http://tinypic.com/r/vpgebl/6
Energy, types of energy(chemical, mechanical, kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational,
sound, elastic, electromagnetic, torque, light), generators/motors, solid/liquid/gas, matter, Law
of Conservation of Mass/Law of Conservation of Energy/Law of Conservation of Charge,
Content Standard 9.1:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, energy can be converted from one form to
another.
Energy enters the earth system primarily as solar radiation, is captured by
materials and photosynthetic processes, and eventually is transformed into heat.
Heat: the transfer of energy from one body/system to another.
temperature
form of energy

amount of work a force can perform
Heat only flows naturally from an object with a high temperature to an object with a
low temperature.
Heat can be transferred by radiation, convection, and conduction
States of Matter:
Plasma- Higher energy level than gases, seen in stars-not on the earth, except as
lightening
Gas- molecules farthest apart, free movement of molecules, most energy, no shape or
volume, energy gained from the environment, there is a small electrostatic attraction between
gas molecules, least dense
Liquid- fixed volume, no shape, molecules can move freely, but are attracted to each other a
little
Solid- fixed volume and shape, molecules vibrate, don’t move, least energy, densest
Temperature- basis of “hot” or “cold”, unit of measure for the rule of heat flow(from high temp to
low temp body), direct measurement of the speed(kinetic energy) of the atoms of a substance.
Temperature ScalesFahrenheit- -460- supernovae are in the 100,000,000’s. Freezing pt is 320F and boilingpoint is 2120F.
Celsius- -273- 100,000,000’s. Freezing point is 00C and boiling point is 1000F.
Kelvin- goes from 0 up. 0 = no motion of molecules and represents “absolute zero”.
Freezing point is 2730K and boiling point is 3730K.
Energy of Phase ChangesExothermic – “ex” > “out from/out”
Heat is coming out of a reaction
Example of Exothermic: burning/fire - coal has energy in it, it is burned, and the energy is
transfered... afterwards, the ash doesn't have a lot of energy.
Why? It’s hot, heat comes out of it.
When the phase change goes from higher energy to lower energy(condensing, freezing) energy
is released into the environment and the container holding the matter will warm.
Endothermic – “endo” > “into”
Heat is going into/absorbed into a reaction.
Example of Endothermic: Boiling
when the phase change goes from lower energy to higher energy(melting, evaporating/boiling)
energy is absorbed from the environment and the container holding the matter will cool.
Boiling Vs. Evaporation- boiling occurs by energy causing a liquid to hit 2120F or 1000C. All of
the liquid boils at the same temp. Evaporation- occurs at all temps above freezing at all times, a
little at a time.
Methods of Heat Transfer:
Radiation- can travel thru space as electromagnetic waves. All objects emit radiation, which
really means light. Hot objects like the sun emit visible radiation and cool objects like clouds,
the earth and our bodies emit infrared radiation. Great for space. Primary way in which
radiation is used on earth is PHOTOSYNTHESIS. In this process, green plants take in radiation
from the sun in the form of light as well as carbon dioxide. Plants then release oxygen while
they produce sugar.
The equation for photosynthesis is: Light + CO2 + H2O= O2 + C6H12O6
Convection- upward movement of molecules which are warm. Also, the downward movement
of cold molecules. Works well with liquids and gasses.
Conduction- transfer of heat between two touching surfaces caused by a difference in temp
between the two spots. Works well with metal.
Examples of Heat Transfer:
Light to Heat- the sun shining on the ground and warming it(radiation)
Heat to Light- the metal filament in a light bulb heating up and glowing
Electricity to Motion- a fan(any motor)
Motion to Electricity- a windmill, a hydroelectric dam(any generator)
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=SCE304
Solar Cooker/Cooking- uses radiation from sun to produce heat to cook food
Advantage- no electricity(no fossil fuels), No GHG’s(CO2). GHG’s warm the Earth by
trapping radiation leaving Earth.
The Greenhouse Effect(GHE)- Gasses in our ATM trap energy trying to go back to space. The
GHE keeps Earth warm enough to live on.
Global Warming- extra gasses trapping extra energy caused by humans burning fossil
fuels(coal/gas/oil).
Solar Cooker Experiment
Build a cooker that warms the air inside the cooker the most.
We will test the air temp as a comparison data point to make sure that your cooker is a cooker
and not a cooler (ex.Air=40Cooker=35)
Local BreezesSea Breeze- breeze from the sea to the land created by temp differences between the
land and water which creates pressure differences which creates wind. Daytime Breeze
Land Breeze- wind from the land formed by small differences in temperature between
the land and water. Water warmer than land. Nighttime Breeze
Both types of breezes are more likely to occur if the difference in temp is greater, and if the
day/night is clear.
