Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Unit: 1 Groundwater
#1
LT 1.1: I can describe where and how much water travels through various parts of the water cycle.
Where would I find this?
1. Can you describe how much of Earths water there is in different locations (i.e.
Ocean, glaciers, groundwater etc.)?
2. Can you describe the water cycle and how water moves through it?
3. Can you explain the importance of fresh water and where we find it?
LT 1.2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
Where would I find this?
1. Can you describe what an aquifer is and relate it to the permeability of the ground?
2. Given a cross-section of the earth, can you describe the different parts of an aquifer
(i.e. water table, zone of saturation, recharge zone etc.)?
3. Can you explain how water gets from the ground to your faucet and what happens to
it along the way?
LT 1.3: I can interpret how land and water use by humans will affect different stages of the water cycle.
Where would I find this?
1. Can you explain what a water budget is and how humans can affect it?
2. Can you explain what a watershed is?
3. Given a map, can you determine the direction a river is flowing, a watershed
boundary, and where pollution would go if dumped in a river?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Vocabulary I should know:
Water cycle
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Infiltration
Respiration
Watershed
Runoff
Water budget
Desalination
Watershed boundary
Ground water
Aquifer
Porosity
Permeability
Water table
Artesian well
Gradient
Impermeable
Recharge zone
Well/spring
Cone of depression
aquicludes
How am I doing?
Homework grade
LT 1.1
Learning Check
Practice test
LT 1.2
LT 1.3
1. How have you done so far? Have your grades improved, stayed the same, or gotten worse?
2. Which learning target(s) do you need to improve upon?
3. How are you going to prepare for the test?
#2
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
How much water do you use?
#3
LT 1: I can describe where and how much water travels through various parts of the water cycle.
My Water Budget for one day:
# times you
flush a toilet
__________
flushes
X
4 Gallons OR 1.6 Gallons
Old
New
=
________________Gallons
# of minutes you use a
faucet
__________
minutes
X
1.5 Gallons per minute
=
________________Gallons
# of times you take a bath
_________
baths
X
24 Gallons per bath
=
________________Gallons
# of minutes you take a
shower
_______
minutes
X
5 Gallons
Old
OR 2 Gallons
New
=
________________Gallons
# of times you
use a dishwasher
_______
washes
X
16 Gallons OR 6 Gallons
Old
EnergyStar
=
________________Gallons
# of times you use a
washing machine
_______
washes
X
40 Gallons OR 25 Gallons
Old
EnergyStar
=
________________Gallons
# of 8oz. of water you
drink in a day
________
ounces
X
0.04 Gallons
=
________________Gallons
Total Gallons Used in a
24 hour Period
=
________________Gallons
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#4
How water crisis in Flint, Mich., became federal state of emergency
Compiled by Jessica Durando, USA TODAY Network10:34 a.m. EST January 20, 2016
Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder gave a State of the State address Tuesday night, following remarks he made a day
earlier on how he's made mistakes in handling the Flint, Mich., water crisis. "I'm sorry and I will fix it," Snyder said
near the opening of his speech, directly addressing the residents of Flint. "Government failed you at the federal,
state and local level. "The state downplayed and largely ignored the immediate complaints about the smell, color
and taste of the water in 2014. Here's what you need to know about how the public health crisis has evolved:
1. When did the water become contaminated?
Flint's drinking water became contaminated with lead in April 2014 while the city was under the control of a stateappointed emergency manager. As a cost-cutting move, the city began temporarily drawing its drinking water from
the Flint River and treating it at the city water treatment plant while it waited for a new water pipeline to Lake
Huron to be completed. Previously, the city used Lake Huron water treated by the Detroit Water and Sewerage
Department. The state Department of Environmental Quality has conceded it failed to require needed chemicals to
be added to the corrosive Flint River water. As a result, lead leached from pipes and fixtures into the drinking water.
