1
1. Eukaryotes
2. Multicellular
3. Heterotroph/Consumer
4. No cell wall- unlike Fungi, Plants,
Bacteria
2
Invertebrates
1.
◦
◦
No spinal column (bony part)
Largest and Most Diverse Group
Vertebrates
2.
◦
Have a Spinal Column
with spinal cord inside
3



Animals must have access to Oxygen and
Glucose in order to stay alive
The process animals must complete to get
energy is called Cellular Respiration
Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (energy)
4
1.
Skeletal – Provides Support & Protection
2.
Digestive - Extracts energy & nutrients from food
3.
Nervous - Coordinates responses & behaviors
4.
Respiratory - Exchanges Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
5.
Circulatory – Transports Gases, Nutrients & Wastes
5

Many animal groups can do either!

Why reproduce asexually?
◦ Fast. (Only takes 1)
◦ Produces an exact copy of parent.
◦ When there is a stable environment.

Why reproduce sexually?
◦ Takes 2.
◦ Produces a variety of
offspring.
◦ When there is an unstable
environment.
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
Asymmetry
◦ No symmetry
◦ Sponges

Radial symmetry
◦ Body is divided around a central axis
◦ Cnidarians & Echinoderms

Bilateral symmetry
◦ Body is divided into equal halves
◦ Head/Brain area present.
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Asymmetry
8
9
10
11

Ectoderm

Endoderm
◦ Develops into skin and nervous tissue
◦ Develops into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated
with digestion
In some animals mesoderm forms

Mesoderm
◦ The third layer and develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory,
and respiratory systems
12

Acoelom

Pseudocoelom (partial)

Coelom
◦ No body cavity, organs are imbedded in tissues.
◦ A body cavity partially lined with mesoderm.
◦ A body cavity lined with medosderm that provides a
space for the development of internal organs.
◦ Something for muscles to push against.
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14
Exoskeleton
 External skeleton
 Example:
Arthropods
Endoskeleton
 Internal Skeleton
 Vertebrates and
Echinoderms
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
Advantages

Disadvantages
◦ Protection
◦ Prevents water loss on land (waxy layer)
◦ Heavy
◦ Cannot grow big
◦ Growth requires molting
(may be killed by predators)
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
Advantages
◦ Provides support inside the body
◦ Organisms can grow larger with skeleton
inside
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18
19

Sponges – Glass Sponge

Cnidarians – Medusa (Jellyfish) or Polyp

Flatworms – Planarian or Tapeworm

Roundworms – Pinworms or Hookworms

Segmented worms – Earthworm or Leech
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


Mollusks – Snail, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Squid
Arthropods – Spider, Scorpion, Tick, Chigger,
Crab, Lobster, Barnacles, Centipede, Ant,
Wasp, Grasshopper, Millipede
Echinoderms – Sea Star, Sea Urchin, Sea
Cucumber
Vertebrates
Chordates-Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
and Mammals
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


Asymmetrical (no symmetry)
The adaptation that sponges have over their
ancestor (animal-like-protist) is specialized
cells.
They can remain motionless or sessile because
they Filter feed with Collar Cells
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
Oxygen and Food come in through Diffusion
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24

Sexual Reproduction
◦ Majority of Sponges are Hermaphrodites
◦ A hermaphrodite has both male and female
reproductive organs to increase the odds of
reproduction.
◦ Sponges release sperm into water and they are
carried by the tide until they reach another sponge

Asexual Reproduction
◦ Fragmentation
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Sea Anemone
(Polyp)
Jellyfish
(Medusa)
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27

Cnidarians have Radial Symmetry
◦ Advantage: They can extend tentacles
equally in all directions to increase food
uptake.
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
Basic digestive system called a gastrovascular
cavity

Basic nervous system called a nerve net

Oxygen still enters by diffusion
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

Reproduces sexually and asexually
medusa = sexual part
polyp = asexual part
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
Coral are calcium carbonate remains
from previously living Cnidarians
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Planarian – not
parasitic
Tapeworm – parasitic
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



Bilateral symmetry
◦ Advantage: Allows for the development of a brain
region in a central location (head)
Acoelomate: No digestive system
◦ Sugar is absorbed by diffusion in host’s intestine
No respiratory system
◦ Oxygen is absorbed by diffusion through the body
Reproduction
◦ Most are hermaphrodites
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S
e
e
f
u
l
l
s
i
z
e
i
m
a
g
e
.
Fresh Water Planaria
Uses Pharynx to obtain food
Salt Water Flatworms
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•Hookworms are parasitic
•Can burrow through skin when walking around
barefoot
•Also enters through contaminated food
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
Bilateral symmetry

Pseudocoelom

Complete digestive system with mouth and anus

Sexual reproduction
◦ Hermaphrodites

Oxygen enters body by diffusion
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Hookworms, Pinworms,
and Tapeworms that
were removed from a
Brazilian boy treated on
a Rockefeller foundation
mission (early 1900’s)
These parasites still
affect people all over
the globe.
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
Food safety inspections