Unit 9.2
Magnets
Field: produced by electric currents; electrons must line up perpendicular to magnet
Domain: cluster (1,000,000) of atoms with electrons lined up (fields of atoms that are lined up)
Ferromagnetic materials: iron ( Fe ), nickel ( Ni ), Cobalt ( Co ) (these 3 are in the core of the
earth), magnetite, hematite
Ferromagnetic – can have a field
Making a magnet: ( must be ferromagnetic ) rub a magnet on a ferromagnetic substance, leave
it near a magnet
Breaking a magnet: when breaking a magnet then you create a new magnet
Electric Field
Area perpendicular to a wire that has field lines like our magnet lab.
Electric Charge
Buildup of electrons that makes an object have a net negative or positive charge.(will never
have both + and – charge)
Electric Current
Flow of electrons / charge from high potential to low potential.
Electrical Circuit
Path for current to flow consisting of potential source(battery or wall socket), wires, resistor(light
bulb), switch
Electromagnetism
Solenoid- coiled wire, more coils=more strength, ends of wire are like poles, poles can switch if
current is reversed
Electromagnet- solenoid with ferromagnetic core creates a temporary magnet(can be turned
on/off)
How to strengthen an Electromagnet:
1-more current
2-more loops
3- coils tighter
4- stronger core
Static
Static Electricity- Build up of a charge
(electrons ; the particle that gets traded or shared)
Static Cling- Tendency of light objects to stick from the electric charge of static
Static Charge- Quality of subatomic particles where electrons are conserved between two
particles
Electric Field around a Single Charge- exerts a force on other charged particles
can be positive OR negative
Static Discharge- the balance of electrons from an area with a lot of electrons to an area with
fewer electrons
(ex. causes the spark you see with static)
Friction- A force opposite the direction of something caused by 2 surfaces rubbing against each
other
Conduction- A transfer of charges by touching
Induction- A transfer of charges by being close to each other
Potential: The energy that is possible for an object to exert. Electric potential is the difference
between area electrons.
Volts: the amount of potential difference between any 2 spots in a circuit
Resistance: a measure of the amount of opposition to flow of current in a circuit. Resistance is
based on
1. What type of circuit.
2. How many objects are using the current.
3. Friction with in the wires.
Width of wires
The quality of the conducting metal that is the wire
Length of the wire
Resistance is measured in ohm’s
1. The current within a wire is directly proportional to the potential difference between
any 2 points along the wire.
2. The current within a wire is inversely proportional to the resistance along the wire.
V=IR
I=V/R
R=V/I
Also, P=VI, V=P/I and I=P/V
Series Circuits
1 path for electricity to flow- therefore, removing one bulb causes all of the others to go out
Ex. = Christmas tree lights
Potential will get split evenly between light bulbs
Current is the same at all points in a series circuit. However, as R goes up and V stays the
same, I goes down.
Parallel Circuits
Multiple paths for the electrons
If one bulb goes out, the others stay on because the electricity has a choice of paths
Because of multiple paths, adding bulbs will reduce R and increase I.
Electrical and Mechanical Energy
Energy- ability to move an object
Electrical Energy- when a current causes something to move
Electrical Energy is converted to mechanical energy when a current carrying wire is placed in a
magnetic field.
The device that does this is called a motor.
A device that takes motion and stores electrical energy is a generator.
Induction of Electric Current
When a moving wire or the magnets are moving, an electric current will be created(induced).
Electromagnetic Induction is the process of having a moving field and a solenoid produce a
current.
Unit 9.3
Various Sources of Energy Are Used By Humans And Each Have Advantages And
Disadvantages
Generators
Device that converts mechanical energy to electric energy.
Transformers
Step Up- going from less to more coils
Step Down- going from more to less coils
Turbine
Large circular device with blades(propeller)
Turbine Power Sources- steam(fossil fuels burning, nuclear power, solar, geothermal), wind,
water, tides,
Generating Electricity
Limited by availability, cost, pollution
Renewable Power Source- replaced in nature as fast as it is used(water, wind, sun, tides,
geothermal)
Non-Renewable Power Source- supply is set and once it is used, it is over(coal, oil, gas, some
types of nuclear energy)
Fuel Cell Pro/Con
Pro- Made from Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universer
Con- Stores energy, doesn't produce it, so you need a primary source of energy to store in
the Hydrogen.
