LACK OF INTEREST IN MATERIAL THINGS AND
EMPHASIS ON THE SPIRITUAL
PURITY, TRUE
PATH
THE WHEEL OF
LAW OF DHARMA
FAITH, CONNECTION TO THE EARTH
ANDFERTILITY
INDIAN FACTS
• FORM OF GOV’T – Federal Republic (gained
independence from the UK in 1947)
• CAPITAL – New Delhi
• POPULATION – 2nd most populated in the world
• LAND SIZE –slightly more than 1/3 the size of the
U.S.
• CLIMATE – Varies from Tropical Monsoon in the
south to Temperate in the north
• CURRENCY – Rupee
• MILITARY – Voluntary
• RELIGION – Hindu (80%)
EARLY SOUTH ASIA
•
Modern India traces its roots back to
the Indus River Valley located in
South Asia
•
Harappans – earliest civilization
found in this area, dates back to
about 2,500 b.c., disappeared
around 1,500 b.c.
•
Ruins demonstrate:
1. urban planning (organized cities)
2. grid pattern streets
3. multi-storied homes
4. bathrooms and sewage systems
ARYANS
•
Aryans – conquered the Indus River
Valley around 1500 b.c. and then
moved southeast into the Ganges
Plain
•
Organized into tribes, each was led
by a rajah
•
Cattle – basis of their diet and
economy, wealth was measured in
cattle and they were used as money
•
Men dominated society, which was
largely agricultural
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Brahmans
kshatriyas
Vaisyas
Sudras
Pariahs
Social Structure
• 1. Brahmans – Priests
• 2. Kshatriyas – Warriors/princes
• 3. Vaisyas – merchants/farmers
• 4. Sudras – peasants/servants
• 5. Pariahs – so “unclean” not even part of the
system, do the toughest and dirtiest jobs
HINDUISM
• Aryans believed in a
religion that has
evolved into what we
know as Hinduism
BELIEFS
• Evolved over hundreds of years, (no one person began it)
• Brahman – universal spirit, god (other gods are
manifestations of Brahma)
• Trinity – 3 most important manifestations are:
BRAHMA
VISHNU
SIVA
BRAHMA
• The Creator
VISHNU
• The Preserver
SIVA
• The Destroyer
KEY CONCEPTS
REINCARNATION
- The rebirth of the soul
KEY CONCEPTS cont.
KARMA
- Idea that how a
person lives their
life will determine
what form that
person takes in the
next life (what
comes around goes
around)
KEY CONCEPTS cont.
DHARMA
- Duties of a particular
varna (class)
- If you fulfill your
dharma you get
have good karma
KEY CONCEPTS cont.
MOKSHA
- State in which a person’s
soul is freed from the
cycle of reincarnation
(heaven)
KEY CONCEPTS cont.
AHIMSA
- Belief that all life is
sacred and needs to be
protected
SACRED HINDU WRITINGS: THE VEDAS
• Ancient poems,
legends, hymn, rituals…
that formed the basis of
Aryan religious life
• There are 4, the oldest
dating back to about
1000 B.C.
• Draw a picture representing the main ideas of
Hinduism (Dharma, Karma, Reincarnation, Moksha).
• Relate it to something YOU want to achieve…a goal
you have.
• Also in include a written explanation of the process
that explains the relationship of dharma, karma,
reincarnation, and moksha.
BUDDHISM
THE BUDDHA
• Siddhartha Gautama – the
founder of Buddhism, born
in India in 566 B.C.
• born into the Kshatriya
class, lived a wealthy but
sheltered life
• wanted to understand why
people suffer and how to
minimize it
THE BUDDHA cont.