2. Who has been exposed to lead?
Anyone who drank city tap water was exposed to lead, but children are more susceptible to lead poisoning than
adults. Eden Wells, Michigan's chief medical executive, said recently that all children who drank the city's
water since April 2014 have been exposed to lead. That's 8,657 children, based on Census data. "It is
important when we think about a public health perspective that we consider the whole cohort ... exposed to the
drinking water, especially 6 years and under since April 2014, as exposed, regardless of what their blood level is on
Jan. 11." The state's most recent report, based on tests conducted between October and December 2015, shows
that 43 people — only a small portion of the number exposed — had elevated blood lead levels. That's because
these tests measure only the amount of lead in a person's blood, which decreases after about 30 days, according to
the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That means testing done today does not represent past
exposure.
Lead Level Comparisons
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
3. Is there a safe level of lead in the body?
#5
There is no safe level of lead in the body, but the impacts of lead are considered most severe on the developing
brains and nervous systems of children and fetuses. And even the 8,657 Flint children younger than six exposed to
lead may be a low estimate; It doesn't include unborn children whose mothers drank tainted water during their
pregnancies, or children and pregnant women who reside outside Flint but were exposed while visiting relatives,
childcare centers or hospitals inside city limits.
4. When did state, federal governments intervene?
It was not until Jan. 5 that Snyder declared a state of emergency and Jan. 12 that he mobilized the National
Guard to assist with distribution of bottled water and water filters. Although the state helped Flint switch back to
Detroit water in October, danger remains because of damage the Flint River water did to the water distribution
system. President Obama declared a federal state of emergency in Flint on January 16.
5. What's next for Snyder?
Snyder pledged to release his 2014 and 2015 e-mails related to the crisis in his State of the State on Tuesday
evening, which many groups have requested as a step toward greater transparency. The governor's office is exempt
from the Michigan Freedom of Information Act. He gave no signs he plans to resign from office with a little less than
three years remaining in his final term, saying he wants to stay on and put things right, aides said.
Snyder is also appealing President Barack Obama's refusal to declare a federal disaster in Flint when he declared a
federal emergency there on Saturday. A federal disaster declaration, which is reserved for natural disasters, would
make greater amounts of federal funding available. He is also asking the Michigan Legislature for a $28.5-million
supplemental appropriation to cover immediate Flint needs, such as the cost of bottled water and filters and troops
from the Michigan National Guard, which Snyder mobilized Jan. 12 after declaring a state of emergency on Jan. 5.
1. What do you think of this story?
2. Could this happen here in Lansing?
3. What would you do if it did (and don’t say “I would move” because most people can’t)?
4. How much would it cost you to buy the water you need every day from the grocery store (it is a good estimate
that water is about $1 a gallon)?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#6
Where’s the water?
LT 1: I can describe where and how much water travels through various parts of the water cycle.
Part I
You will be given one Liter of water. It represents all of the water in the world. You are going to start taking some guess
as to how much water from this one liter would represent different amounts from different places on our planet. First, you
need to guess how much would be in each area. Use the idea of milliliter as your measurement tool. So, the entire world
holds 1000 milliliters. So if 50% of the water is in the oceans, it would get 500ml, 75% would be 750ml.
Oceans
Ice caps/ glaciers
Ground water
Surface (rivers,
lakes, ponds)
Atmosphere
Actual
percentages:
Predictions
1. From the above list, which would be easy available for drinking?
2. Add them together, what percent would this be?
3. Now add in ice, what percent would this be? This is the total amount or freshwater on the planet.
4. From the above list, which of these can we use in Michigan to get drinking water?
5. What is special about Michigan that makes us lucky?
6. So, where is most of the water on earth?
7. Which is the greatest reservoir of freshwater on earth?
8. Why can’t we drink it?
9. The water we have in our homes is used for many things. List at least 5.
10. How do businesses and factories use water? (think about recycling paper and mining from last semester) List 3-4
ways.
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#7
Part II
1. Now we are going to draw the water cycle. Important words that should be included:
Condensation, Precipitation, Evaporation, Transpiration, Runoff, and Infiltration, along with the places: ocean, glaciers,
groundwater, surface water, and the atmosphere.
