Chapter 15; Section 1 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: The typical cycle between native
Americans and Europeans was…
Encounter
Conquest
Death
Main Idea #2: Europeans dominated Native
Americans using 3 weapons…
1. Guns
2. Horses
3. Disease
Main Idea #3: Aztec Empire was defeated by
Cortes (Spanish conquistador)
Main Idea #4: Inca Empire was defeated by
Pizzaro (Spanish conquistador)

Similarity & Difference
Based on the picture give a S & D

Section 1; Conquest in the Americas by Columbus had far reaching effects for the
people who had already lived there
First Encounters in Americas began a cycle of encounter, conquest, and death
 Spanish conquistadors first settled Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba,
and Puerto Rico)
 Guns, Horses, and Disease were the 3 weapons which gave a few hundred
Spanish superiority over millions of Native Americans (disease wiped out as
much as 90% of the native population)
Smallpox was one of the diseases that wiped
out much of the native population. Small pox is
contagious, and sometimes fatal disease. There
is no specific treatment for smallpox, and the
only prevention is vaccination. The pox part
of smallpox is derived from the Latin word for
“spotted” and refers to the raised bumps that
appear on the face and body of an infected
person. Historically, smallpox has an overall
fatality rate of about 30%. The disease is now
eradicated after a vaccination program. The last
case of smallpox in the United States was in
1949. The last naturally occurring case in the
world was in Somalia in 1977.
The Americas, 500-1530

Cortes Conquers Mexico as stories of gold enticed
European explores to set sail
 Cortes Advances on the Aztecs heading toward
Tenochtitlan with only 600 men, 16 horses, and a
few cannons
 Montezuma Faces a Dilemma as he was not sure
if Cortes was a god who returned, so Montezuma
sent religious gifts to Cortes
 Tenochtitlan Falls to the Spanish as Cortes takes
Tenochtitlan through battle and disease
See, Think, Wonder Activity
See – Based on maps, Think- Based on text, and
Wonder – Based on future effects

Pizarro Takes Peru with special interest in the
Inca Empire in 1532 during an Incan civil war;
Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to
Christianity and become a Spanish vassal (he
refused); Pizarro took Atahualpa and killed
thousands of Inca; Pizarro demanded ransom
for Atahualpa, Inca paid it, and Spanish killed
him anyway; Pizarro and the Spanish had no
trouble taking what was left of the Inca Empire
See, Think, Wonder Activity
See – Based on maps, Think- Based on text, and
Wonder – Based on future effects

Effects of the Spanish Conquistadors: Spain
– helped them become the most powerful
empire in the world at that time (used guns,
horses, and disease), and had started to use
slave labor in mines
Rate Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro as…
Villains & Heroes
Columbus
Cortes
Pizarro
Region: _____________
Region: _____________
Region: _____________
Create 3 #’s…
Create a Sentence,
Phrase, Word …
Create a Color, Symbol,
Slogan…
Heroic scene of Columbus
“discovering” America
The Aztecs greet Cortez
The Inca king Atahualpa
begs Pizarro for mercy
Chapter 15; Section 1 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: The typical cycle between native
Americans and Europeans was…
?????
?????
?????
Main Idea #2: Europeans dominated Native
Americans using 3 weapons…
1. ???
2. ?????
3. ??????
Main Idea #3: Aztec Empire was defeated by…
Main Idea #4: Inca Empire was defeated by…
Chapter 15; Section 2 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Spain effected: Government,
Trade, Religion
Main Idea #2: Spanish colonial society
created a new Social Structure
Main Idea #3: Portugal takes Brazil


Section2; Spanish and the Portuguese Colonies represented European,
Native American, and African traditions
Ruling the Spanish Empire (California to South America) had lasting effects
on many areas of life
 Governing the Provinces: Set up a Council of the Indies (to pass laws)
and appointed viceroys (representatives who ruled in the king’s name)
 Spreading Christianity: Just as important as land, Church leaders
served as royal officials, thousands of Native Americans were baptized
 Controlling Trade: King kept tight control over trade, Gold, Silver, and
Sugar Cane were the most important resources being shipped from the
Americas
 Encomiendas – A System of Forced Labor: killed many of the Native
Americans (disease, starvation, and treatment), and was first used in the
mines (iron ore)
 Bringing Workers From Africa: Began in the 1530s as the demand for
sugar skyrocketed millions of Africans were imported as slaves
Rate the lasting effects of the Spanish Empire from 1-5
(1=most effect, 5=least effect)
*Have reasons for your rating