Sources of Electricity1Sun(Solar Energy)
2Water(Hydroelectricity)
a.
Rivers via Dams
b. Tides(moon’s gravity)
c.
Rainfall in Gutters
d. Waves(wind)
e.
Ocean Currents
3Wind
4Fuel Cells
5Biomass(dead plant matter)
6Fossil Fuels
a.
Coal
b.
Petroleum(oil)
c.
Gasoline
d.
Natural Gas
e.
Deisel
7Nuclear
a.
Fission(splitting atoms)
b.
8910-
Fusion(combining atoms)
Trash to Electricity
Wood
Geothermal(Earth’s hot core)
Electrical Production:
Fossil fuels
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.




Get the oil *
Ship fuel ***
Refine the oil *
Transport from refinery to power plant *
Burn fuel to produce heat *
Boil water to create steam
Steam turns turbine *
Solenoid spins between magnet *
Step up transformer sends power to grid *
Step down transformer makes electricity safe *
Pros
High yield,
The infrastructure exists,
Naturally occ.
Jobs






Cons
Acid rain
Global warming, CO2, S, N
Expensive factories
Pollution*
Limited supply
War
Solar power
1.
Sunshine is the source
2.
Gather light
3.
Store energy in photovoltaic cell(battery)
4.
Battery stores energy to be used by home owner
5.
If solar plant is used then same steps 10 and 11 apply
Pros- sun is neverending supply, reduction in pollution
Cons- inconsistent, expensive
List of Energy Sources
A=Alternative F=Fossil Fuel
R= Renewable N= Nonrenewable
1.
Petroleum (FN)
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2.
wind power uses turbine (AR) inconsistent
3.
hydro power – river (AR) not everywhere has a river
4.
nuclear power (AN) good- lots of energy bad- waste, accidents, cost
5.
solar power (AR) inconsistent, expensive, batteries
6.
geothermal energy (AR) expensive to dig
7.
biomass – using trash and scrap plants (AN) global hunger
8.
natural gas (FN)
9.
waves (AR) cost
10.
tides (AR) cost
Steps to Create Electricity1Fuel/Energy Source
2Heat(unless using wind/water/sun)
3Boil Water(not for wind/sun/H2O)
4Steam
5Steam turns turbine
6Turbine spins rotor which means coiled wire wrapped around iron core is
generating electrical energy from mechanical energy(the rotor is the
GENERATOR)Moving magnetic field creates electricity.
7Step-up transformer transmits electricity
8Step-down transformer on street makes electricity usable at home
9Use at home
9.4 Atoms React With One Another To Form New Molecules
D10 Describe the general structure of the atom and explain how the properties of the first 20
elements in the periodic table are related to their atomic structure.
History of the Atom(indivisible)- word is WAY older than discovery.
Aristotle- All matter fell into 1 of 4 categories- Earth, Air, Fire, Water
Democritus- Matter could be cut into tiny, indivisible particle called Atom.
Dalton- revived the atomic theory in 1803
1.
2.
3.
4.
Law of definite proportions- all atoms combine in the same ratio when they form
a new compound
All matter is made of indivisible, indestructible atoms
Different elements weigh differently
All atoms that of the same element are the same
JJ Thomson- “Plum Pudding Model” 1904. Thomson thought that there was a + pudding with –
electrons floating in it. He was correct in stating the total – charge from the electrons is = to
the total + charge from the pudding.
Ernest Rutherford- discovered the proton in 1911. Also, proved that the center of the atom is
tiny and +. The nucleus has all the mass/density of the atom.
James Chadwick- 1932- Discovered the neutron, which is in the nucleus, weighs as much as a
proton and has no charge.
Neils Bohr- planetary model of the atom, electrons are on orbits around the nucleus. There are
limits to the electrons per shell:
1: 2
2: 8
3: 8
Isotopic Symbol- symbol having Atomic #, At Mass, and element symbol
Isotope- 2 examples of the same element(same P, E) with diff mass(diff N)
Atomic #- P+ and E- because atoms are neutral
Atomic Mass- P+ and N added up
Lewis Diagrams(Dot Diagrams)- represents only the outer shell(valence) electrons
Dmitri Mendeleev- arranged the elements into the periodic table by atomic #. When this is
done, elements with the same valence shell appear on top of each other. The vertical similarity
of the elements is called a family.
Family of Elements- all the vertical members of a family have the same ability to bond, similar
density, hardness.