This is the end of LT1. You should be able to answer the following questions:
LT 1: I can describe where and how much water travels through various parts of the water cycle.
1. What is the breakdown of where water is located on planet earth?
2. Why can’t we drink ocean water?
3. What would we have to do to ocean water to drink it?
4. Where is the most freshwater in the world?
5. Can you draw the water cycle like we did above, including all of the important words and places? (yes or no)
6. Can you explain the importance of fresh water?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#8
Engineering Challenge: Desalination
LT 1.2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
1. Define desalination:
2. Why would desalinating ocean be important for human society?
Your engineering challenge is to design an apparatus that can clean the salt out of the water. You will be given a sample
of 10% ocean water (2-3g of salt per liter) to clean. Silver nitrate will be used to determine if you have desalinated the
water. (Do not drink the water to test it)
3. Brainstorm and research ideas on how you can separate salt from water:
4. Materials needed:
5. Draw a detailed picture of your apparatus:
Discussion
6. Were you successful? Why or why not? Support your statements with evidence.
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Where does our water come from?
Hour: ______________
#9
LT 1.2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
How we get our water:
1. Using the cards at your table put them in order from start to finish to explain how we get our water here in
Lansing and to our school. (You do not need to use every card).
2. The correct answer in words
3. A drawing of the correct answer:
Where does the water go?
4. Using the cards at your table, put them in order from start to finish to explain where it goes and what happens to it
after it leaves the school. (You do not need to use every card).
5. The correct answer in words
6. A drawing of the correct answer:
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hydrology Reading
LT 1.2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
Hour: ______________
#10
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#11
Hydrology Reading
1. In your own words, define an aquifer.
2. In your own words, define porosity.
3. In your own words, define sorting.
4. What has more porosity, well-sorted or poorly-sorted sediment? Draw a picture to support your answer.
5. How is permeability different than porosity?
6. Look at the picture of an aquifer. Label the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration, and the water table.
7. From the picture, what do you think a spring is?
8. From the picture, what do you think a recharge zone is?
9. How would water get into an aquifer?
10. What is the difference between a confined and an unconfined aquifer?
11. The picture on the right is showing a cone of depression. What do you think it is?
12. How would water leave an aquifer?
13. Think of 4 things affect the depth of the water table (the balance of water going in and out)?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#12
Porosity and Permeability Lab
LT 2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
 An Aquifer is a place underground (rocks or sediment) that store ground water.
 An Aquiclude is a place underground (rocks or sediment) that is impermeable and does not store ground water.
1. What is porosity?
2. We are going to test the porosity of four types of materials. Rocks (big particles), sand (small particles), clay
(really small particles) and a mixture of sand and Rocks. Predict which one will hold the most water.
Place____ of a soil into a beaker. Slowly fill it up with water until it just covers the material. Record how
much water each substance holds (in ml).
Clay
Sand
Gravel
Gravel and Sand
3. Of the 4 substances, which one would you want for an aquifer? Why?
4. Of the 4 substances, which one would you want for an aquiclude? Why?
5. Compare the gravel to the gravel and sand. Which one held more water?
6. Explain why you think that was.
7. Sorting is the name for how the particles are “sorted” in the ground. If they are all the same size, we say the
particles are well-sorted. If they differ in size, we say they are not “well-sorted”. Is being well sorted good or bad
for porosity.
8. How could “solid rock” hold water?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Now we are going to test Permeability.
#13
9. What is permeability?
10. Would an aquifer be permeable or impermeable?
11. We are going to test the permeability of four types of materials. Rocks (big particles), sand (small particles), clay
(really small particles) and a mixture of sand and Rocks. Predict which one will hold the most water.
Permeability Test:
Place a piece of cheesecloth over the end of a tube. Fill the tubes to the line with the type of soil that you are
testing (about halfway). Slowly pour 25ml of water through the tube and time how long it takes for all of the
water to get through. Record the times below (in seconds):
Clay
Sand
Gravel
Gravel and Sand
12. Of the 4 substances, which one is the most permeable? Why?
13. Of the 4 substances, which one is the most impermeable? Why?
14. Of the 4 substances, which one would you want for an aquifer? Why?
15. Of the 4 substances, which one would you want for an aquiclude? Why?
16. Look at the picture below. Which layers would be an aquifer and which would be an aquiclude?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#14
How do we know what’s down there?
