Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
and Health
Chapters 12, 13, and 14
Motivation Categories
• Needs—Instinct Theory
• Drives—Drive Reduction
• Motives—Maslow
• Incentives—Cognitive—
oBandura, Rotter, Kelly
Early Perspectives on Motivation
• Motivation was INSTINCTUAL
– Darwin—Survival
– James/McDougall—Social Instincts
• Examples—Modest, Kind, etc.
• Why?
– Criticism????
• Drive Reduction—Hull (We are motivated to
reduce our drives and maintain homeostasis)
• Criticism????
Early Perspectives on Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs—must fulfill
basic needs before you can move onto other
needs and to eventually become self
actualized.
• Most never become self actualized because
other needs get in the way. Ex.—
• Examples of Self Actualized People:
Are you self actualized?
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Acceptance and Realism
Focused on Helping Others
Spontaneous—open and unconventional
Need for Autonomy and Solitude
Appreciation of the World—Inspired
Peak Experiences—Intense Joy, Wonder, Awe
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Primary Physiological Motives
Maintain Homeostasis
• Hunger—Hypothalamus (LH vs. VMH)
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External vs. Internal
External Eating starts @ 3 years
Glucose drop—hunger—cut stomach?
Eat Slow—20 min. & Learn to like foods 17 times
Set Point Theory—Can you change your set point?
Garcia Effect
Eating Disorders—Anorexia, Bulemia, Obesity
• BMI handout
• Cultural Differences
– Body Image Survey
Primary Drives
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Thirst Drive
You need to drink water or you will die
Can’t sham it like with food
Cells need hydration
Can go almost 2 weeks without food, but only
a couple days without water
Survey Scale of 1 to 5—
1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree
1) Teens who engage in sexual intercourse tend
to stay together longer.
2) The birth control pill is 100% effective and
prevents STDs or STIs
3) I would be comfortable having a friend with
HIV
4) People can be born gay.
5) Expectations about sex and marriage are the
same for men and women.
Survey Scale of 1 to 5—
1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree
6. Abstinence only education is the most effective
program in preventing teen pregnancy and STDs
or STIs
7. I am comfortable talking to my parents about sex.
8. My parents are the ones who gave me the most
information about sex.
9. Condoms are 95% effective in preventing
pregnancy and STDs or STIs.
10. The country with the highest rate of teen
pregnancy is the US.
• What are the main reasons American teens
get pregnant more, have more abortions, and
suffer from more STIs?
– Study shows ignorance, guilt, lack of
communication about birth control, alcohol use,
and mass media norms.
• STIs are growing fastest amongst people
under 25 with teen girls being the most
vulnerable.
– 4 factors were identified in study that linked to
sexual restraint—intelligence, religious activity,
father prescence, and participation in community
service.
Primary Drives
• Sex Drive--Hypothalamus
– Sexual Response Cycle—
• Masters and Johnson
• Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution
– Kinsey
– Hormones—Estrogen and Testosterone
• Levels affect libido--sex drive
– Gender Differences—why to a partner!
– Sexual Coercion—is learned, not a drive
– Sexual Orientation—Simon Levay
• Hypothalamus
– Disc uss with a partner!
Primary Drives
• Is Maternal Drive a primary, unlearned
drive?
• Are women biologically prepared to be
good mothers?
• Do we have a maternal instinct?
• Do men have any type of paternal drive
or instinct?
• Stand up for your opinion!
Stand up--Review Time
• How would the drive reduction theory explain
someone who takes a higher paying job that
requires much more work and time away from
home?
• What aspects of hunger are controlled by the
lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus?
• The balanced physiological state we are driven
to attain by satisfying our needs is called?
Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not
necessary for survival
• Exploration and Curiosity
– What are people like to have a high need to
exploration and curiosity?
• Survey
– Naturally want to explore our environment
• How do we learn not to?
– Naturally curious—think of little kids who ask lots
of questions
• How do we learn not to be curious and
not ask lots of questions?
Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not
necessary for survival
• Manipulation
– We want to experience things first hand—touch,
etc.
– If that is the case, then what is the best way to
learn?
Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not
necessary for survival
• Contact—Harlow
– Infants need contact to flourish
– Infants without contact develop a lot of problems
Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not
necessary for survival
• Arousal—motivated for stimulation
– Optimal Arousal—There is an optimal level of
arousal for certain tasks
– Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Easy—High Arousal
• Complex—Low Arousal
– Sensory Deprivation-We don’t like a non-aroused state,
so we create stimulation
Review Time
• What did Masters and Johnson add to the
field of psychology?
• Why were Kinsey and LeVay treated so poorly?
• What hormone drives libido?
• What is the Yerkes-Dodson curve referred to
as?
• What do we tend to do when we are sensory
deprived?
Learned Motives
• Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic
– If we got rid of grades, would you still find school
motivating? Discuss with a partner!
• Theory X vs. Theory Y
– Survey results--discuss
– Which type of boss is best? Discuss with a
different partner!
Learned Motives
• Aggression—inflicting intentional physical or
psychological harm on another.
– Examples:
• Bandura—Aggression is learned through
modeling and imitation
– Agree or Disagree—Stand up!