• believed he found the
answers while meditating,
believed he received
“enlightenment”
• he preached his message
and became known as “The
Buddha” (enlightened one)
• he rejected the caste
system, a person’s position
in life should depend on the
person, not their birth
4 NOBLE TRUTHS
1. ALL PEOPLE SUFFER
2. PEOPLE SUFFER BECAUSE THEIR DESIRES
BIND THEM TO THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH
3. WE CAN END SUFFERING BY
ELIMINATING DESIRES
4. ELIMINATE DESIRE BY FOLLOWING
THE 8-FOLD PATH
8-FOLD PATH
KNOW THE
TRUTH
RESPECT LIFE
CONTROL YOUR
THOUGHTS
RESIST EVIL
WORK 4 THE
GOOD OF OTHERS
MEDITATE
SAY NOTHING 2
HURT OTHERS
FREE YOUR MIND
OF EVIL
THE 8-FOLD PATH LEADS TO NIRVANA
• Nirvana – state
of
enlightenment
that frees the
soul from the
cycle of rebirth
DALAI LAMA
TIBET
POTALA
PALACE
INDIAN
EMPIRES
http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078799813/student_view0/unit1/chapter3/interactive_maps.html#
MAURYAN EMPIRE
• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – he ruled
from 324 B.C. – 301 B.C.
• Capital was in northeastern India (modern-day
Patna)
• Highly centralized gov’t
MAURYAN cont.
• Asoka – greatest ruler
of the empire, maybe
all of India????
• Adopted Buddhist ideas
to improve the empire
(hospitals, trees and
shelters along roads…)
MAURYANS cont.
• Under Asoka India also
became a regional
economic/trading
power
• Empire ended in
183 B.C.
GUPTA EMPIRE
• Founded by Candra Gupta in 320
• same capital as the Mauryans
• Became the dominant power in northern
India, loose control of central India
GUPTA cont.
• Golden age of Indian
culture
• Hindu and Buddhist arts
flourished
GUPTAS cont.
• Traded with China, SE Asia
and the Mediterranean
• Many pilgrims came to
India to see Hindu and
Buddhist temples and
shrines
• Empire ended in the mid
600s
Imperialism and Colonial India
IMPERIALISM
• The extension of a nation’s power over
other lands.
(One country’s domination of the political,
economic, and social life of another country)
Why be an Imperialist?
1. Political rivalries/Prestige
– European countries needed colonies to
compete with other Europeans.
2. Desire for New Markets/Economics
– New territory to get raw materials and sell
finished goods.
3. Seeking New Opportunities
– Native Europeans could advance socially by
taking an assignment in a colony
4. “Civilizing Mission”/Racism
– Some Europeans thought it was their duty to
impose their culture on other, less “civilized”
peoples.
Forms of Imperialism
1. Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled directly
2. Protectorate: territory that had its own government, but
its policies were guided by a foreign power.
3. Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial
power had exclusive investment or trading rights.
BRITISH COME TO INDIA
BRITISH IN INDIA
• Involvement in India
dates back to the
1500s
• 1650 – British
trading forts
established
• Mid-1700s – Britain,
through the East
India Company,
strengthened its
control of Indian
territory
The Sepoy Rebellion
• By 1857, the East India Co. controlled most of India
• 1857: The sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against their British
commanders
– The Indians resented Christianity and European customs
Results of the Sepoy Rebellion
• Rebellion spread across northern and central India
• Forced British to take “direct control” of India (Queen Victoria was
now the Empress of India)
• Viceroy System Imposed: A viceroy ruled India as the monarch’s
representative
• Fueled Indian Nationalism
EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE
COSTS /Negatives
• Racism/discrimination
BENEFITS/Positives
• Education
• Increased unemployment
• Improved transportation
(RRs and canals)
• Increased taxes
• Economic crisis
• Food shortage/starvation
• Medical care
• Honest, efficient gov’t
Costs and Benefits of British Rule in
India
NATIONALISM
• The unique cultural
identity of a people
based on common
language, religion, and
national symbols
• Video
CREATION OF MODERN
INDIA
Reactions to British Rule
• 1885: Indian National Congress (INC) formed
– Accepted ideas of democracy and equality
– Initially used peaceful protests to gain more
power for the Indians.