LT 2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
Driller’s records (Lansing Michigan)
Well 1
Glacial coarse sand
Glacial fine sand
Glacial gravel
Saginaw sandstone
Saginaw shale
Bayport limestone
Michigan shale
Marshall sandstone
thick
50 ft
50 ft
200 ft
100 ft
50 ft
100 ft
50 ft
rest
Well 2
Glacial coarse sand
Glacial gravel
Saginaw sandstone
Saginaw shale
Bayport limestone
Michigan shale
Marshall sandstone
Thick
200 ft
200 ft
100 ft
50 ft
150 ft
50 ft
rest
Well 3
Glacial coarse sand
Glacial Clay
Glacial gravel
Saginaw sandstone
Saginaw shale
Bayport limestone
Michigan shale
Marshall sandstone
thick
50 ft
50 ft
50 ft
300 ft
50 ft
100 ft
50 ft
rest
Fill in the map of under Lansing using the above well driller’s data. You can use different colors to separate the layers.
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#15
1. What layers are aquifers?
2. What layers are aquicludes?
3. What are the differences between and aquiclude and an aquifer?
4. What two layers are confined aquifers?
5. What is special about the water in confined aquifers (as compared to an unconfined aquifer)?
6. Which layer is the oldest?
7. Look at the following diagram and answer the questions that follow.
a. Identify the aquifers and aquicludes.
b. Which way would the groundwater flow?
c. If you were digging a well and cost was no issue, what level would you put it into to get the cleanest
water? Why?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#16
Identifying Underground Features
LT 2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
Label the picture with the words below.
1. Water table (2)
2. Artesian well
3. Water table well (non-artesian)
4. Confined aquifer
5. Unconfined aquifer
6. Recharge zone
7. Zone of saturation
8. Zone of aeration
Make your own aquifer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It must have 5-10 layers.
Layers can be made of sand, gravel, clay, shale, or limestone
It must have at least one confined aquifer.
The confined aquifer must have a recharge zone.
You should include the water table (dotted line).
Give your drawing to someone else. They should determine the best places for following things, and draw them in:
1. A normal water table well
2. An artesian well
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Advanced Aquifers
#17
LT 2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
1. Look at the below to the right. This shows Mr. Potter’s house (no it’s not Hogwarts). The black rectangle labeled
“A” represents his well, where he gets his drinking water.
a. What does the dotted line represent?
b. List two things that will change the level of that
line.
c. What if my neighbor decides to dig a deeper well
right next to mine and uses that well a lot what
will happen to Mr. Potter’s well. Why? Draw a
picture if it helps.
d. Somehow, water must get back into the ground.
What is the name for where that happens? Show
where that would be
.
e. If Mr. Potter inherited a lot of money and could drill his well as deep as he wanted, which layer would you drill
to? Why?
Wetlands
Wetlands are important. They act as filter for pollution and
sediments, acts as home for many animals, and they are
recharge zones.
f.
A Walmart is looking for a new location. They have narrowed their options down to locations C, D, E, and F,
which are all wetlands. While Walmart’s are not know for releasing pollution into the environment, they are
known for giant parking lots which act as nice impermeable layers of rock. If you had a say, which location(s)
should they avoid?
This is the end of LT2. You should be able to answer the following questions:
1. Can you describe what an aquifer is and relate it to the permeability of the ground?
2. Given a cross-section of the earth, can you describe the different parts of an aquifer (i.e. water table, zone of
saturation, recharge zone etc.)?
3. Explain how water gets from the ground to your faucet and what happens to it along the way?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Water Budgets
LT 3: I can interpret how human land and water use will affect different stages of the water cycle.