Ion- atom that has a charge because it has lost or gained electrons to complete their valence
shell during chemical bonding. Electrons do not match protons.
If E-‘s are greater than P+’s, the ion is (-). If the E-‘s are less than the P+’s, the ion is (+).
Elements to the L of stepladder are metals and always lose e-‘s and become +.
Elements to the R of stepladder are nonmetals and always gain e-‘s and become (-).
Ionic Bond- chemical bond between oppositely charged ions in which one atom loses an e- and
becomes a + ion(metal) and another atom gains an e- and becomes a (-) ion(nonmetal).
Ionization Energy- energy required to remove e-‘s from an atom. Low for metals, high for
nonmetals.
Electron Affinity- measure of how much an atom wants to gain an e-. Low for metals, high for
nonmetals.
Compound-2 or more separate elements that can be separated by a chemical reaction. No
charge(neutral).
Molecule- 2 or more atoms covalently bonded(all nonmetals). No charge(neutral).
Diatomic Element- H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Covalent Bond- sharing of electrons between 2 nonmetals.
Acids/Bases/Salts/Neutralization
pH Scale- range of chemicals from acids to bases(alkaline). Scale goes from 0-14. From 0-7=acid,
7=neutral, 7-14=basic.
Acids are stronger as they are lower. Bases are stronger as they are higher. Further from seven =
stronger.
Indicators of pHLitmus Paper
Blue turns red if in contact with an acid
Red turns blue if in contact with a base
Cabbage Juice- tells general strength of acid/base or neutral
pH Paper- indicates actual numerical pH value
Acids- substances that, when dissolved in water, release H+ ions.
Bases(Alkaline)- substances that, when dissolved in water, release OH-(Hydroxide) ions.
Neutralization- when an acid and a base are mixed, a neutral product is made(water). Also, salt is
produced as a product.
Unit 9.5 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon’s Chemical Structure Affects the Bonds it Forms
D.13 Understand Carbon’s Physical and Chemical Properties and How They Affect the Types of
Bonds it Forms
90% of all known compounds contain carbon.
Organic- compounds that contains carbon.
Plastic, fuel and cleaning solutions come from oil which is organic.
Organic compounds have low melting and boiling points and strong odors, don’t conduct
electricity.
Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
Common hydrocarbons- methane, propane, gasoline, and wax.
All hydrocarbons are flammable or burn easily and used as fuel.
Molecular formula- includes the chemical elements in the symbol of the elements in each
molecule of a compound.
Structural Formula- shows the kind number and arrangements of atoms in a molecule.
Substituted Hydrocarbon- if one H is replaced by N, O, F, Cl, and S.
Alcohol is a substitute hydrocarbon with OH as the substitute.
Polymer- large molecules made by small molecules and bonded together.
Important Carbon Questions:
What is a Hydrocarbon? Compound with only C/H
How do structural and chemical formulas differ? Structural shows bond type as well as atoms
involved.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons? Not all C bonds are to
H=unsaturated. Saturated = all C bonds are to H.
What atoms are in a carboxyl group? COOH
List Properties Common to Organic Compounds- has C in it. Produced by living things. Don’t
conduct, melt easily, don’t dissolve in water.
Describe different C chains in hydrocarbons- straight, branched, rings
What is a substituted Hydrocarbon? Has (1) H replaced with something else. Usually F, Cl,
The Carbon Cycle
Cycle of carbon between earth, atmosphere and living creatures. Carbon is the most
abundant element. Carbon is found in all living creatures. Animals breath in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide. Plants breath in carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. When plants and animals
die, the carbon that made them up is released to both the air and the ground. When Carbon is
released to the air it forms Carbon Dioxide which is a Greenhouse Gas(GHG). When Carbon is
absorbed into the ground, over a very long time, it forms fossil fuels. When fossil fuels are
burned millions of years of Carbon are released into the air. Carbon returns to the earth by
plants photosynthesizing.
Nuclear Power
-
Uses U235
Neutrons break apart U235
Splitting U235 releases heat
Heat boils water
Boiled water makes steam
Steam spins turbine
Turbine turns rotor/stator(generator)
-
Electricity goes to cities
Websites for Studying:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/highschool.htm
- use for electricity and magnetism review. Ignore parts on x-rays and sound. Ignore
anything we haven't gone over before... use the notes above to guide studying.
Acid RainWhat is it?- any precipitation with a pH lower than 5.6.(must have H+ ions).
