNA probe based diagnostics, sample preparation,
hybridization, separation, detection, PCR-RFLP in paternity and forensic cases, SNP
detection MALDI and DHPLC.
¾
Cancer diagnostics, human retroviral diseases specially AIDS. Role of enzymes in
diagnostics.
READING MATERIAL
1. Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques, Fifth Edition – 2005, K.
Wilson and J. Walker
2. Experimental Biochemistry, Third Edition – 1999, R. L. Switzer and L. F. Garrity
W. H. Freeman and Company
3. US Pharmacopeia Vol. 1-3 National Formulary 25, 2007 (Biotechnological drugs)
The USP Convention
4. Indian Pharmacopoeia -2007 Vol. 1-3 (Biotechnology products) The IP
Commission, Ghaziabad
5. Related review Articles
M. Pharm. Semester-III
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – III
Interdisciplinary paper - V
Research Methodology Theory
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
1. Research-Meaning, purpose, Types, (Educational, Clinical, Experimental, historical descriptive,
Basic applied and Patent oriented Research) objective of research
2. Literature survey-Use of Library, books and journals-Medlines-Internet, Patent Search, and
reprints of articles as a source for Literature survey.
3. Selecting a problem and preparing Research proposals
4. Methods and tools use in research –
A. Qualities studies, quantitative studies
B. Simple data organization descriptive data analysis,
C. Limitation & sources of Error
D. Inquiries in form of Questionnaire, etc.,
5.
Documentation“How” of documentation
Techniques of documentation
Importance of documentation
Use of computer packages in documentation.
6.
The Research Report Paper writing/ thesis writing
Different parts of the Research paper
Title –Title of project with authors name
Abstract- Statement of the problem, Background list in brief and purpose and scope.
Key Words.
Methology-subject, apparatus, instrumentation & procedure.
Results- tables, graphs, figures & statistical presentation
Discussion support or non support of hypothesis, practical & theoretical Implications
Conclusion
Acknowledgements.
References
Errata
Importance of Spell check for entire project
Uses of footnotes
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
7.
Presentation (especially for oral presentation)
Importance, types different skills, contained, format of model, introduction, Poster, Gestures,
eye contact, facial, expressions, stage, fright, volume- pitch, speed, pause & language, Visual
aids & seating, Questionnaire
8.
Cost analysis of the project – cost incurred on raw materialsclinical trials.
9.
Sources for procurement research grants – international agencies, Government and
bodies,
Procedure, instrumentations and
private
10. Industrial-institution interaction- Industrial projects, their, feasibility reports. Interaction with
industries
Recommended Books: 1. Research In Education- John V. Best, John V. Kahn 7th edition
2. Presentation skills - Michael Hallon- Indian Society for Institute education
2. Practical Introduction o copyright.- Gavin Mcfarlane
3. Thesis projects in Science & Engineering – Richard M. Davis.
4. Scientist in legal Systems- Ann labor science
5. Thesis & Assignment – Jonathan Anderson
6. Writing a technical paper- Donald Menzel
7. Effective Business Report Writing –Leland Brown
8. Protection of industrial Property rights- P. Das & Gokul Das
9. Spelling for the millions- Edna Furmess
10. Preparation for publication – King Edward Hospital Fund for London
11. Information Technology – The Hindu speaks
12. Documentation – Genesis & Development 3792.
13. Manual for evaluation of industrial projects-United Nations
14. Manual for the preparation of industrial feasibility studies
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – III
Interdisciplinary paper - VI
Patent, Design of experiments and Biostatistics
(Three hours per week, 3 credits)
UNIT-I
1.
2.
3.
Intellectual property, importance and types of intellectual property.
Paris conventional, World Trade Organization, WIPO and GATT.
US Patent System and European Patent System
UNIT-II
The Indian Patents Act 1970 and Indian patents (Amendments) Act 2005 and issue
related to Patents, Importance, parts of patent, type of patent, provisional application,
Oppositions, Patent infringement, Patent search engines
UNIT-III
Biostatistics and Various statistical methods i. e.Null hypothesis, t- Test, Regression analysis,
ANOVA, Chi-square, etc.
UNIT- IV
Optimization Techniques
Design of experiments, Factorial designs
Grid search technique, Response surface methodology, contour plots, etc.
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – III (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – V (Core Subject-VII)
Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Theory
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
Unit I
Recombinant DNA technology: Bacterial transformation, principles of DNA isolation, RNA
isolation, southern, northern and western blot, DNA sequencing, cDNA synthesis; Gene cloning;
Gene cloning vectors, prokaryotic vectors, shuttle vectors, expression vectors, mutagenesis;
PCR, site directed and PCR mutagenesis
Unit I
Plant biotechnology and Animal biotechnology:
Plant transformation methods, genetic engineering in plants for virus resistance, pest resistance,
delay of fruit ripening, production of antibodies.
Transformation of animal cells, baculo virus expression system, invitro fertilization, transgenic
animals and animal cloning.
Unit III
Second generation molecules: Second generation molecules via site-specific gene alteration,
second generation protein program design, examples of engineered proteins of therapeutic
potential.
Unit IV
Gene therapy: Potential approach to gene therapy, somatic cell gene transfer, prospects and
limitations, Application of gene delivery.
READING MATERIAL
1. J. Sambrook et. al. Molecular Cloning : A laboratory Mannual, Cold Spring Harbor
laboratory Press
2. S. B. Primrose et. al. Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell Science
3. P. K. Gupta, Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogy Publishers
4. A. J. F. Griffiths et. al. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, W. H. Freeman and
Company
5. Benjamin Lewin, Gene IX, Jones and Bartlett Publishers
6. Sandhya Mitra, Genetic Engineering Principles and Practice -2007, Macmillan India
Ltd.
7. Julia Lodge, Pete Lund & Steve Minchin, Gene Cloning (2007), Taylor & Francis
Group.
8. E. J. Murray, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 7: Gene Transfer and Expression
Protocols (1991), Humana press.
9. R Tuan, Methods m Molecular B/o/ogy, vol 62 Recombmant Gene Expression
Protocols, Humana Press Inc.
10. Susan Carson, Dominique Robertson, Manipulation and Expression of Recombinant
DNA-A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed (2006), Academic Press Hubert Rehm, Protein
Biochemistry and Proteomics (2006), Elsevier academic press
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY M. PHARM. SYLLABUS
Semester – III (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Subject of Specialization paper – V (Core Subject-VIII)
Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Practical
(Four hours per week, 6 credits)
1. Cell biology
2. Enzyme biochemistry:
3. Recombinant DNA Technology
4. Gene delivery