CELL BIOLOGY
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
Microscopes
Light Microscope
- Uses lenses to magnify up
to 1500X
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
Electron Microscope
- Beam of electrons magnify 500,000X

Mosquito
Red Blood Cells
Bed Bug
Head lice
THE CELL THEORY
-
Leewenhoek – 1st
microscope
Hooke – named cell
The Cell Theory
1) Basic unit of structure
and organization
2) All organisms
composed of cells
3) All cells come from
pre-existing cells
CELL STRUCTURE
All
Cells have:
 an outermost plasma
membrane
 genetic material in the form of
DNA
 cytoplasm with ribosomes
CELL STRUCTURE
All
Cells have:
 an outermost plasma
membrane
Structure – phospholipid bilayer
with embedded proteins
Function – isolates cell contents,
controls what gets in and out of
the cell, receives signals

CELL STRUCTURE
All
Cells have:
 genetic material in the form of
DNA
Eukaryotes – DNA is within a
membrane (nucleus)
Prokaryotes – no membrane
around the DNA (DNA region
called nucleoid)

CELL STRUCTURE
All
Cells have:
 cytoplasm with ribosomes
Cytoplasm – fluid area inside
outer plasma membrane and
outside DNA region
Ribosome – site of protein
synthesis

WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL?
Cells need sufficient surface area to allow
adequate transport of nutrients in and wastes
out.
 As cell volume increases, so does the need for the
transporting of nutrients and wastes.

WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL?

However, as cell volume increases the surface
area of the cell does not expand as quickly.


If the cell’s volume gets too large it cannot transport
enough wastes out or nutrients in.
Thus, surface area limits cell volume/size.
WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL?
Strategies
for increasing surface
area, so cell can be larger:
 “Frilly”
edged…….
 Long and narrow…..
Round
cells will always be small.
CELLS – BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
2 Types of Cells:
 Prokaryotic –
small, simple structure, no nucleus
 circular DNA and ribosomes
 bacteria

 Eukaryotic
–
complex, large structure WITH nucleus
 many membrane bound organelles including
nucleus
 Plant, animal, protist, and fungi cells

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE

Structures
Plasma membrane
 Cell wall
 Cytoplasm with ribosomes
 Nucleoid
 Capsule*
 Flagella* and pili*

*present in some, but not all prokaryotic cells
PROKARYOTIC CELL
TEM Prokaryotic Cell
EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Structures in all eukaryotic cells



Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulum – smooth and rough
 Golgi apparatus
 Vesicles

Mitochondria
 Cytoskeleton

TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
What are noticeable
differences in the plant
and animal cells?
 Plant Cells

Cell wall
 Chloroplast
 Large vacuoles


Animal Cells
Centrioles
 Small vacuoles

NUCLEUS
CYTOSKELETON
RIBOSOMES
MITOCHONDRION
ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER
CENTRIOLES
GOLGI BODY
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
LYSOSOME
Fig. 4-15b, p.59
CELLULAR ORGANELLES
Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
 Mitochondria
 Lysosomes
 Ribosomes
 Vacuoles
 Golgi apparatus
 Centrioles
 Chloroplasts
 Cilia/flagellum
 Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)


Rough and smooth
HOW DOES YOUR ORGANELLE
CONNECT TO OTHERS?
Your Organelle
Works with
organelle #1
Works with
organelle #2
Works with
organelle #3
SPECIALIZED CELLS
Name the one human cell with a flagella. Why
does it need a flagella?
 Why would liver cells contain a high amount of
lysosomes?
 Why would heart cells contain a high amount of
mitochondria?
 How does the chloroplast work with the
mitochondria in plant cells?

ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS –
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Mitochondria
Highly folded inner membrane
 Takes oxygen and glucose –
makes ATP
 Oxygen – picked up in the
lungs
 Glucose – broken down from
digested food

C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
O2
C6H12O6
H2O
CO2
FERMENTATION
Occurs after glycolysis when no O2 for Citric Acid
Cycle
 Attempt by body to still create energy
 Creates lactic acid as by product in animal cells
 Alcoholic fermentation – yeast cells

THE BIG PICTURE RESPIRATION
You eat foods that are broken down into glucose
 Glucose converts to energy in the mitochondria
 The process is most effective in the presence of
oxygen
 The body needs energy to function
 Carbon dioxide is produced during the process –
as a waste product

COMPARISON OF FERMENTATION
TO RESPIRATION
Lactic
Acid
Glucose
(no O2)
Alcoholi
c (no O2)
Cellular
Respiration
(O2)
Glucose
Glucose
Lactic acid
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
dioxide
Alcohol
H2 O
2 ATP
2 ATP
38 ATP
ADP
ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
charged
battery
ORGANELLE FUNCTION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chloroplast
 Uses suns energy to create glucose
 Glucose created then goes
through
respiration to create
ATP

sun
6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 +
602
Sugar
STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light dependent reactions
Chlorophyll captures light
 Series of steps


Light independent reactions

Uses CO2 to make sugar
THE BIG PICTURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Plants capture sun rays on their leaves
 Plants convert sun rays to glucose in the
chloroplast
 That glucose then goes through respiration in the
plants mitochondria
 Plants production of glucose produces oxygen as a
waste product

ENERGY
Why is the sun considered the ultimate source of
all energy?
 What would occur to a human cell that contained
no mitochondria?
 Could a plant cell survive without mitochondria?
 Why do cells need energy?

CREATE…
Your lab group will create and present a product
that represents the connection between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
 You may create a:

Poster
 Song/Rap
 Poem/Story
 Other – must be approved by me!
