Chapter 6:
The United States Breaks Away
Focus Questions
• How did the emergence of the
United States Shape Canada?
• What challenges of co-existence
arose from the Loyalist
migration?
• How did people meet those
challenges?
6.1
• Title: Conflict in the Thirteen Colonies
• Author: Rees, Anderson Gerrits, Allaire
• Source: Our Canada: Origins, Peoples, Perspectives
• Pages: 171
• I can statement: I can explain American Revolution is
responsible for created United Empire Loyalists.
First Reading
Paraphrase the paragraphs “What was the American War of Independence? ” that start out as
follows:
• After 1763…
• The Seven Years’ War
put Britain into a
financial crisis. In an
effort to save money,
it wanted the Thirteen
Colonies to pay for the
soldiers stationed
there.
• The war…
• People found it
difficult to choose
sides in the conflict.
Those who supported
the rebellion were
known as Patriots
while those against it
have become known
as United Empire
Loyalists.
Second Reading
• Paraphrase of the topic sentence of each paragraph.
• 1. The Seven Years’ War put Britain into debt.
• 2. To pay for their debt, Britain increased taxes in its colonies.
• 3. By 1775, protests against tax increases turned into outright
rebellion.
• 4. Not everyone wanted to fight against the British.
Third Reading:
• Important Information not already included:
• The Patriots fought under the slogan of “No taxation without
representation.”
• The United States in 1776 called itself independent and
declared war on the British in what has become known as the
American Revolution or the American war of independence.
Summary of Article
• Write a paragraph summarizing article ( 5 sentences)
• Given the extreme cost of the Seven Years’ War, Britain
found itself in debt and raised the taxes in their colonies.
They further insisted that the American colonies pay for the
troops stationed there. The Americans questioned the British
authority to demand taxes when the Americans had no
representatives in the British parliament. Supporters of open
rebellion came to be called Patriots whereas those wishing
to remain loyal to England were called the United Empire
Loyalists. Finally in 1776, the Patriots declared themselves
independent and declared war on the British in effort to win
their independence.
Relate Question:
• How would you prove that the American desire for their
own country was responsible for the creation of the
United Empire Loyalists?
6.2
• History Happens: Tarring and Feathering on the Rise page
173
• Instructions:
• Pre-reading: Skim the article and identify and define any
words that are unfamiliar to you.
• During Reading: Highlight the important information from the
article that helps you to understand the who, what, when,
where, why and how of the event.
• After Reading: Complete the following chart.
What's the main idea?
• Main Idea of the
Article (Point)
• Those people
thought to support
the British Crown
were often
persecuted or
threatened because
of their beliefs.
Supporting Evidence: (proof)
Supporting Evidence (Proof)
Who – An alleged British supporter
What – A local resident was tarred and feathered
When – 1775
Where – Savannah, Georgia
Why – Because he was thought to be loyal to the British Crown.
How – An angry mob, dragged the resident to the town square and covered him
with hot tar then dumped a sackful of feathers over his head. Next, they paraded
him up and down the streets of Savannah for 3 hours prompting him to state,
“Success to American Liberty!” If he refused, the mob threatened to hang him.
• In the article several people requested their names be
withheld, why do you think these didn’t want you to know
their names?
• If their names were known, they would be thought to be British
sympathizers and face their own persecution. One person
interviewed implied just that when he said, “And if you have a
problem with [tarring and feather of a British loyalist], my
friend, then maybe you will be the next one hearing a knock at
the door.”
• Do you think something like being
tarred and feathered could happen in
Canada today? Why or why not?
In the reading you saw the following statement, “We’re at war here. People
have to choose sides. If you are with the British, then you are a traitor - case
closed.” Do you think that being a traitor to your country would justify
(deserve) you being tarred and feathered? Why or why not?
6.3 A Wave of Refugees Page 174 through 178
• I can statement…
• I can explain how the emergence of the
United States shaped Canada.
• Summarize: Complete the following
charts by either providing a written
summary or draw and label a pictorial
summary.