Learned Motives
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Sexual Coercion—sexual harassment to rape
Most underreported crime—why?
Learned, not a drive!
Motivated to do it for power and control
Miami Case Study
College Case Study
– Response
Learned Motives
• Get blue book and turn to page 352
• Answer the following questions using the picture on p.
352—
– What led up to the moment?
– What is he thinking?
– What is he feeling?
– What is likely to happen next?
• Stay tuned for results!
Learned Motives
• Need for Achievement—nAch
• Murray said some have a greater nAch than
others.
– Examples:
• McClelland developed the TAT or the Thematic
Apperception Test to test someone’s nAch.
• How did you score? Does it seem valid
and reliable? Discuss with a neighbor!
Learned Motives
• Need for Power and Control
• Some of us have a greater need for power
than others.
• How high is your need for power? What do
you do to satiate your need for power?
• What careers tend to attract people who have
a high need for power?
Learned Motives
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Need for Affiliation—nAff
Stanley Schacter
Misery LOVES Miserable Company
We need to affiliate with people who are like
us and who share our feelings!
Stand UP! Review Time
• What does nAch stand for?
• What test do they give to test nAch?
• What is the primary difference between
primary motives, stimulus motives and
learned motives?
• Why do miserable people love miserable
company?
• Is aggression instinctual or is it learned?
Emotion Expression and
Interpretation is Universal
Emotion
• James-Lange Theory
• Stimuli—Physical Response—Emotion
– Example—Jimmy calls you, you get a weird feeling
in your tummy, you feel love for Jimmy
– Example—Jimmy calls you, you feel nothing, you
tell Jimmy you are just not that into him
– Your own example???
Emotion
• Cannon—Bard Theory
• Stimuli—Physical and Emotion occur
simulataneously
• Thought Thalamus was emotional center, but
were wrong—what is it?
• Amygdala
Emotion
• Cognitive Appraisal Theory AKA Two Factor
Theory
• Schacter--Singer
• Most current emotional theory!
• Stimuli—Cogntive Appraisal + Physical
Response--Emotion
Which theory do you
agree with most?
Emotion
• Facial Feedback Theory
• Pencil Experiment
• Smiling vs. Frowning—Results
Emotion
• Non-verbal vs. Verbal Emotional
Communication
• Not good at verbally expressing our emotions
• 80% is non-verbal
• Examples—Facial Expressions, Body Language,
Distance, Gestures, Actions
• Charades!
Emotion
• What are the differences between men and
women when it comes to emotion?
• If we did a PET scan of both a man and a
woman during an emotional moment, what
would the two PET scans look like? Draw them-get a marker to color in the hot spots.
Music Review
Song
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Motivation Theory
Emotion Evoked
Stress and Health
• What do health psychologists study?
– Stress
– Behavior that leads to stress
– Personality types that lead to stress
– How people cope with stress
– How stress effects health
– Sources of stress
– How the body responds to stress
Stress and Health
• Define Stress—
– What is the difference between eustress and
distress?
Stress and Health
• How does our body respond to stress?
– GAS—General Adaptation Syndrome
• By Hans Seyle
– Alarm—Fight or Flight
– Resistance—Stress Hormones
» Cortisol
– Exhuastion--Parasympathetic
Stress and Health
• What causes stress?
– Daily Hassles—Examples
– Life Changes—Examples
• Holmes and Rahe SRRS—p. 484 in blue book
– 80% of people who scored high developed illness in the
following year.
– What is the lesson to be learned?
Stress and Health
• What causes stress?
– Pain and Discomfort
– Frustration
– Irrational Beliefs—p. 489 in blue book
– Conflict—
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Approach-Approach
Avoidance-Avoidance
Approach-Avoidance
Multiple Approach-Avoidance
Stress and Health
• What causes stress?
– Personality Type—
• Type A vs. B—Type A has more stress—greater chance
of a heart attack—p. 490 in blue book
Stress and Health
• How do we cope with stress?
– Self Esteem Work
– Sense of Humor
– Predictability
– Support
– Relaxation
– Psychological Hardiness—Internal Locus of
Control—p. 493 in blue book
Debate Topics
1.
Stress causes illness, therefore holistic medicine is most
effective VS. Stress does not cause illness therefore modern
medicine is most effective
2.
Most humans are extrinsically motivated therefore a Theory X
manager is most effective VS. Most humans are intrinsically
motivated therefore a Theory Y manager is most effective
3.
Abstinence education regarding sex is most effective VS.
Abstinence education regarding sex is not effective.
4.
Obesity is biological (nature) VS.
Obesity is learned/cultural/psychological (nurture).
5.
Sexual orientation is biological (nature) VS.
Sexual orientations is learned/cultural/psychological (nurture).
Debate Directions
• Prepare a typed or neatly written statement at
least one page in length that you will share
with your group.
• Have a works cited/bibliography with at least
3 sources.
• Be prepared to debate/discuss your topic with
your peers.
Grading
• You will be graded mainly on your written
statement.
• You will also receive a grade for your
bibliography.
• Lastly, you will get a grade for the points you
make during the debate/discussion.
– Essay—30 pts.
– Works cited/bibliography—10 pts.
– Discussion—10 pts.