How is it made?naturally, from volcanoes.
primarily from the emission of Sulfur and Nitrogen compounds. Also,
Where do Sulfur and the Nitrogen come from?- Sulfur compounds come from factories. Nitrogen
compounds come from vehicles.
How does acid rain affect life/structures?- contaminate drinking water, kill vegetation, kill
aquatic life, damage statues(if the statue has metal in it).
Reaction Rate-Entirely based on Collision Theory!! There are 4 basic ways to increase collisions and,
therefore, reaction rate:
1.
a.
b.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
a.
b.
Increase in Temperature
When things are heated they expand and move faster. In a confined space, this means
more reactants “bumping into each other”
Higher temp = more reaction
Concentration
Too little = low reaction
Higher = more reaction
Amount of solute (solid) in the solvent (liquid)
Juice example
i. More mix = more sugary taste
ii. Less mix = yucky/watery
Catalysts/Inhibitors
Catalyst
i. Alters rate of reaction without getting
involved
ii. The “match-maker” of reactions.
iii.
Reduce Energy needed
Inhibitor
i. Salt is the infamous inhibitor
1.
blocks freezing/boiling
ii. Stops reactions from happening
4.
a.
b.
Surface Area
More surface area = higher reaction rate
Which would melt faster – a block of ice, or pieces of ice?
i. Pieces
c.
Acids/Bases/Salts/Neutralization
pH Scale- range of chemicals from acids to bases(alkaline). Scale goes from 0-14. From 0-7=acid,
7=neutral, 7-14=basic.
Acids are stronger as they are lower. Bases are stronger as they are higher. Further from seven =
stronger.
Indicators of pHLitmus Paper
Blue turns red if in contact with an acid
Red turns blue if in contact with a base
Cabbage Juice- tells general strength of acid/base or neutral
pH Paper- indicates actual numerical pH value
Acids- substances that, when dissolved in water, release H+ ions.
Bases(Alkaline)- substances that, when dissolved in water, release OH-(Hydroxide) ions.
Neutralization- when an acid and a base are mixed, a neutral product is made(water). Also, salt is
produced as a product.
Acid RainWhat is it?- any precipitation with a pH lower than 5.6.(must have H+ ions).
How is it made?naturally, from volcanoes.
primarily from the emission of Sulfur and Nitrogen compounds. Also,
Where do Sulfur and the Nitrogen come from?- Sulfur compounds come from factories. Nitrogen
compounds come from vehicles.
How does acid rain affect life/structures?- contaminate drinking water, kill vegetation, kill
aquatic life, damage statues(if the statue has metal in it).
Reaction Rate-Entirely based on Collision Theory!! There are 4 basic ways to increase collisions and,
therefore, reaction rate:
1.
Increase in Temperature
a.
b.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
a.
b.
4.
a.
b.
When things are heated they expand and move faster. In a confined space, this means
more reactants “bumping into each other”
Higher temp = more reaction
Concentration
Too little = low reaction
Higher = more reaction
Amount of solute (solid) in the solvent (liquid)
Juice example
i. More mix = more sugary taste
ii. Less mix = yucky/watery
Catalysts/Inhibitors
Catalyst
i. Alters rate of reaction without getting
involved
ii. The “match-maker” of reactions.
iii.
Reduce Energy needed
Inhibitor
i. Salt is the infamous inhibitor
1.
blocks freezing/boiling
ii. Stops reactions from happening
Surface Area
More surface area = higher reaction rate
Which would melt faster – a block of ice, or pieces of ice?
i. Pieces
c.
9.7
Fill in the missing information on the diagram below. (0.5 pts each)
Erosion:
Chemical vs. Physical/Mechanical
Chemical
1)
Rusting
2)
Acid Rain
3)
Rotting/Decomposing/Mold
4)
Fire
Physical
1) Wind
2) Heat
3) Water
a. Moving Water
b. Freezing/Thawing
c. Physical contact of precip hitting the ground like little bombs
4) Plate Tectonics
5) Gravity
6) Vegetation
7) Drought
8) Animal Activity
Sink – an object that has sunken is temporarily gone
Where is Carbon “lost” in the carbon cycle for long periods of time? What parts of the cycle are sinks?
Carbon Sinks
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Plant/Animal Material is deposited at death
Fossil Fuels
During the lifetime of any organism
Fossils
Bottom Of Ocean
Plate Subduction
Landfills
Layers of the Earth
Crust- Thin, we live on it, oceanic crust is denser/thinner than continental crust, coolest layer of
earth, solid
Upper Mantle- Convection current that carries energy from the upper/lower mantle boundary up
to the crust and back down
Lower Mantle- Solid, provides heat to drive upper mantle convection current.
