Chapter 22
Introduction to Body Systems
Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
Section 1: Objectives
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•
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Describe how tissues, organs, and organ
systems are related.
List 12 organ systems.
Identify how organ systems work
together to maintain homeostasis.
Introduction to Organ Systems
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The many kinds of cells in your body help
your internal environment stay stable.
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The maintenance of a constant internal
state in a changing environment is called
homeostasis.
Introduction to Organ Systems
A group of similar cells working together
forms a tissue.
 Your body has four main kinds of tissue.
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Introduction to Organ Systems
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Two or more tissues working together to
carry out a specialized function form an
organ.
Introduction to Organ Systems
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Organs that work together make up an
organ system.
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Organ systems work together to
maintain homeostasis.
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Your body has 12 major organ systems.
Introduction to Organ Systems
Section 2: Objectives
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Identify the major organs of the skeletal
system.
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Describe four functions of bones.
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Describe three types of joints.
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List three injuries and two diseases that
affect bones and joints.
The Skeletal System
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Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue that holds
bones together make up your skeletal system.
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Bone tissue without any visible open spaces is called
compact bone.
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Bone tissue that has many open spaces is called
spongy bone.
• Bones contain a soft tissue called marrow.
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Most bones start out as a flexible tissue called
cartilage.
• Eventually, most cartilage is replaced by bone.
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
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A place where two or more bones meet
is called a joint.
Joints are held together by ligaments.
The Skeletal System
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Bones may be fractured or broken.
Ligaments can be stretched or torn.
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Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints
to swell or stiffen.
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Osteoporosis is a disease that causes
bones to become less dense.
Chapter 22 Sec. 1-2 Recap
1) List 1 way the different types of cells in
your body work together.
 2) T/F Your body has 1 type of tissue.
 3) List the 3 parts of the skeletal system.
 4) What is cartliage?
 5) What is the function of ligaments?
 6) T/F Ligaments can be stretched but not
torn.
 7) Bones can be broken or fractured.

Section 3: Objectives
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List three kinds of muscle tissue.
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Describe how skeletal muscles move
bones.
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Compare aerobic exercise with
resistance exercise.
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Describe two muscular system injuries.
The Muscular System
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The muscular system is made up of the muscles
that let you move.
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Involuntary muscle found in the digestive tract and
the walls of the blood vessels is called smooth muscle.
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Involuntary muscle found in your heart is called
cardiac muscle.
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Muscle attached to your skeleton for movement is
called skeletal muscle.
• Skeletal muscle can be voluntary or involuntary.
The Muscular System

Tendons are strands of tough connective
tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to
your bones.

Skeletal muscles often work in pairs.

A muscles that bends part of your body is
called a flexor.

A muscle that straightens part of your body
is an extensor.
The Muscular System
The Muscular System

During resistance exercise, people work
against the resistance, or weight, of an
object to strengthen their skeletal
muscles.

Steady, moderately intense activity is
called aerobic exercise, and strengthens
the heart and increases endurance.
The Muscular System
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A strain is an injury in which a muscle or
tendon is overstretched or torn.
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People who exercise too much can hurt
their tendons. Inflamed tendons is called
tendonitis.
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Some people try to make their muscles
stronger by taking drugs. These drugs are
called anabolic steroids and can cause longterm health problems.
Section 4: Objectives
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List four functions of skin.
Describe the two layers of skin.
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Describe the structure and function of
hair and nails.
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Describe two kinds of damage that can
affect skin.
The Integumentary System
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Your skin, hair, and nails make up your
integumentary system.
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Skin protects you by keeping water in your
body and foreign particles out of your body.
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Nerve endings in your skin let you feel
things around you.
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Skin helps regulate your body temperature
and also helps get rid of waste chemicals.
The Integumentary System
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The epidermis is the outermost layer of
skin.
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Most cells in the epidermis are dead.
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The thicker layer of skin that lies
beneath the epidermis is the dermis.
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
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A hair forms at the bottom of a tiny sac called a
hair follicle.
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Hair helps protect skin from ultraviolet light and
helps regulate body temperature in most
mammals.
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A nail grows from living cells in the nail root at
the base of the nail.
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Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.
The Integumentary System
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Skin is often damaged, but fortunately can
repair itself. However, damage to the
genetic material in skin cells can cause
skin cancer.