Good sanitation

Medication widely available
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Roundworms
Dirofilaria is a
roundworm
that causes
heartworm
disease in dogs.
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Ascaris: parasitic
roundworm
Other Roundworms
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Elephantiasis results
when a roundworm
blocks the lymphatic
system, causing severe
swelling
The roundworm
is carried by
mosquitoes in
tropical Africa
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Hookworms attached to
the intestines
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Leech
Earthworm
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
Bilateral symmetry

Coelom

Complete digestion system which has a mouth
and anus

Most are hermaphrodites with sexual
reproduction

Obtain oxygen by diffusion through skin
◦ Full range of motion, complex organs inside
◦ Closed circulatory system with hearts to deliver
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


Swallow dirt, filter out food
Loosen soil, helps to aerate soil for
plants
Also fertilizes plants with castings
(poop)
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
◦
◦
2 chemicals in saliva to help it take
blood from hosts
Anesthetic (blocks pain)
Anti-coagulant (prevents blood
clotting)
51

Often used today in plastic and reconstructive
surgery, because a natural anticoagulant they
secrete fights blood clots and restores proper
blood flow to inflamed parts of the body.
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Clam – 2 shells
Bivalves
Snail – 1 shell
Squid – no shell
Gastropods
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
Bilateral symmetry

Getting food
◦ filter feeders (clams)
◦ grazers (snails)
◦ predators (slugs)

Getting Oxygen
◦ gills in aquatic mollusks & primitive lung in snails
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
Both Open or Closed Circulatory System

Coelomate

Muscular foot for movement
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Open
Closed
•No blood vessels
•Blood in vessels
•Blood surrounds body’s organs,
delivers Oxygen
•Larger animals
•Smaller animals
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
Hermaphrodites (produce sperm & egg)

Aquatic – release sperm and eggs into water

Land – meet and swap sperm, fertilize eggs
inside
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
May live more than 15 years.
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
4 main classes within this HUGE phylum:
1.
Arachnids
2.
Crustaceans
3.
Centipedes /millipedes
4.
Insects
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Chigger (flea)
Black widow
Brown recluse
Tick
Scorpion
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Crab
Lobster
Barnacles
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Centipede
Millipede
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Wasp
Fire ants
Grasshopper
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
Most successful of all animal phyla

Exoskeleton

Jointed Appendages

Bilateral symmetry

Segmented body

Coelom
65

NOT the same as mollusk shell

Advantages

Disadvantages

Therefore: Arthropods tend to be smaller
◦ Protection
◦ Prevent water loss on land (waxy layer)
◦ Heavy
◦ Growth requires molting
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•

In Terrestrial arthropods Oxygen enters by
spiracles and then into tracheal tubes in
some arthropods.
Open circulatory system
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
Internal fertilization (mating) in land
arthropods. Sperm is placed inside the female

External fertilization in sea arthropods

Metamorphosis in some insect species
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

Uses special jaws called mandibles
Use Pheromones (chemical signals) for
communication and mating
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Sophisticated sensory / motor control
Compound eye of a fruit fly
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sea urchin
sea star
sea cucumber
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
Bilateral symmetry in larvae

Radial symmetry in adults

Coelom

Endoskeleton
74

Variety of diet
◦ some eat clams/mussles
◦ some eat algae
◦ some filter feed

Water vascular system
◦ Water instead of blood to carry Oxygen

Sexual Reproduction

Regeneration possible in some
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Lancelet
Tunicates
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
Invertebrate Chordates – Tunicates & Lancelets

Cartilage Fish – Sharks, Sting Rays, Skates

Bony Fish – Perch, Salmon, Bass, Tuna, Blowfish

Amphibians – Frogs, Salamanders, Newts, Toads
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
Reptiles – Turtle, Snake, Crocodile, Lizards

Birds - Penguin, cardinal, hawk, humming bird

Mammals - Horse, polar bear, bats, monkey,
whale, rat, wolf, dolphin, tiger
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
o
o

Endoskeleton
The advantage: animals can go larger
Muscles connect with the bones and aid in
movement
Notochord
o Rigid rod in the dorsal area which supports the early
embryo.
o In vertebrates it becomes the vertebral spinal column

The 2 groups that do NOT develop the vertebral
spinal column are lancelets & tunicates
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lancelet
tunicate
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
Closest invertebrate ancestor to vertebrates
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1.
Bilateral symmetry
2.
Fully developed coelom with organs
3.
Closed circulatory system
4.
Endoskeleton with spinal cord
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lamprey
bony fish
shark
85

Lampreys attach to fish (parasites)

Have “round sucker like mouths”

Hagfish are Scavengers of dead and dying fish
on ocean bottom
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• The shark’s mouth has 6 to 20 rows of
backward-pointing teeth
• Some can detect blood from an injured animal
as far as 500 miles away
• No
swim bladder
• Sharks sink when not swimming
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

