DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BY: AMAN KALRA, GAGIN MERWAR, GURJOT
AULAKH, SAHIBA BAJWA
THE MUSCULAR APPARATUS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Also called
• Alimentary canal
• Digestive Canal
• Gastrointestinal “GI” tract
• Digestion starts at the mouth  pharynx
esophagus stomach small intestine large
intestine
DIGESTIVE TRACT OPERATION TERMS
• Deglutition – swallowing
• Peristalsis- involuntary muscle contractions within the
rest of the tract, takes over after we swallow
* We only have control over what we swallow
PHARYNX
• Belongs to both the
respiratory system and
the digestive system
• Passage for air, food
and drink
• Liquid and chewed
(masticated) food
enters the pharynx
form the oral cavity
and muscular action
sends it to the
esophagus
ESOPHAGUS
• About a foot long
• In order to get through the
diaphragm to reach the
stomach, the esophagus
passes through an opening
called the esophageal
hiatus, located in the
diaphragm
• The esophageal hiatus is
formally part of the
diaphragm not the
esophagus.
STOMACH
• Is the center of the system in the functional and
physical sense
• 4 main areas include:
•
•
•
•
Fundus
Cardia
Body
antrum
STOMACH CONT.
• Two main jobs:
– Temporary storage place for food
– Secreting acid and enzymes to help break down proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
• Work done in the stomach are both mechanical
changes (liquefaction of food) and chemical
changes ( producing food for the body’s cells)
• After 3-4 hours, the food is now a liquid substance
called “chyme” which begins to enter the small
intestine
SMALL INTESTINE
• Absorption of nutrients:
– 90% in small intestine
– 10% in large intestine
PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE CONT.
• Duodenum
• first 10 inches of the small intestine [Latin: duodeni “twelve
each”
• Adjective: duodenal
• Example: duodenal ulcer
SMALL INTESTINE CONT.
• Jejunum
• Part of the small intestine that comes right after the
duodenum
• 8 feet long
• Latin: Jejunus “fasting”
• Segment where most of the nutrients are emptied into the
bloodstream
SMALL INTESTINE CONT.
• Ileum
• Final segment of the small intestine
• 12 feet long
THE LARGE INTESTINE
• Compacts waste
material for elimination
• Colon: a word used as
a synonym for the
large intestine
LARGE INTESTINE CONT.
• Colon has 4 parts
•
•
•
•
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
OTHER ORGANS
OF DIGESTION
• For the digestive
tract to complete its
work many
chemicals are
needed.
• Some are supplied
from stomach but
most from salivary
glands, the
pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder.
SALIVARY GLANDS
Digestion in mouth is aided by salivary glands
Produce Saliva
Saliva is more than 99% water
Essential enzymes: that break down complex
carbohydrates
• Ex: amylase breaks down starch into maltose
•
•
•
•
SALIVARY GLAND CONT.
• Has antibodies that kill bacteria
• Located in oral cavity
• 3 parts: - Paratoid
- Sublingual,
- Submandibular salivary glands
PANCREAS
• Releases hormones and sends out enzymes for
digestion
• Acts as endocrine and exocrine gland
• Exocrine : glands secretions are internal, secretions
are not expelled through duct
• Endocrine: expel through duct
PANCREAS CONT.
• Provides insulin to the blood stream
( endocrine function)
• Secretes fluid containing enzymes into small
intestine
( exocrine function)
LIVER
•
•
•
•
Absorbs nutrients from small and large intestine
Storage for vitamins and iron
Extracts and stores nutrients for later use
The liver keeps the body metabolism balanced and
promotes good health by releasing fat soluble
vitamins, such as A and D, when the body needs
them.
LIVER CONT.
• Produces bile
• > helps in breaking down the lipids (fats) so it is
easier for them to mix with other liquids.
• After bile completes work it goes back to the liver
where it gets recycled and used again
• Detoxifies the blood by removing unwanted
material
GALLBLADDER
• Located under the
liver
• Referred to as
cholecystis or
cholecyst
• Stores, condenses
and delivers the bile
to the small intestine
ROOT OR SUFFIX
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
cholecyst/o
Colon/o
Duoden/o
Enter/o
Esophag/o
Gastr/o
hepat/o
Ile/o
Jejun/o
Pancreat/o
Phag/o
Sial/o
Scope
Scopy
gallbladder
colon
duodenum
small intestine
esophagus
stomach
liver
ileum
jejunum
pancreas
eating; swallowing
salivary glands
device for visual examination
visual examination
Alimentary Canal (Latin: food): the digestive tract, the
gastrointestinal
Antibody: antibodies contained in saliva that act as
antibacterial agents.
