CHAPTER 1
Vasco de Balboa: fought his way across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 to become the first known
European to see the Pacific from a western view
Amerigo Vespucci: Europeans will completely ignore CC, when naming the New World and instead
give the distinction to AV, b.
A Florentine Merchant – a member of a later New World expedition
for the Portuguese – he wrote a number of vivid descriptions of the New World and recognized it as
a new continent
John Cabot: – will lead an expedition along the north coast of NA – sponsored by King Henry VII – in
search of a “Northwest passage” to the orient
Prince Henry the Navigator: He wanted to explore the western coast of Africa – not a sea route to
Asia. Wanted a Christian empire there to help his country against the Moors of North Africa and
stores of gold
Leif Eriksson: (Norseman) – and maybe others had a glimpse of the Americas but it was not common
knowledge
"Sea Dogs": Sir Francis Drake and other English “Sea Dogs” staged successful raids on Spanish
Merchant ships and built England’s confidence against Spain
CHAPTER 2
Mercantilism: Assumption that the nation as a whole not the individual within it was the principal
actor in the economy – goal is to increase the nation’s total wealth. Worlds wealth was finite – grow
rich at the expense of others – economic health depended on extracting as much wealth as possible
from foreign lands and exporting as little wealth as possible from home. The principles of
mercantilism guided economic policies for all European states during the 16th and 17th century.
Enhanced the position of the Merchant Capitalist – whose overseas ventures would benefit the
nation as a whole and was worthy of government assistance. This will increase competition as well
among the nations – all were trying to find markets for exports and limit imports – leads to the
attractiveness of founding colonies source of goods that they might otherwise have to buy from
other countries
King Phillips War: Most prolonged and deadly encounter began n 1675 between chief of
Wampanoags under chief named King Philip (Metacomet), believed only armed resistance could
protect land from English invasion and imposition of English law. For three years natives destroyed
towns, Mass economy and society weakened, white settlers eventually fought back. 1676 joined
with rival Indians, Wampanoags shortly defeated, population decimated and made powerless.
Settlements still remained in danger from surviving Indians, & new competition from French and
Dutch. Indians had made effective use of new weapon technology: flintlock rifle, which allowed
them to inflict higher amounts of casualties. But Indians were no match for advantage of English in
numbers and firepower
John Smith: helped found Jamestown and save it from extinction by imposing work and order and
organizing raids against Indians
John Rolfe: 1612 VA planter began to grow tobacco, cultivation spread, created a tobacco economy
that was profitable, uncertain, and high labor and land demands, created need for territorial
expansion
Oliver Cromwell: He made it Impossible to protect Indian territory b/c of growth of VA after
Cromwell’s victory in English Civil War and also due to the flight of opponents to colony. after his
death in 1658, Stuart Restoration put Charles II back on throne. He passed a Protectorate in 1650 +
1651 that kept Dutch ships out of English colonies.
William Bradford: William Bradford was the leader and historian of Plymouth Plantation. William
Bradford was elected governor, sought legal permission for colony from Council for New England,
ended communal labor and distributed land privately, paid off colonies debt.
Jamestown: Charter granted to London Company in 1604 by King James I, Godspeed, Discovery, and
Susan Constant left England and landed in Jamestown, VA in 1607. Colony mostly all men,
inadequate diets contributed to disease, by 1608 colony had almost failed (poor leadership, location,
disease, food) except Capt. John Smith saved it by imposing work and order and organizing raids
against Indians. It survived because agricultural tech developed by Indians and borrowed by English,
such as value of corn w/ its high yields, beans alongside corn to enrich soil.
CHAPTER 3
Enlightenment: Even before it, colonists emphasized education. The heavy burden of agricultural
work prevented the developing of education. Celebrates human reason and scientific inquiry.
Argued that reason, not only faith, could advance knowledge. Encouraged men and women to look
to themselves, not to God, for guidance.
Ben Franklin:
George Whitfield: Evangelists from England such as John and Charles Wesley, George Whitfield
spread revival most famously
Cotton Mather: Value placed on scientific knowledge can be seen by rise of inoculation, spread by
Cotton Mather and adopted in Boston 1720s, became common procedure. He found out that
injecting people with a small dose of smallpox helped defend against the real virus.
