Ch. 18 sec 1 notes
Name ________________________________________
European Exploration and Colonization
Date: ________________________ Pd: _____________
Core: C. 1.1.2.1, C. 1.1.3.1, C.1.1.3.3, C.2.1.1.2, C.2.1.2.3
Big Ideas
What factors led European nations to sponsor voyages of exploration? How did the Portuguese gain
control of trade between Europe and India? What did Spanish explorers achieve?
Motives behind Exploration
1.
2.
3.
4.
The desire for wealth and power
a. Trade with Asia
b. Countries would become powerful merchants would be rich.
c. Money
d. Spices, sugar, silk, and perfume.
e. Demand in Europe became high.
f. Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian City-States.
Religious aims
a. To spread Christianity around the globe.
b. Fear of Islam expanding.
1. The crusades designed to drive Muslims out of Europe and the Holy Lands.
The Renaissance spirit
a. The individual spirit launched the desire for exploration.
1. Sea captains sailed into uncharted waters.
2. Explorers moved into unknown lands.
3. Soldiers conquered territories.
4. Curiosity and adventure motivates people.
5. Fame and riches
Improvements in technologies
a. The Age of Exploration was driven by “glory, God and gold.”
b. Europe built sturdy ships so fewer men were needed.
c. More accurate maps were created.
d. Weaponry- canons and guns were added to ships.
e. Navigational instruments helped sailors.
1. Astrolabe finds latitude using the sun, stars and moon.
2. Mariners compass (Chinese invention) was made more accurate.
Portuguese Exploration
1.
2.
The first European seafaring nation was Portugal.
Prince Henry (1394-1460) was interested in sailing and ships.
a. He used his own fortune to build a navy base at Sagres on the southern tip of Portugal.
b. He collected information on the stars, tides, winds and currents.
c. Maps were made of the West African coast.
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Name: ___________________________________
d. He was known as “Prince Henry the Navigator.”
Trading post and plantations
1.
2.
3.
The Portuguese established two profitable institutions, fortifies trading posts and plantations in West
Africa.
Trading posts were armed, had soldiers on rivers that emptied into the sea.
a. They sold or bartered African slaves, ivory, gold
b. They forced local rulers to give Portugal a monopoly on trade.
Plantations- fertile soil in West Africa.
a. Run by Portuguese, worked by Africans.
b. The plantation was the major factor for expansion and the slave trade.
A route around Africa
1.
2.
3.
4.
Portugal grew rich dealing with African kingdoms.
Portugal still dreamed of a water route to Asia.
Sailors sailed for 70 years farther south along the coast.
1488 a south Atlantic gale blew ships of Bartholomew Dias around the tip of Africa.
a. Dias called the tip “Cape of Storms.”
b. King of Portugal was delighted, called it “Cape of Good Hope.”
The Journey to India
1. Dias discovered a sea route into the Indian Ocean.
2. 1497- King sends Vasco de Gama on a diplomatic mission to India.
3. He sailed around the tip of Africa to Mozambique.
a. An Arab pilot guided da Gama’s fleet to Calicut on the west coast of India.
b. “We come in search of Christians and spices.”
Control of the spice trade
1. Portugal dominated trade in India.
2. Portuguese in India made a fortune in spices and dyes.
3. Some Indian merchants and rulers welcomed new opportunities.
a. Some did not. Portuguese used cannons and treats to get trading rights.
4. Trade by sea was 1/5th the cost of trade over land by Arabs or Venetians
5. Asian goods were now in reach of more Europeans. It changed people’s lives.
6. Europe produced few goods that Asians wanted, a lack of bartering. Europe had to use bullion to pay for Asian
goods.
Columbus’s Voyage from Spain
1. 1484- Italian navigator Christopher Columbus went to King John II of Portugal.
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Name:_________________________________________
a. He wanted to go westward instead of east to Asia.
b. Columbus stated it would take 6 weeks to travel 2,700 miles.
c. Portugal’s naval advisors stated it was 10,000 miles.
D. King John rejected Columbus’s request.
2. Columbus went to Spain to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
a. The queen sponsored his trip.
b. He took three ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria.
c. August 1492 left Spain.
d. October 12, land spotted “Tierra, Tierra!”
1. Caribbean-Columbus thought he reached the Indies.
2. The people called the “Arawak” met him.
A. Columbus called them Indians.
3. He named the island San Salvador (Holy Savior).
e. He visited Hispaniola (Haiti and Domitian Republic).
f. He sailed back to Spain and took some Arawak with him.
1. The queen was delighted, gave him the title of “Admiral of the Ocean Sea”.
g. Columbus returned three times.
h. On his second trip he brought 17 shiploads of settlers to Hispaniola.
I. He was a poor colonial administrator.
1. He was arrested and sent back to Spain.
j. He died in 1506 convinced he reached Asia.
k. People called his find the “West Indies” and renamed the other Indies” East Indies”.
l. 500 years earlier, the Viking Leif Ericson reached Vineland, North America.
The Division of the World
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The rulers of Portugal and Spain contacted Pope Alexander Vl concerning territory.
To keep peace between the two countries the Pope created the “Line of Demarcation”.
Spain gets all discovered land west of the line in the Atlantic.
Portugal all the land east of the line.
Portugal threatens to go to war.
The line was then moved farther out. Portugal gets Brazil, Spain the Americas.
Later Spanish Explorers
1.
2.
Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the America for both Spain and Portugal.
a. 1507 he wrote a colorful account of his travels. A German mapmaker produced a map with
Amerigo’s name (in Latin) on it. Eventually the continents became the America’s.
3. Hispaniola became a base for Spanish exploration.
a. 1508- Juan Ponca de Leon explores Puerto Rica, establishes a colony.
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Name: ________________________________
b. He sailed north looking for the “Fountain of Youth”.
c. Spring 1513- discovers a peninsula, “Florida” Spanish for “Full of Flowers”
4. Vasco Nunez de Balboa a settler in Hispaniola set out to look for gold on the mainland.
A. Established settlements, which are called Panama today.
B. 1513-he crossed the Isthmus of Panama.
C. First European to see the “Great South Sea” now called the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan’s Voyage around the World
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1518-Ferdinad Magellan (Portuguese) set sail to explore the Pacific Ocean.
A. Boldest under taking of the Age of Discovery.
September 1519 left Spain with five ships and 250 men.
Crossed Atlantic-spent the winter 200 miles from the tip of South America.
A. Crew weary and unhappy.
In the spring he continued with three ships.
A. He encountered raging tides, choppy waters and dangerous for a month. Today called “Strait of
Magellan”.
The eastern Pacific Ocean (Great South Sea) water became calm.
A. He called it “Mar Pacifica” or Peaceful Sea.
Many sailors died (232) and two ships reached the Philippians.
A. He was involved in a local war. He and some of his crew were killed.
Juan Sebastian del Cano and some crew returned to Spain in one ship with a cargo of cloves. (Very
expensive)
B. 1522 they circumnavigated the earth.
This act provided important lessons.
A. The Pacific Ocean separated Asia from the America.
B. All oceans are connected and the ocean winds follow a consistent pattern making sailing possible.