Include snake-like eels, salmon, trout, bass,
herring, tallapia and lantern fish (most fish we
eat)
Fishes are the most numerous of all vertebrates
and most widespread in their distribution
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

Jaws (sharks and bony fish) provide biting
force
Ectotherm
89

Teeth – thought to have evolved from skin
90



Bony fish evolve swim bladder
This is an air bag that allows fish to move up
and down in water - called buoyancy
Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on land
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

Obtain Oxygen through gills
Oxygen is delivered through blood &
2-chambered heart
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

Disadvantage of a 2 chambered heart is its
slow delivery of blood
MUCH more energy required to move on land
(or in air) = more Oxygen is needed for faster
delivery
93

Usually external fertilization
94

Spawning
◦ When fish reproduce
◦ Female release eggs at the same time that the male
releases sperm (fertilization occurs in water).
95

Some fertilization is internal

Some sharks lay eggs
◦ (Sharks, skates, rays)
◦ Most are born live
Shark Egg Case
Shark Live Birth
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
Tiktaalik roseae
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Salamander
Frog
Toad
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10
0

Four legs

Ectotherms
◦ Adaptation to walk on land
◦ These are adapted fish fins at right angles from body
◦ Body temperature the same as the surrounding
temperature.

Hibernate or Estivate depending on climate
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1



2 atria – 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from
lungs (oxygenated)
1 ventricle – pumps blood to lungs and body
Oxygen through lungs and moist skin called
cutaneous respiration
10
2

Advantage

Disadvantage
◦ Blood getting to body cells faster
(heart pumps directly to body)
◦ Deoxygenated blood mixes with
oxygenated blood in atria
10
3

Must live near water for 2 reasons
1) External fertilization – Lay eggs in water
◦

◦
egg  tadpole  young frog  adult
2) Go to water to keep skin moist to obtain
oxygen
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5
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7
turtle
crocodile
snake
10
8
 Claws
 Aid in climbing, digging and
movement in various terrains
Lungs used to get Oxygen
10
9
 Adaptations
evolved which allow
reptiles to live totally on land.
1) Scales to prevent water loss
2) Amniotic egg - has all the water & nutrients
inside for embryo to survive
11
0
11
1
11
2
Ectotherm - Do not maintain a constant body
temperature (outside temp = body temp)

Advantage

No Energy Used to Keep Warm
◦
Disadvantages

◦
◦
Must live in warm areas
Active only during the day
11
3
•Become sluggish in very cold
temperature
•Bask in the sun or seek shade
11
4
Most Reptiles have a 3 chamber Heart
1. Disadvantage
1.
Oxygenated & Deoxygenated blood mixes
(less efficient)
Crocodiles & Alligators
Have a ventricle that is totally
separated into 2 pumping chambers
(4 chambers)
11
5
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6

Archaeopteryx
11
7
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8

Endotherms
◦ keeping a constant body temperature
Advantages
◦ Can be active even in colder biomes
◦ Can be active at night (nocturnal predators)
Disadvantages
◦ Requires lots of energy (must find food often)
11
9
1. Feathers
2. Wings
3. Hollow bones - is a adaptation to decrease
weight take in more oxygen for cellular
respiration.
4. Air Sacs - allow birds to take in more oxygen
for cellular respiration
12
0
1.
Amniotic Egg like reptiles
12
1
12
2
2 atria – 1 from body
(deoxygenated), 1
from lungs
(oxygenated)
2 ventricles – 1
pumps to lungs , 1
pumps to body
12
3

Even more energy needed for cells
◦ Birds = energy for flight
◦ Mammals = energy for large brains

NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber heart
12
4
Egg-laying Mammals or Monotremes
Platypus
Echidna
12
6
Mammals belong to the class Mammalia,
which includes 4000 species
Most dominant land animals on earth.
12
7

19 orders of mammals

17 nourish unborn young by the placenta

The others are: egg laying Monotremes
and Marsupials
12
8
1.
2.
Hair which helps in insulation
Mammary glands that produce milk for
the young.
12
9

Endothermic - maintain a constant internal body
temperature
13
0



Large brain size (learning / communicating)
Disadvantage: longer time needed for brain
development
Solution: longer gestation period in mom and
intensive parental care early on (including milk
from mammary glands)
13
1


Placental mammals carry
unborn young in the uterus
until young can survive in
the wild.
Oxygen and nutrients are
transferred from mother’s
blood to baby’s blood
13
2


The placenta is a membrane
providing oxygen and nutrients
and removal of CO2 and waste
between the mother and
developing young
Gestation period is the time
which mammals develop in
mother’s uterus
13
3
 Marsupials
give birth to tiny
immature young that crawl to a
pouch on the mothers belly
immediately after they are born.
13
4


Lots of energy needed
for cells
NO mixture of blood
in 4 chamber heart
13
5
The End
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6