What was the Loyalist Migration?
• Having chosen sides in the American Revolution, Loyalists,
wanting to live under British rule in North America, left the
Thirteen Colonies to live in either Quebec or Nova Scotia.
Most of these refugees were of British descent however, they
would include about 3000 African Americans, 2000
Haudenosaunee, and 3000 German Mennonites.
Meet the loyalists
• Hannah Ingraham (1772-1869)
• As a British Loyalist, Hannah and
her family arrived at St. John,
Nova Scotia in 1783 having left
New York by British ship. They
were given tents and rations by
the British government. The
Ingraham family had been
fortunate to arrive in Nova Scotia
with some food and tools that
allowed them to finally settle in a
former Acadian settlement that
would become Fredericton. The
less fortunate Loyalists died of
cold and starvation.
Meet the loyalists
• David George (1743-1810)
• Being offered freedom and a
farm, David George, a former
slave, fought on the side of the
British in the American
Revolution. He along with about
3000 former slaves soon found
that life in Nova Scotia was filled
with broken land promises and
racial violence. When the British
government offered land and
free transport to their Sierra
Leone colony in Africa, he and
1000 other black Loyalists left
Nova Scotia. Those that remained
established farms or worked as
black smiths, tailors, cooks,
teachers and other trades and
professions.
Meet the loyalists
• Thayendanega (Joseph Brant)
1742-1810
• The American Revolution
having split the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy
left the Mohawk, Cayuga,
Seneca and Onondaga
without homes. The British
after Thayendanega’s protests
offered them 275 000
hectares of land along the
Grand River. Thayendanega
encouraged continued
defiance toward American
expansion and also ensured
his people had clear title to
their land under British law.
Meet the loyalists
• John (Hans) Winger(1742-1807)
• Not trusting the American government after
many Mennonites were arrested and lost their
property during American Revolution, Hans
Winger and a small group of followers moved
north. After Winger successfully petitioned the
British government in 1793, about 3000
Mennonites moved into settlements in modern
day Ontario when they were exempted from
military service in place of paying fines.
Relate Questions:
• The Loyalists fled political, racial and religious persecution during
the American war of independence. What conflicts in the world
today could create refugee situations? Do you think Canada has a
responsibility to take in refugees? Explain.
Relate Questions:
• What were some of the challenges faced by the Loyalists
because of relocating? Use evidence from your readings to
support your answer.
6.4
• Title: Challenges Created by the Loyalist Migration
Author:
Rees, Anderson Gerrits, Allaire
• Source: Our Canada: Origins, Peoples, Perspectives
Pages: 182-183
• I can statement: I can explain American Revolution is
responsible for created United Empire Loyalists.
6.4 Challenges Created by the
Loyalist Migration pg. 181
Main Idea
• The Canadiens were
afraid that in increasing
Loyalist population
threatened the existing
laws and customs of
Quebec.
Supporting Detail (who, what,
when , where, why and how)
• The arrivals of the Loyalist greatly
increased Quebec population.
• By 1790, the British settlers made
up 10% of the Quebec’s population.
• The Loyalists started making
demands for things like British laws
and customs having always being
British subjects.
• Francophone Canadiens, worrying
about the terms of the Quebec Act
that protected their laws and
customs, were fearful that the
Loyalists posed a threat.
First Reading
• Paraphrase the paragraphs “Impacts on First Nations ” that
start out as follows:
• The loyalists…Loyalists were primarily farmers requiring land.
The Loyalists’ need for land changed the British reasoning
when they negotiated treaties with First Nations.
• Most of… Loyalists had a tendency to settle in Nova Scotia
which lacked arable land. Loyalist began to move into Mi’kmaq
territory without negotiation. The British felt that the
Proclamation did not apply because this territory was not
within [First Nation] Territory.
Second Reading
• Paraphrase of the topic sentence of each paragraph.
• 1. The purpose for negotiating treaties with First Nations changed as the Loyalist
demands for land increased.