Colonial Society and Culture gave way to a new social structure resulting in
a culture distinct to the Americas
 A Layered Society: Peninsulares (people born in Spain), Creoles
(American-born decedents of Spanish settlers), Mestizos (NA and
European descent), and Mulattoes (African and European descent)
Based on the layered society
we just went over in the notes,
I want you to create a diagram
representing the social
structure.
*Be sure to include all 4 groups
Mestizos, Mulattoes,
Creoles, and
Peninsulares
Peninsulares
(people born in Spain)
Creoles
(American born descendants of Spanish settlers)
Mulattoes
Mestizos
(African & Europeans)
(Native Americans & Europeans)

The Portuguese Colony in Brazil claimed its empire in the East through the Treaty
of Tordesillas in 1494
 Settling Brazil was relatively easy as most of the Tupian Indians were wiped out
by disease, Portuguese government began to build towns, plantations, and
churches, Brazilian wood was the main resource exported, and eventually turned
to agriculture and raising cattle (4 million Africans were enslaved in Brazil to work
the land)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Claim, Evidence, Support
*Prompt: The Treaty of
Tordesillas benefited
Portugal more than it did
Spain
Spanish & Portuguese Empires
Spanish Empire
Took over Mexico
and parts of
N.America
Came looking for
gold and
conquered Native
Americans
Similarities
Portuguese Empire
Enslaved groups of
people
Took over
modern day
Brazil
Disease helped
them conquer
natives easily
Used slaves from
Africa and created
an agricultural
empire
Venn Diagram Time…
Give at LEAST 2 per box
Chapter 15; Section 2 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Spanish domination in the
Americas had major effects
Examples: ???, ???, ???
Main Idea #2: Spanish colonial society
created a new…
Main Idea #3: Portugal takes…
Chapter 15; Section 3 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: French Colonies developed
along the St. Lawrence River
Main Idea #2: English Colonies (13)
developed along the northern coast of North
America
Main Idea #3: English and French colonial
rivalry turned into the French and Indian War

Section 3; Struggle for North America
saw the French, Netherlands, England,
and Sweden joining Spain in settling North
America (France and England would come
to dominate North America and they would
turn a major profit)
Claim,
Support,
Evidence,
Vocabulary
*Prompt: Based
on the map,
which country
had the greatest
chance of taking
all of North
America

Struggling for Power turned into a fight for power in the colonies and around
the world as a protest and for expansion
 Competing for Colonies: French – settled in Canada and most of present
day America; Spain – settled in present day Texas and Florida; English
and Dutch – colonies on the East Coast of North America
 Bitter Rivalry Turns to War between the British and the French
(eventually fighting in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia
 French and Indian War (France had early victories, but British
eventually won) began in 1754 and turned into the Seven Years’
War in Europe in 1756, and the war moved to India and Africa
 In 1763 the Treaty of Paris officially ended the worldwide war and
assured British domination in North America
The Explanation Game
*Based on the map….
1) Give two thoughts
“I notice that”…
2a) “Why did it happen
that way?”
(Based on #1)
2b)“Why did it happen
that way?”
(Based on #1)
Chapter 15; Section 3 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: French Colonies
developed…
Main Idea #2: English Colonies (13)
developed…
Main Idea #3: English and French
colonial rivalries turned…
Chapter 15; Section 4 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Triangular Trade= Europe
(goods to Africa), Africa (Slaves to
Americas), Americas (raw materials to
Europe)
Main Idea #2: The Middle Passage took
anywhere from 3 weeks to 3 months
Main Idea #3: Slave trade brought
enormous wealth to merchants and
devastated African society


Section 4; The Atlantic Slave Trade was started by the Spanish (South
America),and would eventually spread
Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic linked Europe with Africa and the
Americas
 Shipping People and Goods had 3 legs: 1. European goods to Africa
(guns, cloth, and cash); 2. Middle Passage of slaves to the Americas; 3.
Resources / commodities (sugar, molasses, salt fish, rum, and furs) were
shipped to Europe
3, 2, 1 Activity
*Based on the map and
text, create…
3 Thoughts
2 Questions
1 Analogy
An analogy is more of a
logical argument
demonstrating how two
things are alike by pointing
out shared characteristics.
**Create 3 questions dealing with this map and the information in it.
*Why is it called the “Middle Passage?”
*Be sure you can answer your questions using the map.
*Do NOT answer your questions, and leave space for an answer.