John Peter Zenger: In GB, a printed attack on a public official was considered libel. In the trial of this
New In GB, a printed attack on a public official was considered libel. In the trial of this New York
publisher, the Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton defended him, and the courts ruled that
criticisms of the government were not libel if they were true. Gave some freedom of the press.
Slave Codes: Slave codes limited rights of blacks in law, almost absolute authority of masters
French and Indian War:
CHAPTER 4
Stamp Act Congress: In MA James Otis called for inter-colonial congress against tax, October 1765
Stamp Act Congress met in NY to petition king. Summer 1765 riots broke out along coast led by new
Sons of Liberty. Boston crowd attacked Lt. Gov. attacked the Stamp Act’s requirement to buy stamps
for all documents.
Townshend Act: new tax (Townshend Duties) on goods imported from England- tea, paper. Believed
“external” tax would be different than Stamp Act’s “internal” tax
Tea Act: passed by Parl allowed company to export tea to America w/o paying navigation taxes paid
by colonial merchants, allowed company to sell tea for less than colonists + monopolize colonial tea
trade. Enraged merchants
Lord Grenville: Appointed PM George Grenville 1763, unlike brother-in-law Pitt didn’t sympathize w/
American view, believed colonists indulged too long and should obey laws and pay cost of defending
and administering empire. Marquis of Rockingham succeeded Grenville.
Quartering Act: British believed reasonable since troops protecting, colonists objected b/c made
contribution were mandatory. NY and MA refused.
Samuel Adams: One group led by John and Sam Adams favored full independence. leading figure in
fomenting public outrage, viewed events in moral terms- England sinful and corrupt. Organized
committee of correspondence 1772, other networks of dissent spread 1770s. Samuel Adams called
convention of delegates from towns to sit in place of dissolved General Court. Sons of Liberty
became source of power, enforced boycotts
Coercive Acts: Bostonians refused to pay for destroyed property George III and Lord North passed
four Coercion Acts (Intolerable Acts to Americans) in 1774- closed port of Boston, reduced self-govt
power, royal officers could be tried in England or other colonies, quartering of troops in empty
houses.
Thomas Gage: Thomas Gage knew of preparations, received orders from England to arrest rebel
leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock in Lexington vicinity. After Concord and Lexington American
forces besieged army of General Thomas Gage in Boston, Battle of Bunker Hill fought June 1775.
Heaviest British casualties of entire war occurred.
John Locke: drew up Fundamental Constitution for Caroline 1669- elaborate system of land
distribution and social order. Colony never united, north and south separated socially and
economically.
Ben Franklin:
James Otis: called for inter-colonial congress against tax, October 1765 Stamp Act Congress met in
NY to petition king
Boston Massacre: Before news of repeal reached America impt event in MA. B/c of Boston
harassment of customs commissioners Brit government placed regular troops in city. Tensions ran
high, soldiers competed in labor market. March 5, 1770 dockworkers + “liberty boys” pelted customs
house sentries w/ rocks, scuffle ensued and British fired into crowd and killed 5 people. Incident
transformed by local resistance leaders into “Boston Massacre”
John Adams:
Stamp Act: of 1765 imposed tax on all printed documents. affected all Americans. Economic burdens
were light but colonists disturbed by precedent set- past taxes to regulate commerce and not raise
money, stamps obvious attempt to tax w/o assemblies approval. It was repealed b/c boycott of 1764
Gaspée Incident: The British whip was boarded by some angry Rhode Island Residents. They set it
aflame and sank it in Narragansett Bay. British response angered Americans: GB sent a special
commission to the US to have them sent to GB for trial.
Intolerable Acts: AKA Coercive Acts. The Four of them closed port of Boston, reduced self-govt
power, royal officers could be tried in England or other colonies, quartering of troops in empty
houses.
CHAPTER 5
Thomas Jefferson
Nathaniel Greene: Lord Cornwallis (Brit general for South) defeated Patriot Horatio Gates, led
Washington to give command to Gen. Nathaniel Greene. King’s Mountain 1780 a Patriot victory,
Greene split army into small, fast contingents and refrained from open battles.
