Flowing people and porous
borders
 Human
migration
A person leaving to
go to a new place or
residence for
different reasons and
with different effects.



The early ancestors of the
hominids (the family of great
apes and humans) migrated to
Eurasia from Africa about 17
million years ago.
These two continents were cut off
from each other by an expansion
of the Mediterranean Sea about
the same time.
These primates flourished in
Eurasia and their lineage may
have led to the African apes and
humans


These ancient mammals migrated
south from Europe or Western
Asia into Africa.
The surviving tropical population
gave rise to all living primates—
lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of
Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush
babies" of Africa, and the
anthropoids; platyrrhines or New
World monkeys (prehensile tails),
and catarrhines or Old World
monkeys (no prehensile tails) and
the great apes
(chimps/gorillas/orangutans) and
humans.
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

The arboreal existence may have
been replaced by a move to the
savannah (ecological change as
forest shifted to grassland) for
hunting animals, even though
major adaptations occurred in
human ancestors long before the
savannahs existed.
How did these adaptations come
about?
Perhaps the Aquatic Ape
Hypothesis: wading, swimming
and diving for food lead to
upright stance.
“Eve”
“Eve”
“Eve”
“Multireg
ional
hypothes
is”
“Out of
Africa”
model

The Multiregional
Continuity Model
Contends that after Homo
erectus left Africa and
dispersed into other
portions of the Old
World, regional
populations slowly
evolved into modern
humans.
 Out
of Africa Model
Asserts that modern
humans evolved
relatively recently in
Africa, migrated into
Eurasia and replaced
all populations which
had descended from
Homo erectus.
OUR ANCESTORS
Africa
 tugenensis
 ramidus
 anamensis
 afarensis
 africanus
 garhi
 aethiopicus
 boisei
 robustus
 rudolfensis ( “early” )
 habilis ( “early” )
Africa, possibly Asia
 erectus (possible asian
ancestor?)
 sapiens
• Evidence?
 Java (Trinil)
 China (Beijing)
 Africa . . .
 Europe . . .
Migration I: Homo erectus
1.8 mya
Migration II: Homo sapiens sapiens
150,000 – 200,000 ybp
“The Partial Replacement Model”
• Begins with African early archaic
• Includes components of regional continuity,
hybridization, and replacement, with the
emphasis on replacement
• The disappearance of archaic humans was due
to both hybridization and replacement
• It was a gradual and complex process
 Modern
Humans
colonize the earth
• Europe 60,000?
• Asia 90,000?
• Oceania 60,000?
• Americas
tentative 30,000
 Possibly
15,000?
The Genographic Project
Launched in April 2005,
is a five-year genetic
anthropology study that
aims to map historical
human migration
patterns by collecting
and analyzing DNA
samples from hundreds
of thousands of people
from around the world.
 As
of December 2006 some federally
recognized tribes in North America have
declined to take part.
 "What the scientists are trying to prove is that
we’re the same as the Pilgrims, except we
came over several thousand years before.”
 This is an issue because spiritually many of the
indigenous peoples view their origins as North
American.
 So
we can see that
humans have been
on the move since
our very
beginnings
 Migration is nothing
new
 But the reasons we
move
 And the way we
move have changed
considerably




Immigration defines the
movement of people
among (between)
countries.
The movement of people
has existed throughout
history at various levels.
The emergence of
nation-states made
immigration a political
issue.
How, why?



Emigration is the act of
leaving one's native
country or region to
settle in another.
It is similar to
immigration but, begins
from the of the country of
origin.
Human movement before
the establishment of state
boundaries or within one
state, is termed
migration.
 Sojourning:
temporary
movements
 Sojourn: to stay as a
temporary resident
 Sojourner: a
transitory visitor
 The difference here
is, sojourners don’t
stay in the host
country


Refugee…
Owing to a well-founded
fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race,
religion, nationality,
membership of a
particular social group,
or political opinion, is
outside the country of
their nationality, and is
unable to or, owing to
such fear, is unwilling to
avail him/herself of the
protection of that
country.
 Now
that we have defined various
migration terms
 Have discussed transnationalism
 Have discussed the push/pull forces of
globalization…
 Lets list on the board some of the causes
of migration!!!




From pre-colonial
times, we have
always been
migrants.
What is new is the
growing scale and
organization of the
diaspora, intensifying
in more recent times.
From slave labor in
the early part of the
19th century
To labor movement
today
Migration
 Internal Migration – within
national borders
 Transnational Migration – back
and forth
 Push-Pull Factors
Types of Migrants
 Labor
 Displaced
 Refuges – internationally
displaced
 IDPs – internally displaced
persons
 DID – development-induced
Example: mega-dams
Institutional Migrants
 people who voluntarily move
into a social institutional
 students, solders, nuns,
monks, etc.
New Immigrants
 term applies to people who
have migrated since the 1960s
Globalization – increased
diversity
Acceleration – quantitative
growth
Feminization – growing role of
women
Chain Migration – following
others (often familial)
 Contemporary
immigrants cannot be
simply characterized
as “uprooted,” as we
recognized in our
discussion of
transnationalism.

