Emotional Intelligence
Ability to…
• Perceive emotions
•
Recognize them in faces, music, and stories
• Understand emotions
•
Predict them and how they change and blend
• Manage emotions
•
Know how to express them in varied situations
• Use emotions
•
Enable adaptive or creative thinking
Emotional Intelligence cont’d
1. Was it easier for you to express emotions to
others OR figure out which emotion you had?
2. What types of things were you looking for as
you tried to identify which emotion you had?
3. Were there any cultural factors that came into
play as you interacted with others?
4. For those that had the 6 basic emotions, was
you experience different?
•
(Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise)
Emotion
Physiology, Expression,
and Conscious
Experience
Are emotions inborn or learned?
Defined:
 A response of the whole organism,
involving:
 Physical arousal
 Expressive behaviors
 Conscious experience
Theories of
Emotion
• James-Lange Theory
• William James and Carl Lange
• “We feel sorry because we cry, angry
because we strike, afraid because we
tremble.” (1890)
• States that bodily changes
occur and then emotions
follow
• Physiological response comes first
• We feel emotion after we notice
our body responds
James-Lange Theory
Something happens
Body reacts
Emotion produced
Cannon-Bard Theory
• Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
• States that there is a simultaneous triggering of
physiological response and subjective experience
of emotion
• We feel emotion when our body responds
• Your heart begins pounding as you experience fear
Cannon-Bard Theory
Perceived
stimulus
Experienced
emotion
Body
responses
Two-Factor Theory
• Also referred to as the…
• Schachter-Singer’s Theory
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
• Physiology and cognition create emotion
• To experience emotion one must…
• Be physically aroused
• Be able to cognitively label arousal
Two-Factor Theory
Something happens
We experience
arousal
We label it
Emotion produced
Two-Factor Theory
Cognitive
arousal
Body
arousal
Experienced
emotion
Appraisal Theory and Emotion
• A theory of emotion which implicates people’s
personal interpretations of an event in determining
their emotional reaction.
•
• The most important part of this theory is the
way in which we interpret the event
• Positive or negative
• Level of severity
• Cause of event – Perceived control over event
Event => Thinking => Simultaneous arousal and emotion
Appraisal Theory - Lazarus
• Richard Lazarus
• This challenges the two-factor separation of arousal
and emotion, supporting the Cannon and Bard
theory albeit with the addition of the thinking step.
• In primary appraisal, we consider how the situation
affects our personal well-being.
• In secondary appraisal we consider how we might
cope with the situation.
REVIEW
• Claudette walks into a movie theatre and
sees her boyfriend of two years, Walter,
hugging an attractive girl in the lobby of
the theater. As she makes her way toward
her boyfriend, she realizes she is both sad
and angry.
• Explain Claudette’s emotional experience
using the Schachter Two-Factor Theory
Role of Autonomic Nervous System
• The physiological arousal felt during various emotions is
orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system
• Later, the parasympathetic divisions calm down the body
8 Primary Emotions
• As suggested by Robert Plutchik
• Psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion
• Made up of pairs of opposites
•
•
•
•
Joy & sadness
Fear & anger
Surprise & anticipation
Acceptance & disgust
Plutchik’s Primary Emotions
Plutchik’s Application of
Evolutionary Theory
• Animals and humans have the same
basic emotions
• Emotions evolve over time
• Basic emotions can be identified
• Factors:
• Opposites, Similarity, Intensity
• Combinations exist
• Love – combo of joy and trust
Are Facial Expressions
Innate?
Facial Expressions Are
Innate
• Both people who can see and people who
have been blind since birth have similar facial
expressions of emotions
• Such observations suggests that facial
expressions are innate
Nonverbal Communication
of Emotion
It’s not just facial expression…
• Voice quality
• Body language
• Posture and the way we move communicates
information
• Personal space
• Explicit acts
• Slamming doors, pounding fist, etc.
Primary vs. Secondary
Emotions
• Primary emotions (Primary appraisal)
• The first emotions a person feels consequent to
an event
• Often then masked by secondary emotions
• Secondary emotions (Secondary appraisal)
• Those that are felt the most
• Based on conscious or unconscious value judgements
placed on primary emotions
• They can also make it difficult to discover the
deeper problem at hand
Emotional Differences
Gender
• Some research suggests that the genders
differ in how much emotion they express
• Women describe more complex emotional experiences
• Women have a greater “emotional literacy”
• Research has shown that women appear to
display more emotion than men
• More compelling differences with negative emotions
• Sadness, fear, shame, guilt
Emotion & Culture
• Some aspects of emotion are universal to all
cultures, while other aspects differ across cultures
• Similarities:
• People in different cultures can identify the six basic
emotions – similar in people from different cultures
• Differences:
• Although many emotional expressions are universal, some
differences exist:
• Prioritization of emotions
• Hiding/severity of emotions
• “Display rules”
Facial Feedback
• Proposal that brain uses feedback from facial
muscles to recognize emotions being
experienced
• Feel-good, Do-good
phenomenon
• Let’s look at some
cartoons…
How do Emotions Affect
Behavior?
• Positive Effect
• Help us organize our
behavior
• Energize our
motivation to act
• Help us get “in tune”
with others
• Negative Effect
• Cause behavior to be
unorganized or
socially disapproved
• Create barriers to
behavior