Articles of Confederation: It was passed to confirm weak, decentralized system in place. Continental
Congress was main coordinator of war effort Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777, Congress
had power to conduct wars, foreign relations, and appropriate money- would not regulate trade,
draft troops, or levy taxes on people. Each state had one vote, articles ratified only after VA and NY
gave up western land claims in 1781.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: abandoned ten districts, designated five territories that when had
60,000 ppl would become states, slavery prohibited.
Declaration of Independence: After Common Sense support grew, CC recommended colonies
establish independent govt’s from British, July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence. It was written
mostly by Thomas Jefferson, restated contract theory of John Locke that govts formed to protect
rights of “life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”, then listed alleged crimes of king and Parliament. It also
inspired French Revolution’s Dec. of the rights of Men, claimed sovereign “United States of
America”, led to increased foreign aid.
Treaty of Greenville: Negations not continued until General Anthony Wayne defeated Indians 1794
at Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Greenville w/ Miami Indians ceded lands. Affirmed that Indian
Land could only be ceded by the tribes. Also acknowledged the land the Indians didn’t cede.
Horatio Gates: Defeats led Congress to remove General Philip Schuyler and replace with Horatio
Gates. But series of Patriot victories followed, Burgoyne forced to withdraw to Saratoga where Gates
surrounded him and forced surrender of 5,000 man army.
Suffolk Resolutions:
Francis Marion: AKA the “Swamp Fox.” He led guerilla forces against the British in the Revolution.
Lord Cornwallis: (Brit general for South) defeated Patriot Horatio Gates. surrendered October 17,
1781.
Sir William Howe: 1776 British army of 32,000 landed in New York City under William Howe.
Americans rejected Howe’s offer or royal pardon, Washington’s 19,000 man army pushed backed
from LI, thru NJ, to PA. He later abandoned Burgoyne in the Northern campaign and refrained from
attacking in Pennsylvania. Allowed Washington to retreat and regroup instead of finishing him, left
Continental army unmolested in Valley Forge.
Benedict Arnold: In North Americans invaded Canada, Patriot General Benedict Arnold + Richard
Montgomery threatened Quebec in order to remove British threat and recruit Canadians. Siege
failed, Canada not to become part of US. Became traitor, scheme to betray Patriot fort at West Point
was foiled.
CHAPTER 6
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay: Supporters of the Constitution well organized, supported by Washington and Franklin,
called themselves Federalists. Had best political philosophers in Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, John Jay. Wrote Federalist Papers arguing for Const under pseudonym Publius
Midnight Judges: After the Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed, Adams scrambled to preserve the
Federalist hold of their only remaining branch: the judicial. He stayed up till midnight, nickname
“midnight appointees”
Federalist Papers: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay wrote Federalist Papers arguing for
Constitution under pseudonym Publius.
Anti-Federalists: believed Const would betray principles of Revolution by establish a strong,
potentially tyrannical central govt that would increase taxies, obliterate states, favor the “well born”.
Biggest complaint was that Const lacked a bill of rights, any govt with central authority could not be
trusted to protect citizens’ liberties, therefore natural rights had to be enumerated in order to be
preserved
Bill of Rights: First Congress passed bill of rights 1789, 10 ratified by states by end of 1791. Nine
forbid Congress from infringing basic rights, 10th reserved powers to states unless specifically
withheld from them or delegated to fed govt.
XYZ Affair: President Adam’s pursued reconciliation by appointing bi-partisan commission of Charles
Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to negotiate. French foreign minister Talleyrand
demanded loan and bribe, Adams turned over report of this to Congress w/ names deleted- “XYZ
Affair” caused outrage at France, Federalist gained support for response
Sedition Acts: Sedition Act allowed govt to prosecute libelous or treasonous activity- but definitions
allowed govt to stifle any opposition—Republicans fought back. Adams is cautious in
implementation but still repressive, Republican leaders hoped for reversal from state legislatures
New Jersey Plan: Proposal by William Paterson of NJ would reform Congress and give it power to
tax and regulate commerce. It would keep the unicameral legislature with equal representation.
Federalist Party: feared disorder, anarchy, power of masses, Antifederalists feared the state more
than they did the ppl, feared concentrated power. Federalists dominated govt for 12 years under
leadership of Treasurer Alexander Hamilton (Washington supported, but avoided direct
involvement). Believed stable and effective govt required enlightened ruling class, therefore rich and
powerful needed stake in its success
Tenth Amendment: reserved powers to states unless specifically withheld from them or delegated
to fed govt.