In the US, anthropologists
have for generations
viewed immigrants as
people who uproot
themselves, leaving
behind home and
country, and face the
painful process of
incorporation into a
different society and
sometimes culture
 Transmigrants
are
immigrants whose
daily lives depend on
multiple and constant
interconnections
across international
borders and whose
public identities are
configured in
relationship to more
than one nation-state
 Transnational
migration then is the
process by which
immigrants forge and
sustain simultaneous
multi-stranded social
relations that link
together their
societies of origin
and settlement
 Lubkemann, S
 Chapter
8
 Refuge populations
are perhaps the most
commonly displaced
people
 Ethno-nationalism
• Serbia

Resistance to colonial
rule
• Latin American counties,
African countries

Cold war confrontations
• For example Afghanistan


Economic processes
leading to refugees due
to development,
ecological problems, etc
These issues we have
already spoke about…
 Involuntary
migrants
• Displaced by force or
some sort, including
economic
 Voluntary
migrants
• Mostly those who
migrate for work
 What
are some of the effects of
displacement on refugee populations?
 What are some of the health effects of
displacement on refugee populations?
 How has humanitarian aid changed over
the last three decades?
 What are some of the problems that have
resulted from these changes?
Movement of labor and people
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What is brain drain?
What is brain circulation?
What is an ethnic professional association?
What do they seek to accomplish?
How could such associations act to hinder a start-up over
time?
What does the Saxenian say the US offers in terms of
industry growth? What does Taiwan offer?
What are some possible problems with US companies
using industry in developing countries (ie: buying
parts/software)?
What are some possible gains for developing countries
sending their technologically advanced workers to the
US?
Similarities between Saxenian’s and Friedman’s models of
globalization?
Why are production costs lower in Taiwan? It all comes
back to labor…



There are labor laws on the books (Labor
Standards Act) but…
There are 160,000 migrant workers
serving in domestic sector in Taiwan.
However, they are excluded from the
Labor Standards Act and don't have any
right to holiday nor extra payment for
overtime work.
Two migrant workers related their sad
experience working in the country in a
press conference held by Chinese
Nationalist Party (KMT) Legislator Joanna
Lei. A-ming stated: "I have been sold [by
brokers] to six different employers since
Social Stratification
Illegal Immigration

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
Social group – cluster of people beyond
the domestic group (home/family) related
on in ways other than kinship
Primary Group – people know one another
personally
Secondary Group – identify together but
may never meet
Unsurprisingly, complex societies have
more groups than small societies.
A main organizing group in many cultures
is the Age Set
Most of you belong to the same age set,
which is a meaningful group in
anthropological thought
Friendship
 A form of primary social group
 Is it a cultural universal? Well…
 Friendship is often defined by whom you
feel comfortable/safe discussing secrets
with
 Limiting factors to forming friendship
include
 Social environment – gender – class – religion –
economic status
Common aspects of friendship
 Sharing of resources – storytelling –
sharing leisure time
Clubs and Fraternities

Typically organized to reinforce
certain protocols, attitudes,
backgrounds, etc.
etc.
 gynophobic – women-hating or otherwise
anti-women groups
 homophobic – fear and/or distrust of
homosexuals
 xenophobic – dislike and/or fear of people
from other countries
Countercultural Groups
 Youth Gangs
• often considered a problem by adults and
law enforcement
• however, many form in response to social and
economic pressures
 Common
myths –
 members come from broken homes
 males join to replace missing father figure
Countercultural Groups
Cooperatives
• form to enhance production, consumption, or
exchange
Farmer’s Cooperatives
• allows small farmers to work together in order to
compete with multinational groups (Fair Trade
Co-ops)
Craft Cooperatives
• allows small producers to avoid costly middle-
men
According to the US Congressional Capper-Volstead Act
of 1922:
“A cooperative consists of persons engaged in
production, processing, preparing for market, or
handling commerce acting together that these
actions are in the mutual benefit of members”
(Torgerson, 1990).
Cooperatives must conform to two basic requirements:
 (1) each member has one vote, regardless of amount
of stock or membership capital, and
 (2) non-member products shall not exceed the value
of member products (Rasmussen, 1991).
Ascription (Ascribed Status)–
membership on the basis of birth
race – ethnicity – gender – caste
Race vs. Ethnicity
 Race – anthropologies role and
subsequent apologetic stance in using
‘race’ as an organizing concept
 Don’t forget Franz Boas – the Hero of
Cultural Relativism – culture is the
MOST important factor in determining
behavior (NOT BIOLOGY!!!)
CULTURE IS NOT GENETIC!! IT IS
LEARNED!!!
Ethnicity – a sense of group membership
based on a common cultural identity
Ethnicity
 Ethnic Minorities in China
 The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially
recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of
which are Han Chinese, which constitutes about 91.9%
of the total population.
 The 55 other ethnic groups are officially recognized as
ethnic minority groups.
 Minority population grows faster than that of the
majority Han Chinese, in 1953 at 6.1%, in 1990 at
8.04%, in 2000 at 8.41％, and in 2005 at 9.44%.
 In the most recent survey, their population growth is
about seven times faster than that of the Han Chinese.
 That is because the "One child policy” only applies to
the majority Han Chinese

