2-3 Carbon Compounds:
Organic Biomolecules
What is a compound?
What do you think a carbon compound is?
Carbon’s
properties
 Carbon is very versatile
 It can bond with other carbon atoms
 It can form strong covalent bonds with many different elements
 95% of the body is only made of 6 elements C H O N P S
 It can make four bonds at a time
 4 single bonds
 2 double bonds
 1 double bond & 2 singles
 1 triple bond & 1 single bond
 It can make bonds in many different shapes
 Sheets, Rings, Branches, Long chains, Buckieballs
Carbon Bonds
Carbon:
Functions of organic biomolecules found in living things
 Carbohydrates
 energy & structure
 Lipids
 storage, protection & sending chemical messages as hormones &
steroids
 Nucleic acids
 DNA & RNA, store & transmit hereditary
 Proteins
 metabolism, structure, fight disease, enzymes control the rate of
reactions
Macromolecules
What does “mer” mean?
– Part or piece
 What does “mono” mean?
– one
 What does “poly” mean?
– many
 So What is a monomer?
– One piece is a monomer….
like a lego block
 What is a polymer?
– Add many of those pieces
together and you get a
polymer!…like a finished
lego project.

Polymerization

Adding monomers together to make a polymer!
– This is achieved by dehydration synthesis.
Dehydration Synthesis
• What does dehydrate mean?
• Take out water
• What does synthesis mean?
• To make
• So dehydration synthesis is…..
• Making something by taking water out
• Making a polymer by removing water and
making room for a bond between
monomers
Start with monomers
End with
a polymer & water
Dehydration Synthesis
beginning to end
Hydrolysis
 What does hydro mean?
 water
 What does lysis mean?
 Lysis sounds like slices!
 So, hydrolysis means…..
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
 Breaking bonds in a
polymer to get monomers
by adding water
Dehydration synthesis is the
reverse of hydrolysis!
Carbohydrates

What do you think “carbo” means?


What does “hydrate” mean?


three
What does “poly” mean?


one
What does “tri” mean?


water
What does “mono” mean?


carbon
many
What does “saccharide” mean?

sugar
Carbohydrates


Carbon-water -CH2O
Main source of energy for living things
Used for structure in some
 Supplies energy for all cell activities
 are also known as saccharides (sugars)


Monosaccharides are the smallest unit
(monomers)


Disaccharides found as simple sugars


Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Sucrose , Lactose
Polysaccharides used as storage and
structure (polymers)

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
Monosaccharides -the monomers
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide + monosacharide = Disaccharide
Is that dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?
Dehydration Synthesis
What do you think this is?
How many rings do you see?
Tri= 3
Polysaccharide -starches
What Contains Carbohydrates?
What contains Carbohydrates?
Which are better for you?
Lipids
• Fats, oils, and waxes
• Look like the letter “E”
• Mostly carbon and
hydrogen
• Very little oxygen
• Many are formed by
combining glycerol
(green) with 3 fatty acid
chains (red)
– o Stores energy
– o Helps form
membranes
– o Waterproof coverings
– o Chemical
messengers
– o Steroids (hormones)
What contains lipids?
Saturated Lipids
Solid at room
temperature!
• Full of Hydrogens
• Only single bonds
between C & H
Unsaturated Lipids
Liquid at
room
temperature
• Has at least one double or triple bond
between C & H
Polyunsaturated Lipids
• More than one double or
triple bond between C & H
This is
still an
“E” just
flipped
around!
Nucleic Acids
 Biomolecules that transmit
and store genetic
information
 Formed from:
 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, & phosphorous
 Monomers are nucleotides
A Nucleotide
 Three parts
 5-carbon sugar ring
 A phosphate group
 A nitrogen base:

Adenine, Guanine,
Thymine, Cytosine or Uracil
 Two types of polymers
 RNA – ribonucleic acid
 DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
What contains Nucleic Acids
Can you see the monomers?



Formed from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Monomers are amino acids
 Three parts
 An amine group on one side.(NH2)
 A carboxyl on the other (COOH)
 changeable group called R
 20 different type
Proteins are necessary for life
 Control the rate of reactions
 Regulate cell processes
 Form body parts such as bones, skin, hair, nails,
muscles
 Transport substances in and out of cells
 Help fight disease
Pizza?
Which bimolecules are found
in pizza. Explain.
What do you think would happen if someone
followed the Atkins diet?
How do vegetarians get protein?
What if they didn’t eat those foods?
What if you cut out all fat in your diet?