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty: guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River for 25
years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping. However, the
Treaty was not ratified under the Articles of Confederation.
Abigail Adams: Abigail Adams called for modest expansion of women’s rights and protections
Saratoga: Burgoyne forced to withdraw to Saratoga where Gates surrounded him and forced
surrender of 5,000 man army. Failure of Brits to crush Continental army in Mid-Atlantic States +
rebel victory at Saratoga was turning point.
Shay's Rebellion: rallied behind Daniel Shays, 1786 Shayites prevented debt collection. Boston
legislature denounced them as traitors, when rebels advanced on Springfield state militia defeated
them January 1787.
CHAPTER 7
Francis Scott Key: Americans at Fort McHenry in Baltimore repelled Brit attack in Sept. This battle is
what Francis Scott Key witnessed, wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”. A Washington lawyer who was
on board of one of the British ships trying to secure the release of an American prisoner.
Ft. McHenry: Americans at Fort McHenry that guarded Baltimore repelled Brit attack in Sept. This
battle is what Francis Scott Key witnessed, wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”
John Marshall: Chief Justice John Marshall presided over Marbury v. Madison , battled to give fed
govt unity and strength, established judiciary as branch coequal w/ exec and legislature.
Strengthened judicial system at expense of executive and legislature, increased fed power over
states, advanced interest of propertied and commercial classes. After Marshall died 1835, he named
Roger Taney chief justice.
Samuel Chase: Jefferson assaulted last Federalist stronghold, urged Congress to impeach obstructive
judges. Tried to impeach justice Samuel Chase in 1805 but Republican Senate could not get 2/3 vote
necessary- acquittal set precedent impeachment not purely a political weapon, above partisan
disagreement.
Zebulon Pike: Lieutenant Zebulon Pike led two expeditions between Mississippi and Rocky
Mountains
Barbary Pirates: 1801 threats by pasha of Tripoli in Mediterranean following Jefferson’s end to
paying the yearly ransom demanded by Barbary pirates that even GB was paying. It was for
protection against enemy ships in the Mediterranean. The pasha ordered the chopping down of the
flagpole for the American Flag at the American consulate. Jefferson built up the fleet and decided to
pay a ransom of $60,000 for the release of American prisoners.
Mosquitoes and Ice:
Marbury v. Madison: 1803 btwn Justice of Peace William Marbury and Sec of State James Madison.
Supreme Court ruled Congress exceeded its authority in creating a statute of the Judiciary Act of
1789 b/c Constitution had already defined judiciary. Court asserted that the act of Congress was
void. Enlarged courts power. Chief Justice John Marshall presided over case, battled to give fed govt
unity and strength, established judiciary as branch coequal w/ exec and legislature.
Treaty of Ghent: Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin met in Ghent, Belgium w/ Brit diplomats.
Final treaty did little but end fighting- US dropped call to end impressments, Brit dropped call for
Indian buffer in NW. Brit accepted b/c exhausted + indebted after Napoleonic conflict, US believed
w/ end of European conflict less commercial interference would occur. Treaty of Gent signed Dec
1814. It ended the War of 1812.
Embargo Act: prohibited US ship from leaving for any foreign port. Created national depression,
ship-owners + merchants of NE (mainly Federalists) hardest hit. Later replaced with Non-Intercourse
Act, which reopened trade w/ all nations except GB + France.
War Hawks: They appeared in the congressional elections of 1810; they were eager to go to war
with GB. They were mainly nationalists with expansionist beliefs. Some were defending Republicans.
Included John Calhoun and Henry Clay.
War of 1812:
Hartford Convention: led to nothing b/c of news of Jackson’s smashing success at New Orleans. Two
days later news of peace treaty arrived. It was supposed to lead to the secession of the New England
States because of the overall minority of the Federalists in the country, but the majority in NE.
Eli Whitney: revolutionized weapons making and Invented cotton gin in 1793. Growth of textile
industry in England created great demand for cotton, cotton gin allowed for easy separation of
cotton seed from cotton allowed tremendous amount of cotton to be cleaned, new business led
slavery became more important than ever. He invented the use of interchangeable parts for nonnecessities.
