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BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS
• BLOOD IS A SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE
TISSUE MADE OF CELLS AND PLASMA.
BLOOD FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:• TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES.
• FIGHT INFECTIONS.
• MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL BODY
ENVIRONMENT.
• REGULATE THE BODY TISSUES pH
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BLOOD COMPONENTS
• PLASMA
• RED BLOOD CELLS {ERYTHROCYTES}
{RBCs}
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS {LEUKOCYTES}
• PLATELETS {THROMBOCYTES}
• PROTEINS
• ELECTROLYTES
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BLOOD COMPONENTS
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PLASMA
• PLASMA IS THE LIQUID PART OF BLOOD
• 90% WATER PLUS SOLUTES SUCH AS:• PROTEINS
• NUTRIENTS
• ENZYMES
• HORMONES
• ELECTROLYTES
• RESPIRATORY GASES
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PLASMA PROTEINS
• MADE BY THE LIVER.
THREE TYPES:• ALBUMINS {60%} MAINTAIN THE BLOOD
OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
• GLOBULINS {36%} ALPHA, BETA AND
GAMMA. FUNCTION FOR BODY IMMUNITY
• FIBRINOGEN {4%} INVOLVED IN BLOOD
CLOTTING.
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RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBCs ARE TINY BICONCAVE DISKS THAT
TRANSPORT OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
• 4 – 6 MILLION/ML OF BLOOD IN ADULTS.
• PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW
UNDER ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATION.
• ERYTHROPOIETIN IS SECRETED BY THE
KIDNEYS {90%} AND THE LIVER {10%}.
• RBCs LIFE SPAN IS 120 DAY. DEAD ONES
ARE REMOVED BY THE SPLEEN & LIVER.
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RED BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW.
• 4,000 – 10,000 / ML OF BLOOD.
• WBCs PRODUCTION IS INCREASED BY
DISEASE – CAUSING ORGANISMS.
• WBCs PROVIDE A DEFENSE AGAINST
DISEASE ORGANISMS BY PHAGOCYTOSIS
OR BY RELEASING CHEMICALS THAT KILL
THE ORGANISMS.
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS TYPES
GRANULOCYTES:• NEUTROPHILS
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS
AGRANULOCYTES:• LYMPHOCYTES
• MONOCYTES
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NEUTROPHIL
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EOSINOPHIL
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BASOPHIL
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LYMPHOCYTE
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MONOCYTE
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PLATELETS
• THEY ARE CYTOPLASMIC FRAGMENTS OF
LARGE CELLS CALLED MEGAKARYOCYTES.
• 150,000 – 400,000 / ML OF BLOOD.
• PLATELETS CLUMP TOGETHER TO PLUG
ANY BREAKS IN THE BLOOD VESSELS
AND START THE BLOOD CLOTTING
PROCESS THAT STOPS BLEEDING.
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FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS
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HEMOSTASIS
• IS THE STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING FROM A
BROKEN BLOOD VESSEL.
IT INVOLVE THREE PROCESSES:• BLOOD VESSEL SPASM & CONSTRICTION
• PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
• BLOOD CLOT FORMATION OR COAGULATION
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PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
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COAGULATION
• DAMAGED TISSUE PRODUCE IN THE
BLOOD A PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR.
• PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CONVERT
PROTHROMBIN INTO THROMBIN.
• THROMBIN CONVERT FIBRINOGEN INTO
FIBRIN THREADS.
• FIBRIN THREADS FORM A NET THAT
TRAP BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS TO
FORM THE BLOOD CLOT.
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A BLOOD CLOT
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THE HEMOSTASIS PROCESSES
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HUMAN BLOOD TYPES
• BLOOD TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY THE
•
•
•
PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS CALLED
{A OR B} ON THE ERYTHROCYTES SURFACE.
ANTIBODIES ARE SUBSTANCES IN THE PLASMA
WHICH ATTACK ANY FOREIGN PROTEINS THAT
ENTER THE BODY.
FOREIGN RBCs ARE CLUMPED BY THE BINDING
OF ANTIBODIES CAUSING AGGLUTINATION.
IF THE RBCs HAVE AN RHESUS {Rh} ANTIGEN,
THE BLOOD TYPE IS CALLED Rh POSITIVE.
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HUMAN BLOOD TYPES
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BLOOD TRANSFUSION
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ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• WHEN A WOMAN WITH AN Rh NEGATIVE
BLOOD IS PREGNANT WITH HER FIRST
Rh POSITIVE BABY, SHE IS SENSITIZED
AND PRODUCE ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES.
• DURING HER SECOND PREGNANCY WITH
AN Rh POSITIVE BABY, THE MATHER’S
ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES DESTROY THE
BABY RBCs CAUSING HARMFUL EFFECTS.
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ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
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