– Leader in Indian struggle for independence.
– The INC was divided by religion
• The Hindus (majority) and Muslims (minority) did not
trust each other.
GANDHI
• Worked for Indian
independence starting
before WWI (19141918)
• Known as India’s “Great
Soul”
• Was a lawyer in England
and South Africa before
returning to India
--- Gandhi practiced
civil disobedience – nonviolent refusal to obey
unjust laws
--- Satyagraha: a term
which means “truth
force” and describes the
nonviolent protests
He believed nonviolence would embarrass and humiliate the
British, eventually forcing them to grant India freedom
Gandhi gives a speech about civil
disobedience
Killed in 1948 by a Hindu extremist who believed
Gandhi was too generous to the Muslims
The Amritsar Massacre
• 1919 - 10,000 unarmed Indians gathered for a political
meeting
– British troops blocked the only entrance and began firing
upon the crowd.
– 400 people were killed, 1200 wounded.
• The Amritsar Massacre spurred even more Indian people to
join the fight for independence.
The Salt March
• The British controlled (and
taxed) all salt in India
• 1930: Gandhi led thousands
on a march to the sea
– They made salt out of sea
water
– Eventually, Gandhi was
arrested like many of his
followers already had been.
Limited Self-Rule
• 1935: Government of India Act
– Created a constitution for India that gave provincial
legislatures control over areas such as agriculture,
education, public health, and public works.
– Also gave 5 million Indians the right to vote and increased
the role of Indians in government
• The INC (at the urging of Gandhi) accepted the act even
though it didn’t offer complete independence.
Hindu-Muslim Relations
• Hindus outnumbered Muslims 3 to 1 in India
• 1937: The Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, split
with the Congress Party
– The Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim nation
(Pakistan).
• Hindus, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted a united India.
• The independence movement was permanently fractured.
• Gandhi did not want the creation of Pakistan
POST-WORLD WAR II
• British colonial
control of South
Asia ended after
WWII (1945)
• The Indian
subcontinent was
divided into two
countries,
Pakistan and
India (August 15,
1947)
ON THE MOVE
• 12 million Muslims and Hindus moved across the borders of
the newly created countries
• Violence broke out and more than a 200,000 people were
killed (including Mohandas Gandhi)
Tension still exists between India and
Pakistan
Jawaharlal Nehru
• First prime minister
of India
• Leader of India’s
government from
1947-1964
NEHRU’S GOALS FOR INDIA
1. modern, industrial
economy
2. religious freedom
3. social equality
INDIA TODAY
GOVERNMENT………
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
(same 3
branches of
gov’t as U.S.)
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh
POPULATION:
1,173,108,018
………..2ND LARGEST IN THE WORLD BEHIND
CHINA……THE UNITED STATES IS 3RD
N
E
W
D
E
L
H
I
CAPTIAL CITY………..
28 states and 7 territories
DEMOGRAPHIC TIDBITS
• Languages: Hindi and English (many others)
• Monetary Unit: Rupee ($1.00 = 44 rupees)
• Life Expectancy: F – 71.9 M – 66.9
• Education: compulsory from 6-14 (Lit. = 66%)
• Suffrage:
18 yrs and universal
CONCERNS
• EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (pollution)
• OVERPOPULATION
• POVERTY
• FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN (issue of
Kashmir)
QUICK HISTORY
• Independence – 1947
– Created as a home for
Muslims
– Originally created as one
country on two sides of
India (West and East
Pakistan)
PAKISTAN SPLITS
Bangladesh – in
1971 East
Pakistan
declared its
independence
and became
Bangladesh
COMPARISON
INDIA
PAKISTAN
Population – 1,166,079,217
Population – 176,242,949
Main Religion – Hindu (81%)
Main Religion – Islam – (97%)
Gov’t – Federal Republic
Gov’t – Republic
Defense Budget – $22.3 billion
Defense Budget - 4.14 billion