CHAPTER 8
First Bank of the U.S.:
Missouri Compromise: complicated the admission of Missouri and Maine into the US. Maine would
be free, Missouri would be slave. Senator Jesse B. Thomas proposed an amendment that prohibited
slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 degree 30’ parallel.
John Marshall: most dominating chief justice of the supreme court ever.
Era of Good Feelings: described Monroe’s unopposed reelection.
Gibbons v. Ogden: Court strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce. New YK
indirectly granted Aaron Ogden to ferry passengers from NY to NJ. Thomas Gibbons competed with
him with a license from Congress. Gibbons won.
Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain ceded all Florida to the US and gave up claims to all territory north of the
42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. US gave up claim to Texas in return.
Tallmadge Amendment: for Missouri, prohibited further introduction of slaves and gradually
emancipate the slaves already there.
James Tallmadge: proposed the amendment
John Quincy Adams
Macon's Bill No. 2: Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act. Conditionally reopened all trade with GB and
France.
Continental System: It closed Europe to British trade as imposed by Napoleon. GB responded with a
naval blockade.
Rush-Bagot Agreement: mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Eventually the Canadian-American
border would become the largest “unguarded frontier” in the world.
Horace Mann: 1st secretary of the MA Board of Education.
Second Bank of the U.S.:
Turnpike Era: toll road 60 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PN. Another name for a tollgate.
CHAPTER 9
John Tyler
Joseph Story: coined the phrase “reign of king ‘Mob’” in terms of Jackson being the ‘people’s
president”
Specie Circular: payment for public lands would only be accepted in gold or silver or money backed
by gold or silver. Caused Panic of 1837.
Trail of Tears: “the trail where they cried.” Cherokees mainly. The Choctaws were actually the 1st on
the trail.
Henry Clay
American System: developed by Henry Clay, Speaker of the House. Suggested that to create a home
marker for factory and farm producers, there must be a protective tariff, a strengthening of the
national bank, and internal improvements.
Nicholas Biddle: 1st National bank’s president.
Roger Taney:
Caroline Affair: Canadians launched a rebellion against GB and used the Caroline to ship supplied
across the Niagara river to NY. British authorities seized the Caroline and burned it, killing 1
American. GB refused to apologize. New York authorities arrested Alexander McLeod and charged
him with the murder of the American. GB insisted he did no wrong in that he was following orders.
McLeod was later dismissed.
Martin van Buren
Webster-Ashburton Treaty: established boundary between the US and Canada at Maine and New
Brunswik.
Andrew Jackson
Kitchen Cabinet: Van Buren was part of Jackson’s unofficial cabinet.
John C. Calhoun
Whigs
Aroostook War: Groups of Americans and Canadians, mainly lumberjacks, crossed the Aroostook
River at the US-Canada border in Maine.
CHAPTER 10
Nativism defense of native-born and hostility towards foreign-born. Desire to stop or slow
immigration.
Know-nothings
Canals:
Railroads
Stephen Douglas
John Stevens: ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track around his NJ estate.
Samuel Morris: invented the telegraph. 1st from Baltimore to Washington with news of Polk’s
nomination. Pacific telegraph from NY to San Fran.
Horace Greeley New York Tribune. Nominated by Liberal Republicans in their 1st election.
Eli Whitney: interchangeable parts
Charles Goodyear: method for vulcanizing rubber.
Commonwealth v. Hunt: unions are legal and strikes are legal. In Massachusetts.
Waltham System: Lowell system. Enlisted young, single women.
Cult of Domesticity: women’s job to teach children religious and moral instruction to
counterbalance the secular nature of the father.
CHAPTER 11
Passive Resistance: “Civil disobedience” to unjust laws by not doing anything, peaceful protest.
George Fitzhugh: south’s most important social theorist. “Women, like children, have but one right,
and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey.”
Preston Brooks : he came into the chamber for the US Senate and savagely beat Charles Sumner
with a cane as retaliation against an insult to one of his relatives. Viewed as a southern hero.
"King Cotton":
De Bow's Review: this magazine advocated southern economic independence from the north,
warning of the dangers between them.
Crackers: aka “sandhillers” or “poor white trash.” Owned no land, destitute, and foraged to survive.
Regarded as worse than African Americans. Some even ate dirt (“dirt-eaters”) to survive.