Antrum (Latin: cave): the part of the stomach nearest
the entrance to the duodenum.
Cardia: the area of the stomach between the fundis
and it main body.
Cholecystis; Cholecyst: gallbladder
Chyme (Greek: juice): liquefied food entering the
duodenum.
• Colon: the large intestine (divisible into ascending,
transverse, descending and sigmoid colons)
Deglutition: swallowing
Duodenal: adjective form of duodenum used to
name some digestive system disorders.
Duodenum: segment of the small intestine connecting
with the stomach.
Fundus (Latin: bottom) : part of the stomach
Gastric: adjectival form of stomach
Hepatoid: resembling the liver
Ileum: longest segment of the small intestine; leads to
large intestine.
Esophagus: the part of the digestive tract between the
pharynx and stomach.
Intestine (latin: gut): the small intestine is divisible into 3
zones: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
The large intestine comprises the cecum, colon,
rectum and anus.
Jejunum: eight foot long segment of the small intestine
between the duodenum and the ileum.
Pancreatic: adjective for pancreas
Salivary glands: the parotid, sublingual, and
submandibular salivary gland. They are glands with
ducts, that produce saliva.
Stomach:
Digestive organ composed of four parts:
1) Fundus
2) Cardia
3) The body
4) Antrum
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS:
DM: Diabetes mellitus
GB: gallbladder
GBS: gallbladder x-ray series
GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disorder
GI: gastrointestinal
NGT: nasogastric tube
S&D: stomach & duodenum
UGI: upper gastrointestinal
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR
APPARATUS
Enterology is the medical specialty
concerned with the intestinal
tract.
Enterologists discover and treat
many ailments of the digestive
system.
Among those ailments are :
Enteralgia/enterodyniaabdominal pain
Enterectomy-excision of part of
the intestine
Enteritis-inflammation of the
intestine
Entergastritis- inflammation of the
intestine and stomach
Enterohepatitis- inflammation of
the intestine and liver
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR
APPARATUS
Enteropathy- any intestinal disease
Enteropexy-surgical fixation of part of the intestine
Enterorrahagia- bleeding in the intestinal tract
Enterorrhaphy- suturing of the intestine
Enterospasm-painful peristalsis (contraction of smooth
muscles to propel contents through the
intestinal/digestive tract)
Enterostenosis – narrowing within the intestinal tract
The term that encompasses all of them is enteropathy
An enteroscope is the instrument used for the purpose of
entroscopy which is diagnosis of disorders of the
digestive system
DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS,
PANCREAS AND LIVER
Salivary glands are affected by
the same conditions as other
parts of the body
For terminology related to the
salivary glands the root word is
sial/o is used but since the
salivaries are glands the root for
gland aden/o is sometimes
added to the terms
Ex. Sialoadenotomy
And these glands have duct
work as well so in some cases
the root word for duct angi/o is
also added like in Sialoangiitis.
DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
Sialoadenitis-inflammation of the
salivary gland
Sialoadenectomy-excision of a
salivary gland
Sialoadenotomy-incision of a
salivary gland
Sialoangiitis-inflammation of the
salivary duct
Sialorrhea-excessive production
of saliva
Sialostenosis-narrowing of a
THE GENERAL TERM FOR REFERRING TO
DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS IS
PANCREOPATHY
When the pancreas fails to produce
insulin in the required amounts, a
condition known as diabetes occurs.
