THE ANATOMY OF
TH
TH
19 AND 20
CENTURY
REVOLUTIONS: INDIA
THE VARIOUS TYPES
OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS
INDIA: BRITAIN LOSES CONTROL
• Lord Ripon and Ilbert Bill
– Sought local self-government
– Opposed by Anglo-Indians
– Indian nationalist sentiment arose
• Founding of Indian National Congress
– Seeks expansion/reform of councils
– Seeks Indianization of civil service
– Nature becomes more aggressive
• Industrialization of India changes society
• Impact of World War I on India
• Hundreds of thousands of Indians fight in Britain’s armies in
WWI.
BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE
STATUS QUO
•
•
•
•
Indians begin to organize
Indians begin to demonstrate
British pressure Indians to conform
World War I: Pressures for Home Rule
– Anti-sedition acts
– Gandhi begins his fasts, satvagraha movement
•
•
1920 Armitsar Massacre- British troops massacre
protesting civilians, causing even more anti-British
sentiment.
Muslim, Hindu goals diverge
COOLER HEADS SEEK TO
COMPROMISE
•
1920 Government of India Act creates:
–
–
–
–
•
Council of State; Legislative Assembly
Provincial Governments
Some Indians allowed to participate, vote
Swaraj party advocates cooperation
Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement
– Won’t collaborate with the occupier.
– Non-violent
– Seek independence not class conflict
COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES
GOAL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Great Depression hurt India
Gandhi’s Salt March begins civil disobedience
Raids on armory, provinces in revolt
Indians oppose 1935 Government of India Act
Muslims and Hindus split over goals
Independent minded Indians gain power
Colonial powers in World War II
–
–
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British power defeated by Japanese in Asia
Japanese invade Burma, India
British promise reforms at end of war in exchange for Indian help!
INDEPENDENCE
COMES
•
During World War II
–
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•
1945
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•
Muslims, Hindus disagree
1946
–
•
Americans pressure British for independence
Indian Army saves Britain in many battles
UN agreements give India a vote
Muslim Indians insists on Muslim state
1947
–
British announce plans to partition: Agree to create two countries
out of India: India and Pakistan
INDIAN REIGN OF TERROR
•
Terror, Riots precede, follow Partition
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–
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•
Exchange of Populations
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•
Communal violence explodes
Hindus, Muslims massacre each other
Pakistan, India fight over Kashmir
Gandhi assassinated by nationalist
Many Muslims moved to Pakistan
Hindus moved to India
Principalities abolished
MODERATES PREDOMINATE
•
•
•
1947 - 1950
–
–
India joins non-aligned movement
India, Pakistan remain in Commonwealth
Indian establish democracy
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–
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Suppress secessionist movements
Congress party defeats radical parties
Universal franchise in India; end caste
Constitution uses many old 1935 laws
Pakistan tends towards tradition
–
–
–
Establishes Islam as model, laws
Suppresses ethnic, regional differences
Leaves power in landlords’ hands
INSTITUTIONS, LEADERS STABILIZE
REVOLUTION
•
India
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–
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•
Secular state was vision
Federal structure of states, politics
Business leaders critically important
Nehru and later I. Gandhi guided state
Strong opposition parties allowed to run
Pakistan
–
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Traditional social elements in control
No significant redistribution of resources
Military influences government
Centralized planning limited