CHAPTER 12
William Lloyd Garrison: published leading antislavery newspaper Genius of Universal Emancipation.
Founded the Liberator newspaper. Demanded unconditional abolition of slavery.
Henry David Thoreau
Horace Mann:
Liberty Party: chose James G. Birney as their presidential candidate in 1840. stood for “free-soil,”
not “antislavery” or “abolitionism.”
Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Leaves of Grass: Walt Whitman’s 1st volume of work.
Walt Whitman: poet of American democracy.
Seneca Falls Conference: NY. Proposed a “declaration of sentiments,” stating their beliefs that all
men and women were created equal.
American Colonization Society: challenged slavery in VA without challenging property rights or
southern sensibilities. Gradual manumission of slaves. Helped create the nation of Liberia, capital
Monrovia.
James Fennimore Cooper: 1st great American novelist. 30 novels in 3 decades. Master of adventure
and suspense. “Leather-stocking Tales” and character Natty Bumpo.
Joseph Smith: founded Mormon, AKA Church of Latter Day Saints. Published Book of Mormon,
which he translated from a set of golden tablets in the hills of NY.
Herman Melville: Moby Dick. Ahab, captain of a whaling vessel. Tragedy of pride and revenge.
Showed negatives of human spirit.
Edgar Allen Poe: Tamerlane and Other Poems. “The Raven.”
CHAPTER 13
Popular Sovereignty: AKA “squatter sovereignty.” Allows the residents of each territory, through
their legislature, to decide the status of slavery. Introduced by the Compromise of 1850. included in
the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Wilmot Proviso: would have prohibited slavery in all areas acquired from Mexico. Passed in the
House, failed in the Senate.
Manifest Destiny: Americana’ right to posses the whole of North America, as by Divine Providence.
Named by John L. O’Sullivan. He also claimed to keep “racial purity” even while spreading.
Mexican War:
Freeport Doctrine: by Douglas. Asked if popular sovereignty wat still legal in spite of the Dred Scott
deicision.
Free Soil Party: drew from the Liberty Party and those Whigs and Democrats who endorsed the
Wilmot Proviso. They chose Martin van Buren for the election of 1848.
Gadsden Purchase: Jefferson Davis, Pierce’s Secretary of War, sent James Gadsden to negotiate with
Mexico the obtaining of some southern land if a southern transcontinental railroad went through
the south and not the north. Mexico sold for $10 million a strip of land that includes Arizona and
New Mexico.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: Douglas proposed that the new territory be allowed to vote on slavery by
popular sovereignty. he also later repealed the Missouri Compromise. He would also divide the area
into Kansas and Nebraska, to not upset the free and slave state balance. Pierce supported it; the
south unanimously ratified it with some northern Democrat opposition.
Charles Sumner: anti-slavery, senator of Massachusetts. His speech “the Crime Against Kansas”
directly attacked Senator Andrew Butler of SC, who defended slavery. Sumner claimed Butler was
the “Don Quixote” of slavery. The speech angered Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew and House
member for SC. He challenged Sumner to a duel in which Sumner was beaten so badly he could not
return to the Senate for 4 years. Preston Brooks had to give up his seat. Known as Bleeding
Congress.
Sam Houston: led forces against Santa Anna in the Battle of San Jacinto. They took Santa Anna
prisoner and forced him to sign a treaty giving Texas their independence. He later became the
president of Texas
"Oregon Fever": Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with
their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely
publicized
John Bell: ex-Whigs met in Baltimore to form the Constitutional Union Party, in which they
nominated John Bell as their candidate. They endorsed the Union and spoke not of slavery.
Ostend Manifesto: Pierce wanted to buy Cuba from Spain. He later received a private document
from Ostend, Belgium, sent by Pierre Soule, John Mason, and James Buchanan making the case to
take Cuba by force. It declared if there was any disturbance in Cuba, the US could intervene.
John Sutter: James Marshall was working on one of his mills when he found the piece of gold that
would spark the California Gold Rush.
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight": this was the potential war slogan Americans used on the Oregon issue in
a potential fight against the British. The parallel was later set at the 49th.