ATHABASCAN FAMILY

ALGONKIN FAMILY

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
OREGON GROUP
ROGUE RIVER
TOLOWA GROUP
TOLOWA
HUPA GROUP
HUPA
CHILULA
WHILIKUT
MATTOLE GROUP
MATTOLE
WAILAKI GROUP
WAILAKI
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
YUROK
YUROK
COAST
YUROK
WIYOT
YUKIAN FAMILY
YUKI
HUCHNOM
COAST YUKI
WAPPO
MODOC (NOW INCORPORATED
IN THE PENUTIAN FAMILY)
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


SHASTAN
SHASTA
NEW RIVER SHASTA
KONOMIHU
OKWANUCHU
ACHOMAWI (PIT RIVER)
ATSUGEWI (HAT CREEK)
YANA
NORTHERN YANA
CENTRAL YANA
SOUTHERN YANA
YAHI
KAROK
CHIMARIKO
POMO
NOTHERN
CENTRAL
EASTERN
SOUTHEASTERN
NORTHEASTERN
SOUTHERN
SOUTHWESTERN
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
WASHO
ESALEN
SALINIEN
ANTONIANO
MIGUELENO
PLAYANO
CHUMASH
OBISPENO
PURISMENO
YNEZENO
BARBARENO
VENTURENO
EMIGDIANO
INTERIOR
ISLAND
YUMAN
NORTHERN (WESTERN) DIGUENO
SOUTHERN (EASTERN) DIGUENO
KAMIA
YUMA
HALCHIDHOMA (NOW CHEMEHUVI)
MOHAVE

PENUTIAN FAMILY

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MODOC
WINTUN
DIALECT GROUPS
NORTHERN
CENTRAL (NOMLAKI)
SOUTHEASTERN (PATWIN)
SOUTHWESTERN (PATWIN)
MAIDU
DIALECT GROUPS
NORTHEASTERN
NORTHWESTERN
SOUTHERN (NISENAN

