1. Hematocrit
• The volume of a blood sample
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2. Formed Elements
• Accounts for 45% of whole blood
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets
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3. Plasma
• Liquid portion of the blood – accounts for
55% of whole blood
• Is 90% water
• Helps to distribute body heat evenly
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4. Platelets
• Are needed for the clotting process
• Formerly called thrombocytes (platelets)
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5. Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Is an iron containing protein
• Transports oxygen
• Also binds with CO2
• 250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC
• Normal levels 12-18g/100ml of blood
• Males: 13-18g; Females: 12-16g
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6. Hematopoiesis
• Blood cell formation that occurs in the
red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull,
pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses
of the humerus and the femur).
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7. Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte
(RBC) production
• Is produced by the kidneys
• Targets the bone marrow
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8. Erythrocytes
• Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
• Are anucleate
• Have few organelles
• No mitochondria
• Have biconcave disks for increased
surface area for Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
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9.
Leukocytes
White
Cells
• Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
• Protect, defense, immunity
• Account for less than 1% of total blood
volume
• Are complete blood cells: contain nuclei
and organelles
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10. Leukocytosis
• An increased white blood cell count
• Could be indicative of a bacterial or viral
infection
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11. Leukopenia
• Abnormally low WBC count
• Commonly caused by certain drugs, and
anticancer medications
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12. Diapedesis
• Means “leaping across”
• WBC’s are able to slip in and out of blood
vessels as needed
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Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
– literally “leaping across” a blood vessel
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13. Megakaryocytes
• Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells
• They rupture and release thousands of
pieces that seal off from surrounding fluids
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14. Granulocytes
• Contains granules (appears as grains of
sand)
• Are “philled” with sand
Types: Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
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15. Neutrophils
• Act as avid phagocytes at site of acute
infections
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16. Eosinophils
• Kills parasitic worms
• Tend to increase during allergies
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17. Basophils
• Rarest form of WBC’s
• Contains histamines at sites of
inflammation
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18. Agranulocytes
• Lack visible organelles
• Include: lymphocytes and monocytes
• “are a “cyte” for sore eyes”
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19. Lymphocytes
• Part of the immune system
• Reside in lymphatic tissues
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20. Monocytes
• Are the largest WBC
• Change into macrophages
• Help fight chronic infections
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21. Polycythemia
• Excessive or abnormal increase in RBC’s
• May result from: 1) bone marrow cancer
2) High altitudes
• Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish flow
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22. Anemia
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood cause by a low number of
erythrocytes or decreased percentage
of hemoglobin
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23. Albumin
• Is a plasma protein
• Regulates osmotic pressure of blood
• Helps to keep water in the bloodstream
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24. ABO Blood Groups
• 2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the
other, both or none
• Absence of both antigens = Type O
• Presence of both = Type AB
• Either A or B if just one antigen present
• AB type is universal recipient
• O type is universal donor
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25. Antigens
• Is recognized as “foreign”
• Stimulates release of antibodies from the
immune system
• Over 30 common RBC antigens
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26. Agglutination
• Binding of the antibodies causing RBC’s to
clump
• Leads to clogging of small blood vessels
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27. Rh blood groups
8 Rh antigens first discovered in Rhesus
monkeys; most Americans are Rh+
meaning they carry the Rh antigen
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28. Hemostasis
• Hem = blood
• Stasis = standing still
• Means stoppage of blood flow
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29. Hemophilia
• Hereditary bleeding disorder
• “bleeder’s disease”
• Patients are given fresh plasma or
injections of missing platelet factor (Pf)
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Disorders of the clotting process
Undesirable Clotting
• Thrombus
• embolus
Bleeding disorders
• Thrombocytopenia – is a
platelet deficiency
• Hemophilia – lack Pf
factors for clotting
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30. Thrombus
• A clot that develops in an unbroken blood
vessel
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31. Embolus
• When a clot (thrombus) breaks away from
a blood vessel and floats freely in the
bloodstream
• Potentially life threatening
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32. Heparin
• Body’s natural anticoagulant
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33. Coagulation
To clot
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34. Fibrin
Is converted from fibrinogen to fibrin
Is an insoluble protein formed during blood
clotting process
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Process of Blood Clotting
Is a multistep process:
1.Vascular spasms – of the smooth muscle
in the vessel wall producing a
vasoconstriction resulting from serotonin.
• Lasts up to 30 minutes
• Makes the platelets “sticky” as they are
produced
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Process of Blood Clotting
2. Platelet plug forms – damaged blood
vessel releases Von Willebrand’s Factor.
• Platelets release ADP causing
aggregation and a plug to form
• An increase in the “stickiness” results
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Process of Blood Clotting
3. Coagulation (clotting phase)
Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases
thromboplastin.
• PF3 and Calcium forms an activator
producing a cascade effect.
• Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted
to Thrombin (an enzyme)
• Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein)
to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”
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Process of Blood Clotting
Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 minutes
• A sudden and severe loss of blood leads
first to shock and eventually death
Use direct pressure to help
Elevate body part above the heart to allow
gravity to take effect
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3 phases of hemostasis (process of blood clotting):
•Vascular spasms – decreases the flow of blood to the area
•Platelet plug formation – platelets become “sticky” and cause chemical release to form clot
•Coagulation – prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin
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http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp
/2002_general/Esp/folder_struct
ure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm
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