James Polk
Winfield Scott: AKA “Old Fluff and Feathers.” Polk commanded him to assemble an army at Tampico
and go down to Veracruz along the Mexican national Highway to seize Mexico City. He was the Whig
candidate of the election of 1852.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: This came along with the Compromise of 1850. it was ignored by the
north; they put in place their Personal Liberty laws instead.
Franklin Pierce: obscure New Hampshire politician chosen by the Democrats in the 1852 election.
His “Young America” movement encouraged nationalism, trade with Asia, and Manifest Destiny.
John Brown: Thought he was an instrument of God’s will and he had to destroy slavery. He moved to
Kansas to help vote and make it a free state. He and 6 followers (4 his sons) murdered 5 pro-slavery
settlers and left their bodies to rot. Known as the Pottawatomie Massacre.
Stephen Douglas: Illinois senator. Wanted a transcontinental railroad
Lecompton Constitution: this was the pro-slavery constitution for Kansas after they stood
unopposed by the free-state residents in the constitutional convention. The constitution legalized
slavery. It only lasted so long; when a vote came to ratify the bill, the anti-slavery was the majority.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Polk sent Nicholas Trist to negotiate the treaty. Mexico ceded
California and New Mexico and acknowledged the Rio Grande as the border of Texas. In return, the
US assumed any financial claims from the war and paid the Mexicans $15 million.
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Lyceum Movement - Josiah Holbrook: Affected Massachusetts, New England, then the Northeast.
Provided entertainment and instruction to adult audiences.
Dred Scott Decision
CHAPTER 14
Robert Anderson: he garrisoned Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina against the Confederates.
When Anderson surrendered, the Civil War began.
Joseph Hooker: He was the commander of the Army of the Potomac. His nickname was “Fighting
Joe.” He lost and narrowly survived the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Joseph Johnston: He attacked McClellan in the Battle of Fair Oaks, of the Battle of Seven Pines.
Johnston was badly wounded and replaced by Robert E. Lee in this battle.
Fort Donelson: 1 of the 2 Confederate forts in Tennessee along the Tennessee and Cumberland
Rivers. Under the command of Albert Sydney Johnston. Grant attacked it because it was far behind
Southern flanks, and they surrendered because of the awe of the Union’s ironclads.
Fort Henry: The other Confederate fort that was captured by Grant second. They still surrendered.
After this, Grant had all control of Kentucky and ½ of Tennessee.
Gettysburg: Lee’s first attack on Meade’s forced, Cemetery Ridge, failed. The second, Pickett’s
Charge, resulted in such heavy losses that the Confederates had to surrender. The same day as the
surrender of the Confederates at Vicksburg, Lee withdrew.
Jefferson Davis: He was the president of the Confederacy. After he signed the surrender, he fled to
Richmond and was captured in Georgia. He was also Pierce’s Secretary of War. In the Civil War, he
was his own secretary of war. He named lee as general in chief.
Robert E. Lee:
John Crittenden: Senator of Kentucky who proposed that several constitutional amendments be
made that allow for the permanence of slavery in the slave states. He also called for slavery to be in
DC and to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line. The Republicans in the Senate denied it.
Morrill Land Grant Act: gave public acreage to the state governments, which sold the land ad used
the money to finance public education. It created new colleges and universities, land-grant
institutions.
First Battle of Bull Run: Confederate PGT Beauregard against Irwin McDowell. Union forces broke
ranks and retreated after a long line of Confederate forces resupplied the army. McDowell was
forced to order a retreat to Washington. Many civilians came to watch. Severe blow to Union morale
Antietam: (Sharpsburg) Lee against McClellan. McClellan found a copy of Lee’s orders that showed
another C force under Stonewall Jackson was going to attack Harpers Ferry. Bloodiest 1-day of battle
of the war. But McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. Union victory. Lincoln replaced
McClellan with Ambrose E. Burnside.
Appomattox Court House: Where Lee surrendered to Grant, in Virginia.
Border States: The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to them because they remained loyal
to the Union.
CHAPTER 15
Emancipation Proclamation: Abolished slavery in the Confederacy in the areas not under Union
control by that time. It did not apply to the border slave states, who never were part of the
Confederacy. Lincoln proclaimed it after the U victory at Antietam.
Gag Rule: prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House or Representatives
Andrew Johnson
Edwin Stanton: The Radical Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act to prevent Johnson from
removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from his rank. Johnson still fired him, and he was sent to
trial before the House.