There are many subcategories for this
condition, the best known of which is
diabetes mellitus- a chronic metabolic
disease characterized by the body’s
decreased ability to utilize
carbohydrates and its enhanced
ability to utilize proteins and lipids
pancreatalgia- pain in the general area
of the pancreas
pancreaitis- inflammation of the
pancreas
pancreopathy-any disease of the
pancreas
pancreatotomy-incision into the
pancreas
THE ROOT WORD HEPAT/O REFERS TO THE LIVER
AND DENOTES ANY LIVER ABNORMALITIES
hepatitis- inflammation of the
liver
hepatocele- protrusion of a
part of the liver through an
adjacent structure
hepatopathy-any disease of
the liver
hepatopexy-fixation of the
liver
hepatorrhaphy-suturing of the
liver
hepatorrhexis- rupture of the
liver
hepatoscopy-examination of
the liver
CHOLECYST/O DENOTES ABNORMAL GALL
BLADDER CONDITIONS, SUCH AS
cholecystectomyexcision of the gall
bladder
cholecystitisinflammation of the
gall bladder
cholecystopathy-any
disease of the gall
bladder
cholecystotomyincision into the gall
bladder
COL/O – REFERRING TO THE COLON, ALSO CALLED
THE LARGE INTESTINE, FROM THE GREEK WORD
KOLON
colectomy- excision of all or part
of the colon
colitis- inflammation of the colon
colonoscope- device used in
colonoscopy
colonoscopy- visual inspection of
the colon wih a colonoscope
colopexy- surgical fixation of the
colon
colorrhagia-abnormal discharge
from the colon
colostomy- surgical establishment
of an opening into the colon
colostomy-incision into the colon
DUODEN/O – REFERRING TO THE DUODENUM, WHICH COMES
FROM THE LATIN WORD DUODENI (“TWELVE”)
duodenectomy- excision of the duodenum
duodenitis- inflammation of the duodenum
duodenorraphy- suturing of the duodenum
duodenoscopy- visual inspection of the duodenum with the
aid of an endoscope
duodenostomy- surgical establishment of an opening in the
duodenum
duodenotomy- incision of the duodenum
esophagology- study of
the structure and
diseases of the
esophagus
gastrectomy- excision of part of the stomach
gastritis- inflammation of the stomach
gastrocele- hernia of the stomach
gastrocolitis- inflammation of the stomach and the
colon
gastroduodenitis- inflammation of the stomach and the
duodenum
gastroenteritis-inflammation of the stomach and
intestine
ileopexy- surgical fixation of the
ileum
jejunectomy- excision of all or
part of the jejunum
jejunitis- inflammation of the
jejunum
jejunoplasty- surgical repair of the
jejunum
jejunotomy-incision into the
jejunum
COMMON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DISORDERS
• Colon and Rectal
Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
also called gastric
cancer
DIARRHEA
• Diarrhea is watery stool,
or an increased
frequency in stool, or
both as compared to the
normal amount of stool
passed by the individual.
Diarrhea can be shortterm or it can be related
to a bacterial or viral
infection, or it can be
long-term which is usually
related to a functional
disorder or intestinal
disease
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
• This disease occurs
in small pouches
that bulge out in
the colon. It is an
inflammation or
infection in the
pouches.
GAS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
• You get gas in your digestive tract by swallowing air
or during the breakdown process of certain foods
by the bacteria that is present in the colon
HEARTBURN
• Heartburn is what
most of us get from
time to time. Chronic
heartburn is a
digestive disorder
called
gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD).
GERD is caused by
gastric acid that
flows from the
stomach and into the
esophagus
HEPATITIS
• This is an
inflammation of the
liver that can result
in liver cell damage.
There are two types
of hepatitis – acute
and chronic and six
main types of the
hepatitis virus
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
• Irritable bowel syndrome – more commonly referred
to as IBS – is an intestinal disorder that causes
cramping, gassiness, bloating and changes in the
bowel habits of the individual with the disorder.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
• People with lactose intolerance lack an enzyme
that is called lactase. This enzyme is needed by the
body to digest lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in
milk products. Adults and children are affected by
this intolerance. Digestive diseases or injuries to the
small intestine cause this intolerance. Individuals
can experience different symptoms but the
common ones are: cramping, bloating, gas,
diarrhea, and nausea. The symptoms will worsen
when larger portions of milk products are
consumed.
STOMACH AND DUODENAL ULCERS
• Ulcers are open sores or lesions.
They are found in the skin or
mucous membranes of areas
of the body. A stomach ulcer is
called a gastric ulcer and an
ulcer in the duodenum is called
a duodenal ulcer. Lifestyle,
stress and diet used to be
thought to cause ulcers. These
factors may have a role in ulcer
formation; however they are
not the main cause of them.
Scientists now know that ulcers
are caused by hydrochloric
acid and pepsin that are
contained in our stomach and
duodenal parts of our digestive
system and that these acids
contribute to ulcer formation
The End