1H03. Analyze the relationship of
tissues, organs, and body
systems.
What do you know about the
human body?
• The body is organized in terms of cells,
tissues, organs, systems, quadrants,
regions, directional terms, position,
cavities, and planes.
• ANATOMY – study of the parts of the
body
• PHYSIOLOGY – study of the function of
the body
Body Organization
• ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect
with face forward, arms at the side, palms
forward
Anatomic Terminology –
Directiontional terms
• ANTERIOR or
VENTRAL – front or
in front of
• POSTERIOR or
DORSAL – back or in
back of
Directional Terms
• CRANIAL – refers to
the head of the body
• CAUDAL – means tail
end
• SUPERIOR – upper
or above something
• INFERIOR – lower or
below something
Medial and Lateral
• MEDIAL – toward the
middle
• LATERAL – toward
the side of the body
Other Terms
• PROXIMAL – toward the point of
attachment to the body or the trunk of the
body
• DISTAL – away from the point of
attachment to the body
• SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the
surface or outside the body
• DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body
Different species, Same principle or concept
Body Planes and Sections
• PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing
planes
• SECTION – cut made through the body in
the direction of a certain plane
•
Name the Plane…
• SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into
right and left parts
• CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical
cut at right angles to saggital plane,
divides the body into anterior and posterior
portions
• TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a
horizontal cut that divides the body into
upper and lower parts
Cavities of the Body
• DORSAL CAVITY –
contains brain and
spinal cord – the brain
is in the CRANIAL
CAVITY and the
spinal cord is in the
SPINAL CAVITY
Cavities
• ANTERIOR or
VENTRAL CAVITY
contains the
THORACIC and
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITIES
• The thoracic cavity
contains the lungs
and heart
Body Cavities con’t.
• ABDOMINAL CAVITY
contains stomach,
intestines, liver,
gallbladder and
pancreas
• PELVIC CAVITY
contains urinary
bladder and
reproductive organs
Abdominal Quadrants
• 4 quadrants RUQ,
LUQ. RLQ, LLQ or
Abdominopelvic Regions
• 9 regions
Tissues
• TISSUES – cells
grouped because
they are similar in
shape, size, structure,
and function
Tissue Types
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body
by covering internal and external surfaces,
and produces secretions
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and
connects organs and tissue
• MEMBRANES – formed by putting two
thin layers of tissue together, cells may
secrete a fluid
Types of Tissues
• MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to
contract and move the body
• NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to
stimuli and conduct an impulse
• ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective
tissue that stores fat cells
Connective Tissues
• LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of
connective tissue that hold bones firmly
together at the joints
• TENDONS – white bands of connective
tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone
• CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the
embryonic skeleton and part of the adult
skeleton
Types of Membranes
• MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive,
respiratory, reproductive and urinary
systems – produces mucous to lubricate
and protect the lining
• SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled
membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines
closed body cavities
• the outer part of the membrane that lines
the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane
• the part that covers the organs is the
VISCERAL membrane.
• PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic
or chest cavity and protects the lungs
• PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the
heart cavity and protects the heart
• PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the
abdominal cavity and protects abdominal
organs
Organs and Systems
Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs
make systems.
• ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act
together to perform a specific, related function
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Lymphatic