Scalawags: Critics called Southern White Republicans this. They were usually former Whigs who
were unsatisfied with the Democratic Party. Most were wealthy of had once been wealthy planters
or businessmen. Others were farmers who lived isolated from slavery and joined the Republicans to
end their social isolation.
Ulysses S. Grant
"Redeemed": The white Democrats took back the governments of 7/11 of the former Confederate
states. Restored the “home rule.” It was another repressive oligarchy with exclusive members, the
“Redeemers” or the “Bourbons.” It was a new ruling class of merchants, industrialists, railroad
developers, and financiers.
Amnesty Act: removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the
secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the
Confederacy.
Hiram Revels: He was 1 of the 2 African Americans to serve in the Senate, along with Blanche Bruce.
Both were from Mississippi. Revels took the seat of Jefferson Davis.
Blanche K. Bruce: he was the other black Senators between 1869 and 1901.
14th Amendment: 1st constitutional definition of citizenship. Everyone born or naturalized was
automatically an American citizen and entitled to all “privileges and immunities” of the Constitution.
It also prohibited former members of Congress who were Confederates from holding federal or state
office unless 2/3 approval of Congress.
13th Amendment: abolished slavery as an institution in the whole US.
Wade-Davis Bill: authorized the president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered
state. When a majority of the white males pledged allegiance to the Union, the governor could hold
a state constitutional convention whose delegates are those who took the oath (Ironclad) to never
commit treason again. The new constitutions had to abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate
leaders, and ignore war debts in order to be readmitted by Congress. Lincoln rid of it with a pocket
veto.
15th Amendment: forbade the states and federal government from denying suffrage to anyone
based on appearance- race, color, previous condition of servitude.
Dred Scott v. Sanford: he was a Missouri slave who was once owned by an army surgeon that took
him to Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was forbidden. The surgeon died, and Dred Scott sued
his master’s widow for his freedom on free grounds. Missouri courts declared him free, but John
Sanford, the master’s brother, claimed ownership of him even still. The Supreme Court ruled
through Roger Taney that Scott could not sue because he was property, not a citizen. Since Congress
had no right to seize property without “due process,” Dred’s plea was null. The Missouri
Compromise was also unconstitutional.
CHAPTER 16
Sioux Nation: Along with the Plains tribes, survived on buffalo. They were nomadic; they used
teepees to preserve their temporary living ground. The Sioux was the most powerful tribe in the
Missouri River valley and expanded west and south throughout the Plains.
Juan Cortina: He led a raid on a jail in Brownsville, Texas with an armed militia. They freed all the
Mexican prisoners inside. The Mexican government eventually captured and imprisoned him.
Denis Kearney: he created the Workingmen’s Party of California to combat the Chinese immigrants.
It was a Democratic offshoot. He himself was an Irish immigrant.
Chinese Exclusion Act: it banned Chinese immigration into the US for 10 years and prevented those
already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens. Congress later renewed it for another 10
years then established its permanence in 1902. It dramatically affected the Chinese population in US.
Homestead Act of 1862: allowed settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied it
for 5 years and improved it. It was a progressive measure.
Desert Land Act: provided people who made claims on land with 640 acres for $1.25 an acre if they
irrigated the land for 3 years.
Henry Comstock: He discovered the silver ore in the great Comstock Lode of Nevada.
William Clark: He launched the Anaconda copper mine in Montana.
Chisholm Trail: Went to Abilene, Kansas from the Kansas Pacific Railroad. It was a market facility
Range Wars: Farmers (“nesters”) from the East threw fences around their claims and blocks the
open range. The “range wars” were between sheepmen and cattlemen and between ranchers and
farmers and led to property damage and loss of lives.
Mark Twain: in his Roughing It, he wrote of the Far West and his own experience as a reporter in
Nevada during the mining boom. His more famous works were The Adventures of Huck Finn and The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The characters rejected society and escaped to nature.
Fredric Remington: romanticized the West through his paintings and sculptures. He portrayed the
cowboy as the aristocrat in an empty civil structure.
TEST INFORMATION:
130 Multiple-Choice Questions
6 Essay questions- you choose two (2) (3 to 5 paragraphs)
150 Total Points