Define a Water budget:
From the above picture, write down processes that would fit for each category:
Adds water to the local environment
Decreases water to the local environment
1. What ways could you increase evaporation (we will add these to the appropriate place above):
2. Would the water budget stay the same all year around? Why?
3. Why are wetlands important here?
4. What type of soil would cause the most runoff?
#18
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Watersheds
LT 3: I can interpret how human land and water use will affect different stages of the water cycle.
1. Define watershed.
2. Define watershed boundary.
3. Use the map of Michigan to determine the major watersheds
after you do the map on page 21.
#19
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#20
1. What watershed are we a part of in Lansing?
2. Where does it empty?
3. Where do you think that body of water eventually empties?
4. What direction do rivers always flow?
5. If pollution is dumped on the star, who would need to worry? Where will it end up?
6. If pollution is dumped on the circle, who would need to worry? Where will it end up?
7. Why is it important to know what watershed we are a part of?
8. Grand Rapids is the circle. If there is a pollution spill there, do we need to worry in Lansing?
9. Should people in Detroit worry of there is a pollution spill in Lansing or Grand Rapids? (this is kind of a trick
question)
10. There are a lot of farms in mid-Michigan. What kind of pollution could come from a farm?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
#21
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Watersheds
#22
LT 3: I can interpret how human land and water use will affect different stages of the water cycle.
1. Look at the picture above which shows the Great Lakes Watershed,
a. Which of the great lakes has the highest elevation?
b. What is the order in which it drains?
c. Where does all of the water eventually end up?
d. Between which lakes is there the largest change in elevation? What is located there?
e. Which great lake is the deepest?
2. Farms are major source of pollution. Their runoff sends extra fertilizers into rivers, and then into the Great Lakes,
which causes algae to grow like crazy. What lake(s) do you think have the highest concentration of fertilizer?
3. Shallow waters make the water warm which also helps algae grow. Which lake do you think has the biggest
problem with algae growth (shallow and lots of fertilizers)?
This is the end of LT3. You should be able to answer the following questions:
LT 3: I can interpret how human land and water use will affect different stages of the water cycle.
1. Can you explain what a water budget is and how humans can affect it?
2. Can you explain what a watershed is?
3. How do farms, cities, parking lots and wetlands play a role in how humans affect the water cycle?
4. What does pollution have to do with learning target 3?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
Study Guide
#23
LT 1: I can describe where and how much water travels through various parts of the water cycle.
1. What is the breakdown of where water is located on planet earth?
2. Why can’t we drink ocean water?
3. What would we have to do to ocean water to drink it?
4. Where is the most freshwater in the world?
5. Can you explain the importance of fresh water?
6. Draw the water cycle below.
LT 2: I can describe how we obtain our drinking water from groundwater.
1. What are aquifers?
2. What is a water table?
3. How do we mark a water table?
4. When we look at soil or gravel, we use the words sorted and unsorted. What is the difference between the two?
5. Which one is better for holding water?
6.
Explain how porosity is different form permeability.
7. What does building a well cause in the water table?
Potter
Name: _________________________________________
Earth Science
Date: ______________________________
Hour: ______________
8. What 3 things can change the level of a water table?
9. What is the zone of saturation?
10. Look at the following diagram and answer the questions that follow.
a. Identify the aquifers and aquicludes?
b. Which way would the groundwater flow?
c. If you were digging a well and cost was no issue,
what level would you put it into? Why?
d. What is a cone of depression?
e. What is a recharge zone?
11. Explain, from start to finish, how we get our water here in the Lansing area.
12. Explain what happens to our water after it goes down the drain.
LT 3: I can interpret how human land and water use will affect different stages of the water cycle.
1. What is the water budget?
2. Name 5 things affect the water budget?
3. List two things that farms can do that hurt rivers.
4. Which ways to rivers flow?
5. How can you tell, from a map, which way a river is flowing?
6. What is a watershed?
7. What is a watershed boundary?
8. If is dumped in a watershed, where does it end up?
9. Is ground water connected to rivers, lakes, and oceans? Explain why or why not.
#24