• 2. Peace and friendship were the purposes of treaties before the Loyalist migration.
• 3. After the arrival of the Loyalists, treaties were signed as a way to take over land.
• 4. Land treaties with the First Nations of the Niagara Peninsula were concluded
between 1781 and 1792.
• 5. Some question whether or not negotiators understood each other or to what extent
language and cultural difference impacted the treaties’ terms.
• 6. Most Loyalists ended up with poor land to farm in Nova Scotia.
6.5 The Loyalists Press for Changes
• Title: The Loyalists Press for Changes Author: Rees, Anderson
Gerrits, Allaire
• Source: Our Canada: Origins, Peoples, Perspectives
Pages: 184-185
• I can statement: I can demonstrate the impact the Loyalist
migration had on the creation of the Constitutional Act of
1791.
What did the Loyalists want?
• Nova Scotia
• Key Words:
• Settlements: Places that are
populated by permanent
residents.
• Summary:Many Loyalist chose
to settle in Nova Scotia in
former Acadian lands.
However, several groups
chose to settle along the St.
John River in modern day
New Brunswick. These
settlers felt separate from the
other colonists because of the
geography and politics. Those
that settled along the St. John
River felt they had different
needs and priorities to the
already established
settlements. So, they
petitioned the British
government for a new colony
separate from Nova Scotia.
What did the Loyalists want?
• Quebec
• Key words:
• Petitioned: Having formally
requested something from
the government
• Summary
• With the arrival of the
Loyalists in Quebec during the
1780s, the British government
was asked several times to
establish British law and
customs. The Francophone,
had their loyalty secured with
the Quebec Act, 1774 that
granted French civil law and
custom. What was a
government to do? They
wanted to reward British
loyalty but they didn’t want to
jeopardize Canadien relations.
How did Britain respond to
Loyalist concerns?
• Summary
• Britain separated the Nova Scotia colony into Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton Island and St. John
Island (see page 186). They would later divide Quebec
into Upper and Lower Canada using the Constitutional
Act of 1791. The act granted British appointed legislative
councils and an elected assembly, a form of
representative government, in both colonies. The elected
assembly fulfilled a promise made to the Canadiens in
the Quebec Act and also reinforced the Loyalist heritage
coming from the 13 colonies. Further, the act maintained
British criminal law and French civil law in Lower Canada
while allowing British criminal and civil law in Upper
Canada. It set land aside for Protestant churches while
guaranteeing the Canadiens a right to Catholic Church.
Relate:
• Imagine you are either a Francophone living in Quebec or a Loyalist, what
are you impressions of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
History Happens: Presidential
Mansion Set Ablaze page 189
History Happens: Presidential
Mansion Set Ablaze page 189
• Supporting Details
• Who: Britain’s General Ross, British Soldiers, Canadian Militia,
Mohawk soldiers
•
• What: Burned down the Presidential Mansion
•
• When: Wednesday, August 24, 1814
•
• Where: Washington, District of Columbia, Presidential Mansion
•
• Why: Payback for the American raid on York (Toronto) the previous
year.
•
• How: After defeating the American army at Bladensburg, Ross’
troops marched into Washington setting several public building
ablaze including the Capitol building and the Presidential Mansion.
History Happens: Presidential
Mansion Set Ablaze page 189
• Main Idea
• In retaliation for the
burning of York, British
soldiers, Canadian
militia and Mohawk
warriors, under British
General Ross, set fire
to several public
buildings including the
Presidential Mansion
in the U.S. capital,
Washington D.C.
• Summary
• In 1814, British troops,
the Canadian militia
with the assistance of
Mohawk warriors
successfully attack
Bladensburg and
Washington, D.C. in
retaliation of the U.S.
attack on York in 1813.
War of 1812
If I lived in British North America in 1812, I would fight for
for/against the Americans because…
The article mentions, “British soldiers, Canadien militia,
[Haudenosaunee] soldiers – we’re all fighting on the same
side.” Why do you think this happened? Explain.