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
MIWOK
COAST
LAKE
PLAINS
NORTHERN
CENTRAL
SOUTHERN
BAY MIWOK
COSTANOAN
SAN FRANCISCO
SANTA CLARA
SANTA CRUZ
SAN JUAN BAUTISTA (MUTSUN)
MONTEREY (RUMSEN)
SOLEDAD
YOKUTS
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NORTHERN VALLEY (CHULAMNI,
CHAUCHILA, ETC)
SOUTHERN VALLEY (TACHI,
YAUELMANI, ETC)
NORTHERN HILL (CHUKCHANSI, ETC)
KINGS RIVER (CHOINIMINI, ETC)
TULE-KAWEH (YAUDANCHI, ETC)
POSO CREEK (PALEEUYAMI)
BUENA VISTA (TULAMNI, ETC)
UTO-AZTEKAN (SHOSHONEAN) FAMILY
PLATEAU BRANCH
MONO-BANOCK GROUP
NORTHERN PAIUTE (PAVIOTSO)
EASTERN MONO (PAIUTE)
WESTERN MONO
SHOSHONI-COMMANCHE GROUP
KOSO (PANAMINT SHOSHONE)
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CHEMEHUEVI (SOUTHERN PAIUTE)
KAWAISU (TEHACHAPI)
KERN RIVER BRANCH
TUBATULAABAL (AND BANKALACHI)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BRANCH
SERANO GROUP
KITANEMUK (TEJON)
ALLIKLIK
VANYUME (MOHINEYAM)
SERRANO
GABRIELINO GROUP
FERNANDENO
GABRIELINO
NICOLENO
LUISENO - CAHUILLA GROUP
JUANENO
LUISENO
CUPENO
CAHUILLA
MOUNTAIN CAHUILLA
DESERT CAHUILLA
PASS CAHUILLA
Types of Diaspora Populations
 Jewish Diaspora as template for meaning
 Victim Diasporas – African (Slave)
Diaspora, Armenians, Chinese in Latin
America
Labor Diasporas – Indians and Chinese in
Caribbean
Imperial Diasporas – English in Australia,
New Zealand, South Africa, and the US
Trade Diasporas – Chinese in SE Asia,
Lebanese in US and New Zealand
Cultural Diasporas – creolized groups remigrating from Caribbean to US,
Chinese Diaspora
 Began migrating out of China 1,000 years ago to SE
Asia
 1800s – begin migrating in large numbers outside of
Asia
 Heavily racial-ized minority by the late 1800s around
the world
 Little know fact that the Chinese comprised a ‘Second
Slave Trade’ to Latin America (1847-1874)
• 100,000 to Peru
• 125,000+ to Cuba
• 10,000s to Caribbean
19th Century Chinese Immigration to the US
Perceptions of Threat in the West (beginning in 1840s and
50s)
- taking jobs
- corrupting white women (sound familiar?)
In the East (1870s and on)
- taking jobs
- corrupting white women (trends…)
In the Southeast (1870s and on)
- victims of ‘second’ slave trade
- little threat
19th Century Chinese Immigration to the
US
• Exclusionary Laws
 1882 – barred Chinese from immigration for 10 years
 1892 – Geary act extended it for another 10 years
 1904 – made permanent by the Extension Act
Political Value = halting immigration
(protectionist)
 Chinese immigration labeled a humane
way to end what was termed a “Second
Slave Trade” by many politicians based
19th Century Chinese Immigration to the
US
 Exclusionary Laws
 Finally repealed in 1943 with the Geary
Act
 Political value = WWII, many Americans
become sympathetic to Chinese fight
against Japanese (of course, Japanese are
stripped of rights at this time, internment
camps and other abuses…)
20th Century Racializations of Chinese
 1943 Geary Act grants, in theory, all
Chinese the right to become naturalized
citizens, the experience is quite different.
Chinese continue to exist as a heavily
racial-ized ethnic group
 US
has about 20% of world’s total
immigrants–190 Million worldwide–
Russian Federation 2nd most
 Nevertheless, largest ever in absolute
numbers, approximately 36 Million
 But not largest percentage–United Arab
Republics has over 70%
About 25% of total immigration
How many from Mexico?
• 55-60%
50,000 Irish
500,000 other Europeans
About 40% enter legally as students, tourists, on business
Most arrive on commercial carriers or come across Canadian border
9/11 hijackers entered legally
Consensus: Immigrants do not take jobs
away from Americans
Jobs Americans don’t want
Create jobs
Contention in some workplaces
 Cases
resulting in fines very, very small
• Both in the number of cases and the total fines
 ICE
increased enforcement past 3 years
• Raids, pushes, etc
 Cycles
through the “illegal of the day”
• Mexican, Hmong, Guatemalan, etc

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



Immigrants pay income, property, and taxes at the
federal and state level
The IRS has seen an increase in the number of tax
returns filed using an Individual Tax Identification
Number.
The system originally was designed for people living
abroad who had investments in the US.
But it quickly is becoming used by undocumented
workers who aren't eligible for Social Security
numbers.
In 2005, 1.4 million people filed tax returns using the
numbers.
In 2002, illegal immigration added a net surplus of
$463 billion to social security



Immigrants less likely than natives to
use public services
Just 2 percent of illegal Mexican
immigrants had ever received welfare
or Social Security payments and just 3
percent had ever accepted food stamps.
The most-used service is emergency
medical care and school, the first is
used sparingly due to fears of being
caught and the second is used through
their children who are almost always
 Within
10 years 75% speak English
 Demand for English classes outstrips
supply
 Second generation often overwhelmingly
prefers English and is completely
acculturated
 Is this true in your experience? Why/Why
not?
 The key to successful immigration is
acceptance verse discrimination
 Average
backlog 4 years
 Backlog of 12 years for Mexico
 For Mexican siblings of U.S. citizens, the
government is just now getting to
applications filed before July 1, 1992!!!!
Immigrants lower crime rates
• 1stgeneration immigrants 45% less likely to
commit violence than 3rdgeneration Americans
During 1990s when immigration highest,
crime dropped the most
• Los Angeles it dropped 45%
Why: motivation to work, ambition and
desire not to be deported
 Consensus
that they positively contribute
economically
 Assimilation complete with second
generation
 The most important factor in integration
and assimilation is
• NOT characteristics of immigrants
• BUT how US natives treat immigrants