Theorist Research
Erik Erikson’s 8 stages
Age
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame
0 to 1 1/2
1 ½ to 3
3. Initiative vs. Shame
3 to 5
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5 to 12
5. Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion
12 to 18
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
18 to 40
40 to 65
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
65+
Definition
Infant is uncertain about the world they live in
Promote independence but protect from constant
failure
Begin to make own decisions which make be
embarrassing and lead to guilt
Feel need to win approval from society but will feel
inferior when doubting their potential
Want to belong to society yet will be confused on
their role within a group
Explore relationships yet fear commitment
Raise a family and have a productive job to look
back on but if lives are unproductive will fell guilt
Contemplate accomplishments yet feel shamed if
didn’t reach life goals
Jean Piaget’s 4 stages
Sensorimotor Stage
age
Birth to 2
definition
Differentiates self from objects, recognizes self as agent of action, begins to act
intentionally, and achieves object permanence
Preoperational Stage
2 to 7
Concrete Operational Stage
7 to 11
Formal Operational Stage
11+
Learns to use language, represent objects by images and words,
egocentric thinking, and classifies objects by a single feature
Think logically about objects and events, understand measurements,
classify objects according to several features, and order objects
Think logically about abstract propositions, test hypotheses
systematically, and become concerned with the hypothetical / future
Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy
Humans are creative beings
Humans alter their environments with creativity
Play is the engine that drives true learning
Play helps us discover how things work
Children can only learn what they are ready to learn
Each child develops according to their own schedule
Education means to “lead someone to knowledge”
Education is where a teacher guides the child to an understanding
Kindergarten was meant to be a prepared environment
A prepared environment provides the teacher with the proper tools and gives the child beneficial experiences
Activities are a window into a child’s inner world
Activities in a prepared environment give children experiences but provide the teacher with sophisticated diagnostic tools to
assess where a child is developmentally
Mathematical work is not just for justification, it also emphasizes order
Materials are part of a method to engage a child’s mind, creativity, and playful spirit
Teaching should always be joyful, fun, and easy
Teaching should always be positive and educational experience for both the teacher and student
Montessori Method:
The main goals of Montessori education are for children and teachers to engage in psychological selfconstruction by means of interaction with their environments and for children, especially under the age
of six, to have an innate path of psychological development. Montessori believed that children should
freely choose how to act and what to do within a prepared environment according to her model of
development.
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Mixed age classrooms are effective
Uninterrupted blocks of work time with 3 hours as the goal facilitate productive learning
Have a limitation of materials so that all of the materials are necessary for development
There are 5 sensitive periods.
Montessori classrooms for children from 2½ or 3 to 6 years old are often called Children’s
Houses.
Montessori used the term "cosmic education" for elementary schools in order to show the
universal scope of lessons and that education should help children realize the human role in the
interdependent functioning of society.
Anne Frank, Julia Child (Chef), and Jeff Bezos (Founder of Amazon.com) attendee Montessori
schools.
Abstraction, order, and repetition are just some of the human tendencies.
There should be nurture both inside and outside of the classroom.
The classroom should be constructed in proportion to the child’s needs.
Montessori Teaching Materials- 5- items you are interested in, 5 items we use/similar to ours
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Interested in the object permanence box
Interested in the fabric box
Interested in tasting experinces
Interested in set of colored pencil holders
Interested in subtraction strip board
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Have some of the multiple shape puzzles
Have shoe lace, buckle, and button boards
Have lower and upper case letters on cards
Have numbers on cards
Have shapes on cards
Lev Vygotsky- Zone of Proximal Development
B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
Freud- define Id, Ego, Superego (briefly)
Howard Gardner’s 8 Multiple Intelligences
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