The Industrial
Revolution
Chapter 25
Overview

When?


Where?



1700’s & 1800’s (18th & 19th centuries)
Started in Great Britain
Spread around Europe, to the Americans, and
eventually around the world
What?

Development of many industries that changed
the way people lived
Prior to the Revolution

Most people were farmers



Most people lived in rural villages




1 in 3 babies died in their first year
Life expectancy was about 40 years
Wealthy landowners rented land to farmers
Land was shared by villagers, no fences
Villages were self-sufficient (little travel)
Most industry was done at home


Coal mining, glass, iron, clothing
Domestic system – families hired out to do industry in homes
Agricultural Revolution

Great Britain


Advances




Enclosure system – fenced off private
land to make farming more efficient
New crop rotation systems
Seed drill (Jethro Tull)
Steel plow (John Deere)
Agricultural production increases


Freed up money for landowners to
invest in other industries
Allowed farmers that didn’t have land to
work in factories
Revolution begins in Great Britain

Money



Natural Resources




Capital = $ to invest in labor, machines, & raw materials
1700’s saw a rise in British wealth for landowners and the
middle class
Water – transporting goods and power factories
Large supply of iron and coal
Large empire
Labor Supply


Population went from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800
Need for less farmers meant a transition to factory work
Textiles

Advances in Machinery







Flying Shuttle (John Kay)
Spinning Jenny (James
Hargreaves)
Water Frame (Richard Arkwright)
Spinning Mule (Samuel
Crompton)
Power Loom (Edmond Cartwright)
Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)
Factory System

Centralized production at a source
of power (usually water)
Cotton Gin
Industrial Advances


Steam Engine (James Watts)
Bessemer Process (Henry Bessemer)





More easily made steel from iron
Steel is lighter, more flexible, and stronger than
iron
Paved roads and canals allowed goods to
move easier
Steam locomotives created
Robert Fulton’s steamboat
Steam Engine
Bessemer Process
Steam Locomotive
Robert Fulton’s steamboat
Spread of Industry

Great Britain


Germany


Quickly industrializes and helped by the unification in 1871
United States



Led the world, made it illegal to transport machinery outside the
country
Samuel Slater sneaks textile technology to the U.S.
By 1870, Northeaster U.S. was as industrial as Great Britain
France

Slow to industrialize at first (Napoleon helped and hurt), but
developed more during the late 1800’s
Growth of Big Business

Capitalism


Mass Production


Interchangeable parts, division of labor, assembly line
Organizing business




Free enterprise system = individuals own production, not
the government
Entrepreneur – someone who starts a business
Partnership – two or more entrepreneurs
Corporation – business owned by stockholders who vote
on major decisions
Business Cycle

Boom and bust periods of the economy
Industry leads to Inventions







Telegraph (Samuel Morse – 1836)
Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell – 1876)
Wireless telegraph & Radio (Guglielmo Marconi –
1897)
Light Bulb (Thomas Edison – 1870s)
Internal combustion engine (Rudolf Diesel –
1880s)
Automobile (1880s & 1890s – lots of people)
Airplane (Wright brothers – 1903)
Telegraph
Telephone
Marconi & Tesla
Transportation
Effects of the
Industrial
Revolution
Chapter 25
Population and Cities Expand

European Population Growth




Cities



1750 – 140 million
1800 – 187 million
1850 – 266 million
London 1800 = @ 1 million
London 1850 = @ 2.6 million
Ireland



Exception to the population increase
Irish Potato Famine (1845 – 1851)
Millions die of starvation or immigrate to the U.S. or Britain
New Social Classes

Industrial Middle Class (bourgeois)


Included lawyers, doctors, teachers, government
officials, bankers, and industrialists
Industrial Working Class (proletariat)



Industrial workers
Worked 6 – 7 days a week for 12 – 16 hours
Cotton Mills the worst, coal mining also very
dangerous
Women and Children


Long hours for less pay than men
Factory Act of 1833 (not enforced)




Minimum age at 9
8 hours a day max for 9 to 13
12 hours a day max for 13 to 18
Women



Took place of children (50% of textile mill workers)
Laws slowly begin to limit women’s hours
Women forced into working the home
Coal Miners
2nd Industrial Revolution




Starting in the 1870s
Steel, electricity, internal combustion
engines
Wages went up, production went up, prices
went down
Germany, England, France, Belgium,
Northern Italy industrial, while the rest of
Europe is largely agricultural
Capitalism

Adam Smith


The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Three Natural Laws of
Economics:




The Law of Self-Interest
The Law of Competition
The Law of Supply and Demand
Laissez-faire

Governments tended to let
industry and business act under
their own rules
Socialism


Started as utopian idea of
cooperation in industry, not
competition
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels





The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Blamed industrial capitalism on
poor workers and poor working
conditions
Struggle of classes between
bourgeoisie and proletariat
Predicted violent revolution
where proletariat would
overthrow the bourgeoisie
Communism = complete world
socialism
Socialism (cont.)


Marx believed in a classless society
German Social Democratic Party



Political party trying for workers rights
Took majority of power in Germany in 1912
Divisions in Socialism


International socialists (one world country) vs. Nationalism
socialists (each country on their own)
Revisionists – rejected revolutionary ideas, use
democratic means for change
Labor Unions


1870 workers gained right to strike in Great Britain
Trade unions developed to organize workers



Collective bargaining = work together to get benefits for
everyone
Grew quickly in size and political power in some
countries
Spread to Germany and other industrial countries
(i.e. the United States)