BIOLOGY Standard 4: Protein Synthesis
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
1. What is the major function of DNA?
2. Where is DNA found in the cell?
3. What are chromosomes? How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?
4. Provide examples of proteins that DNA codes for in the body (STIR).
5. How many nucleotide strands makeup a DNA molecule?
6. What t are the 3 parts of the DNA molecule?
7. What is the sugar called within the DNA molecule?
8. What are the 4 nitrogen bases that compose a DNA molecule?
9. Which N-bases bond with which N-bases within a pair of DNA strands?
10. Explain Chargaff’s Rule.
PRACTICE:
 Sketch a DNA molecule with 10 base pairs.
Label the phosphates, sugars, and Nitrogen bases
 If one strand of DNA has the following percentages:
Adenine 38% Thymine 5% Cytosine 30% Guanine 27%
What percentages will be found in the complementary strand?
Adenine ____ % Thymine ____ % Cytosine _____% Guanine ____ %
 Match up the DNA strands below with their complimentary strands:
#1: GAT AAT GCT ATG ATC TCG CTT ATC TTT GAA TAG TAG
#2:
#1: ATG GAA TCA ATA GGT AAC TGA GCT TAA CAC AAC GAC TAG
#2:
#1: TGG GCT ATG GAG AGA ATA TCG TAA TGT TTG GAG GCT CGC
#2:
Transcription
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What molecules are involved in transcription?
Which RNA molecule is active during transcription?
What is the role of mRNA? Where do we find mRNA in the cell?
Where does transcription occur? Why does transcription occur?
Is mRNA single or double stranded? What are the 3 components that makeup the mRNA molecule?
What is the name of the sugar molecule in RNA?
Which Nitrogen bases does RNA use in decoding DNA?
Which mRNA nitrogen bases pair up with which DNA bases?
Translation
1. What is translation?
2. Where does translation occur?
3. Which molecules are involved in translation?
4. What is rRNA? What is its role in translation?
5. Where can we find rRNA in the cell?
6. What is tRNA? What is its role in translation?
7. Where can we find tRNA in the cell?
8. In order to bring over the correct amino acid, the rRNA “reads” which molecule?
9. What is a codon? On which molecule will we find codons?
10. What is an anti-codon? On which molecule will we find an anti-codon?
Mutations (Point, Deletion and Insertion)
1. Translate the following strands of mRNA to determine the affect of the mutation on the protein:
Original
mRNA
Original
Amino Acid
Strand A
mRNA
Strand A
Amino Acid
Strand B
mRNA
Strand B
Amino Acid
Strand C
mRNA
Strand C
Amino Acid
AUG
UGC
ACC
UGG
GCA
ACU
AUA
CAC
C
AUG
UGC
ACC
UGA
GGC
AAC
UAU
ACA
CC
AUG
UCA
CCU
GGG
CAA
CUA
UAC
ACC
AUG
UGC
ACC
UGG
GCU
ACU
AUA
CAC
C
2. Identify the type of mutation in mutated strand A: ____________________________________________________
3. Identify the type of mutation in mutated strand B: ____________________________________________________
4. Identify the type of mutation in mutated strand C: ____________________________________________________
5. Based on the above sequences of amino acids, which mutated strand would have the largest impact on the protein?
________
6. Based on the above sequence of amino acids, which mutated strand would have the smallest impact on the protein?
________