Objective 1
Parts of a microscope
• arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body
tube to the base.
• base - this supports the microscope.
• body tube - the tube that supports the
eyepiece.
• coarse focus adjustment - a knob that
makes large adjustments to the focus.
• diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the
stage, allowing different amounts of light onto
the stage.
• eyepiece - where you place your eye.
• fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes
small adjustments to the focus (it is often
smaller than the coarse focus knob).
• high-power objective - a large lens with high magnifying power.
• low-power objective - a small lens with low magnifying power.
• light source - this directs light upwards onto the slide.
• revolving nosepiece - the rotating device that holds the objectives (lenses).
• stage - the platform on which a slide is placed.
• stage clips - metal clips that hold a slide securely onto the stage.
Recognize cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm of
various types of cells.
Leeuwenhoek developed first microscope.
Hooke was first to see and name cells using
his microscope.
Cell: Basic unit of all living things.
Two types of cells: prokaryotic (don’t have
membrane-bound nucleus) and eukaryotic (plant
and animal cells, have membrane-bound nucleus)
Recognize key organelles in various cells (cell wall,
cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, cytoplasm,
vacuole).
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plant Cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Membrane
Golgi Body
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not have
cell walls.
Both plant cells and animal cells have cell
membranes.
Diffusion is particles moving from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration.
Osmosis is water moving from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration across a
membrane to maintain the correct balance in a cell.
Diffusion: Think about food coloring moving in
water, or air freshener sprayed in a room.
Osmosis: Remember the potatoes and carrots
in salt water.
Nucleus directs all functions of the cell, control
center – has DNA.
Vacuole holds water and eliminates wastes in a
plant cell.
Chloroplasts are where energy is generated in a
plant cell through photosynthesis.
Cell membrane controls what goes into and out of a
cell.
Cell wall- protects cell and gives cell structure.
Objective 2
 Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ
systems, organ systems make organisms
 Cells are the most simple, organisms are
most complex
 Levels of Organization, from least
complex to most complex: cells-tissuesorgans-organ systems- organism
 Cell: Basic unit of all living
things.
 Two types of cells:
 Prokaryote: Don’t have
membrane-bound nucleus.
 Eukaryote: plant and animal
cells, have membrane-bound
organelles
 Tissue: Group of the
same kind of cells
working together.
 Organ: Structure composed of
two or more types of tissues
working together.
 Examples include the stomach,
intestines, heart, lungs, skin,
bones, kidneys and liver.
 Organ system: Group of
organs that work together
to do a certain job.
 Made up of: skin, hair
 Exterior protection
 Made up of: stomach,
intestines
 Breaks down food-nutrients
Respiratory
System
 Made up of: lungs, trachea,
diaphragm
 Take in oxygen (O2), release
carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Made up of: skeleton
 Structure and support
 Made up of: muscles
 Made up of: thyroid, pituitary
 Movement
 Regulate hormones
Nervous
System
 Made up of: brain, sense
organs, nerves
 Carry and interpret messages
 Made up of: heart, arteries
 Circulate blood
Excretory
System
 Made up of: Appendix, lymph
nodes
 Maintain health
 Made up of: testes, ovaries
 Produce offspring
 Made up of: kidney, colon
 Remove waste
 Organism: Individual living thing that may be made up
of two or more organ systems.
 Characteristics of life include movement, growth
and development, reproduction, use of energy,
cellular structure and chemical makeup, response to
stimuli, get rid of wastes
Common organs are heart, lung, skin, kidney.
Cells are red blood cell, nerve cell, plant cell,
muscle cell.
Organ systems (digestive system, respiratory
system, circulatory system).
Red Blood Cell
Epithelial
Liver
Dog
Respiratory System
Organism
Organ
Cell
Organ System
Tissue
Organ systems are made of individual organs that
work together towards a common function
Organ systems work together for survival of
organism
Example: circulatory system: heart, veins, arteries,
and blood
Lungs provide oxygen to cells, remove carbon
dioxide from body
Kidneys remove wastes from cells
Stomach breaks down food to provide nutrients to
cells
Skin protect organism from outside, sweat removes
wastes through the pores