Faculty of allied medical sciences
Environmental Health
(NREH-101)
Pollution
SUPERVISION
Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah
Outcomes:
1-To know the meaning and classification of
pollution
2-To understand biological pollution
3-To know water related diseases
4-To study control and prevention of
pollution
Water-borne Diseases
Diseases caused by ingestion of water
contaminated by human or animal excrement,
which contain pathogenic microorganisms
Include cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary
dysentery and other diarrheal diseases
Waterborne disease can be caused by bacteria,
protozoa, viruses, and parasites
diarrheal diseases as
• Giardiasis (Protozoan)
• Cryptosporidiosis (Bacteria)
• Campylobacteriosis (Bacteria)
• Shigellosis (Bacteria)
• Viral Gastroenteritis (Virus)
• How are they transmitted:
Contaminated water sources, Poorly
functioning water treatment systems
• Prevention methods
-water chlorination
-boiling water .
Water-washed Diseases
Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin
and eye contact with contaminated water
These include scabies, typhus, and other flea, and
lice.
• Scabies is a contagious skin infection that
spreads rapidly in crowded conditions and is
found worldwide
Personal hygiene is an important preventive
measure and access to adequate water supply is
important in control.
Water-related Diseases
Water-related diseases are caused by insect
vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or
feed near contaminated water.
Include malaria ,filariasis, and yellow fever
• Malaria, the world's most important parasitic
infectious disease, is transmitted by mosquitoes
which breed in fresh or occasionally brackish
water
Water-related Diseases
Water-related diseases are caused by insect
vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or
feed near contaminated water.
Include malaria ,filariasis, and yellow fever
• Malaria, the world's most important parasitic
infectious disease, is transmitted by mosquitoes
which breed in fresh or occasionally brackish
water
Water-based Diseases
Diseases caused by parasites found
intermediate
organisms
living
contaminated water (snail)
Example: Schistosomiasis
‫البلهارسيا‬
• Schistosoma----Schistosomiasis ----water
contaminated with sercariae
in
in
Other sources for Waterborne diseases
• Bathing
• Swimming
• Other recreational activities that have water
contact
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
Effects of pollution
• Lost work days
• Missed educational opportunities
• Official and unofficial healthcare costs
• Draining of family resources
Control & Prevention
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•
•
•
1- Health education
Hygiene education
Good nutrition
Improvements in habitation and general
sanitation
• Higher education training in water-related
issues
2- Global Surveillance
• Public health infrastructure
• Standardized surveillance of water-borne
disease outbreaks
• Guidelines must be established for investigating
and reporting water-borne diseases
3- Communication and the Media
• Impacts at all levels
• Very powerful, when others fail
4- General Guidelines
• Avoid contacting soil that may be contaminated
with human feces.
• Do not defecate outdoors.
• Dispose of wastes properly
• Wash hands with soap and water before handling
food.
• When traveling to countries where sanitation
and hygiene are poor, avoid water or food that
may be contaminated.
• Wash, peel or cook all raw vegetables and fruits
before eating.
• Providing education on good sanitation and personal
hygiene, especially hand-washing
• Higher education Training in water related issues
• Improvement in Habitation and Changing hygiene behavior
• Hand washing — this is the most vital component of
personal hygiene in disease prevention.
• Hands should be washed with soap after defecation and
after cleaning and disposing of an infant’s feaces
• Infected individuals (and domestic animals) should be
treated with medicine to reduce disease transmission.
• At home, the water should be
• Boiled,
• Filtered,
• OR other methods and necessary steps taken
to ensure that it is free from Microorganisms
• Increasing the quantity of water available.
This allows better hygiene and can thus
prevent disease transmission from
contaminated hands, food, or household
utensils.
Tankered water must be:
•
•
•
•
Potable Water Tanker Specifications
License of the Tankers
Monitoring of the Tankered Water
Proper use and maintenance of water supply
and sanitation systems.
• Proper maintenance of pumps and wells.
• Pipes and taps should always be kept clean.
• Regular check for the water pipes for leaks
and cracks.
• Control individual household piped water
supplies and sewerage connections.
• Proper Management of Water Recourses
• Higher education Training program in water
related disease.
• Control measures
• Short term measure
•
•
•
•
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Health education
Household hygiene
Adequate and clean water supply
Proper waste disposal
Ensuring uninterrupted provision of safe drinking
water is the most important preventive measure
to be implemented, in order to reduce the risk of
outbreaks of water-borne disease
Long term measure
• Create Disaster-Preparedness programme and
Early Warning Systems.
• Improve water treatment and sanitation.
• Keep infectious disease control programme active
and efficient.
• Promote tap-water quality regulation and
monitoring.
• Improve surveillance on a local, national,
international and global level
• Improve water treatment and sanitation.
Quiz 2
• Presence of nitrate in drinking water causes---• Presence of nitrate and phosphate in surface
water cause ----• Excess of fluoride in D.W will cause ----- while
low fluoride content will cause-----• Iron & manganese in G.W affect on ----,------of
water. While, mercury and lead in surface water
will cause ------- to aquatic life
• Control measures to control water pollution are
-------,-------------
Recommended text book
• Basic Environmental Health