Outer Core- Liquid-iron, nickel
Inner Core- Solid-iron. Gravity is too strong to let anything exist
Convection Currents- hot substances rise, cool substances sink, mantle, ocean currents, weather, ovens,
boiling water
Basements are usually cooler than upper floors , Stove, Refrigerator ect.
Land/sea breezes
Oceanic Currents – Gulf Stream
Mantle
Water CycleOcean waters evaporate from liquid to gas. Evaporated gas in the ATM condenses into clouds.
Condensed droplets/flakes precipitate back to earth. Water on earth can either runoff or infiltrate into
groundwater. Some precipitation gets taken up by plants and then returns to the ATM by transpiration.
Driving force of the water cycle is the sun.
How would a warmer earth affect the water cycle?
1)
Increased Evaporation Rates
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Glaciers Melt
a. Sea Level Rises
b. Increased Infiltration
c. Increased Vegetation North
Warm Water Takes up More Room
Changing Rainfall Rates
Worse Storms
Droughts
Increased Clouds
a. Some Clouds Cool
b. Some Clouds Warm
Increased Growing Season for Plants
The Greenhouse Effect(GHE)
Incoming solar(sun) radiation reaches the earth, but outgoing terrestrial(earth) radiation is
trapped by our atmosphere. The hotter sun, with shorter wavelength light(visible), has radiation that can
get through the ATM. The cooler earth, with longer wavelength light(Infrared), can not get through our
ATM. This effect causes earth’s avg temp to be around 60F. Without the GHE, earth would have an avg
temp of 0F(no life- frozen).
Evaporation VariablesWarm the water
Warm the air
Increase Surface Area of Water
Hints: use as little water as you can measure(10ml’s tops)
Use the most accurate grad cyl you can find(smallest one)
Set up and let experiment go while you write up and let evap continue for as long as possible (way more
than 10 mins)
9.8 The Use of Resources by Human Populations May Affect the Quality of the Environment
Accumulations of metal and non-metal ions used to increase agricultural productivity is a major source of
water pollution.
Mercury- poisonous in any dose, heavy metal/dense
Sources of Mercury- combustion of coal – number one source. Found in fish – biomagnification. Waste
incineration. Landfills. Production of cement. Volcanoes.
Result – nervous system damage. “Mad as a Hatter”
Phosphates- only poisonous in large doses
Source of phosphates- agriculture: fertilizer, pesticides, and animal waste.
Nitrates- only poisonous in large doses
Source- agriculture: fertilizer, pesticides and animal waste.
Results: Eutrophication – too many nutrients. Causes algae bloom. Algae die, decomposers use up all
oxygen in water, so nothing else can live – a dead zone.
It Takes 9cal of energy to produce 1cal of food energy.
9.9 Some material can be reused while other materials can not and, therefore, accumulate. The
accumulation of non-recyclable materials may affect the balance of the Earth.
Ways that the US Gov’t Helps the Environment
RCRA- Resource Conservation Recovery Act 1976
- Reduce Waste
- Disposal of waste
- Protect Human Health
- Protect Environment
- Conserve Energy
- Conserve Natural Resources
- Insure Safe Waste Management
CERCLA- Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
(Superfund)- designed to pay for damage to the environment. 1980
- comprehensive – includes everything
- compensation – ex/ get compensated for your time working/at a job with
money.
o Ex/ you get sick because of an industrial chemical leak, you get
money from company that is liable because their company made you
sick.
- liability – to be held accountable for something
Clean Air Act- 1970 Defines the EPA’s(Environmental Protection Agency = law enforcing
agency) role in protecting the air and ozone.
Clean Water Act- 1972 Defines the EPA’s role in protecting the water of the earth.
Goals: eliminate release of toxic substances, eliminate water pollution by 1985, ensures
water quality standards for human sports and recreation.
Brownfield- a land previously used for industrial, or certain commercial, uses. Land is either
abandoned or underused and needs remediation for reuse.
Not Superfund Sites, need less effort, and less money, but still need to be cleaned up.
Scrap metal, PCB’s, petroleum, other metals
Metals, gasoline/fuel, wires(metals in the wires), PCB’s.
Hazardous substances.
Petroleum/petroleum products, PCB’s, lead, other metals, metals, gasoline. Oils, acids.
Creosote.
Underground Storage Tanks.
- “leaking underground storage tanks = ust’s”