Horrors of the Middle Passage
 The Trek to the Ships were thousands of miles by foot in
shackles and chains (some may be forced to carry heavy
loads), for those who had not died or had been killed for
trying to escape their destination was Elmina, Ghana, or
Senegal
 Aboard the Floating Coffins Africans were packed below
deck anywhere from 3 weeks to 3 months
 Dysentery was the most common reason for death and
many died of smallpox, but most would die from suicide
Clip from the movie Amistad (1997)
A historical drama film directed by Steven Spielberg based on the true story of
an uprising in 1839 by newly captured African slaves that took place aboard the
ship La Amistad off the coast of Cuba, and the voyage to the Northeastern
United States, and the legal battle that followed their capture by a United States
cutter. It shows how, even though the case was won at the federal district court
level, it was appealed by President Martin Van Buren to the Supreme Court,
and how former President John Quincy Adams took part in the proceedings
Clip is 11:38
Atlantic Slave Trade…
*A blog is like a diary entry, you can write about
what you think. Blog about the video
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
What images stick
How did the video
out most for you?
make you feel?
Why?
What questions does
the video bring you?
How can a human being
Is there slavery
treat another human being
today?
like that?

Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade brought enormous wealth to merchants
and fulfilled the need for labor, but it devastated African societies (elements
of African society)
 Estimated in the 1500s that 2,000 slaves were sent to the Americas each
year (at its peak in the 1780s that number reached 80,000 a year); the
slave trade stopped in the mid -1800s, but an estimated 6-11 million
were enslaved in the Americas and another 2 million died on the trip
Chapter 15; Section 4 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Triangular Trade was
between…
Main Idea #2: The Middle Passage…
Main Idea #3: Slave trade brought…
Chapter 15; Section 5 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: The Columbian Exchange
was the exchange of food, plants,
animals, and ideas from America to
Europe
Main Idea #2: The Commercial Revolution
brought new business practices and
increased goods
Main Idea #3: Mercantilism was practiced
by many European countries (export more
than you import, and build up gold and
silver reserves)


Section 5; Effects of Global Contact in the 1500s and 1600s would become
European domination of the globe
The Columbian Exchange occurred as Columbus brought back plants and animals
and he took plants and animals to the Americas on his return trip
 The Global Population Explodes through the exchange of plants (food supply
increased) helped to spark the migration of millions of people (European to the
Americas, Africa, and Asia; Africans to the Americas)
Create an analogy of Columbian exchange today?
How does
this picture
represent
the
Columbian
Exchange?
Columbian
Exchange was
an exchange of
animals, plants,
culture, human
populations,
communicable
disease, and
ideas
Was the Columbian exchange
good or bad? (Why)

A Commercial Revolution had major effects on local and regional
economics
 Capitalism (economic system in which most businesses are privately
owned) Emerges as Entrepreneurs take on financial risk to make profits
(allowed capitalism to work)
Based on this
cartoon, is
capitalism good?
What is the main
idea or message
of this cartoon?
Economic system in
which investment and
ownership of the means
of production,
distribution, and wealth
is made by private
individuals or
corporations

Mercantilism Arises, which is aimed at strengthening national
economies and wealth and was measured in silver and gold (to
build up a country’s silver and gold a country must export more
than it imports)
How does this
cartoon
represent
Mercantilism?
Economic system in
which government
control of foreign trade
is focused on ensuring
the prosperity and
security of the state by
a positive balance of
trade (export more
than you import)
Chapter 15; Section 5 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: The Columbian Exchange…
Main Idea #2: The Commercial
Revolution…
Main Idea #3: Mercantilism…