CHAPTER 1
“EXPLORING LIFE”
Page 6
Organism
- any living thing.
-includes plants,
animals, bacteria, etc.
FEATURES OF LIFE
To be alive, you must have:
1.
Organization:
All living things are
made of cells.
-are the smallest unit
of life.
Some organisms are made up
of only one cell.
-called unicellular.
ex. amoeba (p. 216)
- many celled organisms are
called
multicellular.
We have about 50 trillion cells that make up
our bodies.
Cells are organized in an organism.
Many cells of the
same type
Makes a tissue
ex. cardiac
Makes an organ
Makes a system
ex. heart
ex. circulatory
Cells
Organ
Tissue
System
2. Living Things Respond.
Stimulus
- anything which
causes a reaction.
Response
- any change in an
organism caused by
a stimulus.
Ex. A dog hears a can opener… and comes running!
ADAPTIONS
Any characteristic which allows an organism to
survive better
are inherited.
Rabbit - white camouflage
Bear - hibernate
3. Living things use energy
4. Growth and Development:
Growth
the process by which an
organism uses materials
from the environment to
grow in size.
Development
Ex. A baby grows into an adult
changes an
organism goes thru as it
grows.
Ex. Caterpillar into butterfly
5. Must be able to Reproduce.
-
give birth
produce seeds
spores
etc.
ASSIGNMENT:
READ PAGES 17 - 21.
BASIC NEEDS OF
LIVING THINGS
1. Energy
-all energy comes from the
Sun.
Plants use the sun’s energy to
make food.
Animals get energy by eating
plants or other animals.
2. Water
Organisms are
mostly water (70%).
We can survive only
a short time without
water.
3.
Oxygen
- necessary for respiration
4. Minerals
- needed for growth and cell processes.
- ex. calcium, iron.
WHERE DOES LIFE COME FROM?
Spontaneous generation
- the theory that living things come from non-living
things.
ex. Earthworms come from rain!
Maggots come from meat!
Disproved by Francesco Redi and
Lazzaro Spallanzani.
One bottle has a cover - one does not.
The covered one does not have maggots.
BIOGENESIS
- the theory that living things
come from other living things.
- Pasteur’s experiment on p. 20.
Pasteur’s actual experiment.
ASSIGNMENT: QUESTIONS
IN THE BOOK: P. 18 1/2/4
P. 21 1/2
USE COMPLETE
SENTENCES.
THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD (p. 7)
- the orderly way in which problems are solved.
1. State the Problem.
ex. the lights won’t turn on.
2. Gather information.
ex. Check the bulb, check the circuit breaker.
3. Form a hypothesis
- an educated guess that can be tested.
Ex. The bulb is burned out.
4. Perform an experiment.
- to gain information
or data.
KNOW THE STEPS:
1. State the problem.
2. Gather information.
3. Form a hypothesis.
4. Do an experiment.
Now create a problem - and do the steps.
Experiments often use two
groups which must be alike
except for ONE difference.
1. Control group
2. Experimental group
- the ‘normal’ part
- it has the different
of the experiment
part of the experiment
The ‘different’ part of the experiment is
called the variable.
Control Group
Doctors
Hospital
Nurses
Food
Experimental Group
Doctors
Hospital
Nurses
Food
Experimental drug
The drug is the variable. If there is no
difference between the groups, the drug did
not work and we start over using the
Scientific Method.
MY FLOWER GARDEN
Control Group
Water
Soil
Sun
Seed
Experimental Group
Water
Soil
Fertilizer
Seed
Sun
Problem? Info? Hypothesis? Experiment?
What is the variable?
ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET
“THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD”.
READ PAGE 10
ABOUT LAWS AND
THEORIES.
YOUR RESPONSIBILITY!
MICROSCOPES
The first was built by
Zacharias Janssen in
1590.
Improved by Anton Van
Leeuvenhoek in the
1600’s. He created an
image 270 times larger.
The first to see unicellular
life. “Wee beasties”
(p.47)
The Compound Light
Microscope is the most
common type.
- it has two or
more lenses.
You must be able to identify:
A) Eyepiece
B) Low power objective
C) High power objective
D) Stage
E) Base
F) Course adjustment
G) Fine adjustment
H) Arm
You must be able to identify:
J) Diaphragm - adjusts
the amount of light.
K) Light
M) Stage clips
Practice using the microscope
using prepared slides.
Always start on low power.
Be patient!
International System of Units
(p.12)
Scientists needed correct and similar types
of measurement around the world.
Problems: England uses kilometers and stones.
The United States uses miles and pounds.
- they agreed on the International System of
Units (SI) - based on units of ‘10’.
DISTANCE
is based on meters .
(1 m = 39 inches)
- meters are broken
down into centimeters.
(1 m = 100 cm)
- cm are broken down
into millimeters
(1 m = 1,000 mm)
-
Meters can be expanded into
Kilometers.
1 km = 1,000 m
1 km = .6 miles
“kilo” means thousand.
Volume
-
-
how much space an object
takes up.
Liquids are measured in
liters. (1 gallon = 3.8 l)
Liters are broken down into
milliliters .
(1,000 ml = 1 l)
solids are measured by
using L x W x H
- in cubic cm (cm3)
(p. 14)
Mass
-
is based on the kilogram.
(1 kg = 2.2 pounds)
Can broken down into
grams. (about a paper
clip)
- (1,000 g = 1 kg)
-
Temperature
the units once used was in
kelvin.
- it is too confusing to
use
in the lab.
We use Celsius (Co) today
- not fahrenheit (Fo)
Freezing water = 0o C
= 32o F
Boiling water = 100o C
= 212o F
-
To convert Temperatures
Co
Fo
n x 1.8 + 32
Ex. 100o C x 1.8 + 32
180 + 32 = 212
Fo
Ex.
Co
n - 32 x .5555
100o F - 32 x .5555
68o x .5555 = 37.8 Co
ASSIGNMENT:
WORKSHEET
“THE MICROSCOPE”