Scientific Method
And much more!
Mrs. Gall, March 29, 2010
Weston Preparatory Academy
The Scientific Method
• Link the process of a police investigation of a
car accident with the stages of the scientific
method.
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
LAB REPORT COMPONENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PURPOSE
HYPOTHESIS
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
DATA: TABLE FORMAT AND BAR GRAPH
CONCLUSION
ANALYSIS
• Observation/collection
• The investigator
examines the crime
scene and fills out a
report.
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
• Hypothesis
• The investigator
imagines several
likely scenarios that
may have led to to
the accident. Maybe
the driver was
intoxicated, fell
asleep or was
speeding; maybe
mechanical failure or
bad weather
conditions.
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
• Experiments/tests
• The investigator might
order a blood alcohol
level test; check the car
parts, test drive the car
in different weather
conditions to replicate
the skid marks left by
the car.
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
• Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• The investigator must
reexamine evidence and
possibly revise his
hypothesis. The
evidence may be
inconclusive.
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
• The investigator goes to
court, reexamines the
evidence, and defends
his theory of how the
accident occurred.
• Conclusion
The Scientific Method
•
•
•
•
Observation/collection
Hypothesis
Experiments/tests
Interpret/revise
hypothesis
• Conclusion
Monday, March 29, 2010
1. CHEMISTRY. Warmup: Survey: How many of the assigned
conversions did you attempt? How many did you complete with
confidence?
2. Scientific Method Review.
3. Lab Assignment: Compare survey results to actual performance
on this weekend’s mole conversion problems. Groups formulate
a hypothesis, graph data, etc.
4. Homework: Complete Conclusion and Analysis; plan to present
completed lab in class tomorrow. All teams will discuss lab and
quality; all will include commentary on our discussions in the
final draft analysis due Weds.
Monday, March 29, 2010
1. PHYSICAL SCIENCE . Warmup: In your own words,
explain how heat is transferred in each of the three
methods (convection, conduction, radiation) from a
fireplace. Page 481
2. Notes: convection, conduction, radiation
3. Homework: Create a lab: demonstration of
convection, conduction, or radiation for the
classroom. Groups of 2 – 3 students (assigned).
ROUGH DRAFT IS DUE TOMORROW, PLAN TO
PRESENT YOUR PROGRESS IN CLASS.
CONDUCTION
• A thermal infrared image of
a coffee cup filled with a hot
liquid. Notice the rings of
color showing heat traveling
from the hot liquid through
the metal cup. You can see
this in the metal spoon as
well. This is a good example
of conduction.
CONDUCTION
•
•
•
Conduction occurs when two object at different temperatures are in
contact with each other.
Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at
the same temperature.
You experience heat transfer by conduction whenever you touch
something that is hotter or colder than your skin e.g. when you wash
your hands in warm or cold water.
CONDUCTION
•
•
•
Conduction is the movement of heat through a substance by the
collision of molecules.
At the place where the two objects touch, the faster-moving molecules
of the warmer object collide with the slower moving molecules of the
cooler object. As they collide, the faster molecules give up some of
their energy to the slower molecules. The slower molecules gain more
thermal energy and collide with other molecules in the cooler object.
This process continues until heat energy from the warmer object
spreads throughout the cooler object.
Some substances conduct heat more easily than others. Solids are
better conductor than liquids and liquids are better conductor than
gases. Metals are very good conductors of heat, while air is very poor
conductor of heat.
CONVECTION
• This thermal infrared image
shows hot oil boiling in a pan.
The oil is transferring heat out
of the pan by convection.
Notice the hot (yellow)
centers of rising hot oil and
the cooler outlines of the
sinking oil.
• Image courtesy of K.-P. Möllmann and M. Vollmer, University of Applied
Sciences Brandenburg/Germany.
CONVECTION
• In liquids and gases, convection is usually the most efficient way to
transfer heat.
• Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler
areas in the liquid or gas.
• As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer
areas which have risen higher.
• This cycle results in a continuous circulation pattern and heat is
transferred to cooler areas.
CONVECTION
• You see convection when you boil water in a pan.
• The bubbles of water that rise are the hotter parts of the water rising
to the cooler area of water at the top of the pan.
• You have probably heard the expression "Hot air rises and cool air falls
to take its place" – this is a description of convection in our
atmosphere.
• Heat energy is transferred by the circulation of the air.
RADIATION
•
A thermal infrared image of the
center of our galaxy. This heat
from numerous stars and
interstellar clouds traveled
about 24,000 light years (about
150,000,000,000,000,000
miles!) through space by
radiation to reach our infrared
telescopes
RADIATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact
between the heat source and the heated object.
For example, we feel heat from the sun even though we are not touching it.
Heat can be transmitted though empty space by thermal radiation.
Thermal radiation (often called infrared radiation) is a type of electromagnetic
radiation (or light).
Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves
traveling at the speed of light.
No mass is exchanged and no medium is required.
HEAT TRANSFER
•
•
•
Heat can be transferred from one place to another by three
methods: conduction in solids, convection of fluids (liquids or
gases), and radiation through anything that will allow
radiation to pass.
The method used to transfer heat is usually the one that is
the most efficient.
If there is a temperature difference in a system, heat will
always move from higher to lower temperatures.
YOUR HOMEWORK:
CREATE A CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
•
•
•
•
•
•
DUE TOMORROW
BRING MATERIALS
BRING A DETAILED PROCEDURE
IDENTIFY THE ONE CONCEPT THE ACTIVITY WILL TEACH:
CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, OR RADIATION
HAVE TWO QUESTIONS TO TEST THE STUDENT’S UNDERSTANDING
YOU WILL GIVE YOUR LAB AND MATERIALS TO ANOTHER GROUP.
THEY WILL DO YOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPLAIN WHAT THEY LEARNED
BY ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS. SELECT GROUPS MAY PRESENT
THEIR ACTIVITY TO THE CLASS.