Complete the Guided Reading as you view the
power point.
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Objective 3.01: Trace the economic, social, and
political events from the Mexican War to the
outbreak of the Civil War.
Essential Questions:
• How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the
Civil War?
• How did political, economic, and social differences
develop into the sectionalism that split the North
and the South?
• To what extent did differing opinions on slavery
as well as the institution’s expansion become a
deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?
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Objective 3.02: Analyze and assess the
causes of the Civil War.
Essential Questions:
• How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the
Civil War?
• To what extent was slavery the primary cause
of the Civil War?
• What did a federal union of states mean
politically and socially before and after the
Civil War?
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Conflict Over Slavery in the United States
The Road to
Secession
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The debate over slavery grew more heated as more
states were admitted into the United States (the
Union)
Southern states wanted new slave states added
Northern states wanted free states added
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was supposed
to help maintain the balance of power among free
and slave states
Why is it important?
◦ In Congress slave states would vote with slave states and
free states would vote with free states when making laws
◦ Each side wanted to have more power than the other when
laws were made in the Legislative Branch
◦ The side with more votes could defeat the other side
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When California and New Mexico were gained from
Mexico the debate continued
Would these new territories be free or slave?
Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850
◦ California would be admitted as free
◦ Unorganized western territories would be free
◦ Utah and New Mexico would be decided by popular
sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty: People vote to decide issues (the
people have the power with popular sovereignty)
Fugitive Slave law: part of the Compromise of 1850stated that northern states had to return escaped
slaves to their owners in the South
◦ The south liked the law
◦ Many northerners did not obey the law
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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: allowed the
previously free unorganized territories of
Kansas and Nebraska to use popular sovereignty
to determine if they would be free or slave
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the
Missouri Compromise that set boundaries on
free and slave states
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Kansas-Nebraska Act reignited the slavery
controversy
People from the North and South rushed to
Kansas to help influence the vote
People on different sides of the issue fought
each other to the point that it became known
as Bleeding Kansas
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act caused angry debates in
Washington, D.C. also
In Congress Charles Sumner made a speech against slavery
that lasted for two days
◦ In the speech he attacked the authors of the Act- Stephen Douglas
and Andrew Butler
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A few days later in the Senate Sumner was approached by
Preston Brooks, a South Carolina congressman who was angry
about Sumner’s speech
Brooks beat Sumner with his cane
Sumner was so injured he was not able to work for 3 years
It became known as the Sumner-Brooks Incident
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Why is it important?
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◦ Was an example of how heated the debate over slavery was
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Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri
His owner took him to a free territory to live
for four years
The owner took Dred Scott back to Missouri
When his owner died Dred Scott sued for his
freedom because he had lived in a free state
Dred Scott lost in court
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Why is it important?
◦ The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott had no
right to sue because he was a slave and slaves were
not citizens
◦ Supreme Court also said a slave owner could not have
his property taken away without due process of law
◦ Supreme Court struck down the Missouri Compromise
because it said it was a violation of the 5th amendment
to declare slaves free of their owners without due
process of law even if the slave had entered a free
state (because they were property not people)
◦ Abolitionists and people who supported popular
sovereignty were ANGRY
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Free Soilers: political party of people who opposed
slavery in new territories (wanted freedom on new
soil)
Know-Nothings: Political Party opposed to
immigration
In 1854 a group of Democrats, Whigs, Free Soilers,
and former Know-Nothings joined together to for
the Republican Party
The Republican Party did not call for the abolition
of slavery, but it did support the free soilers
position of no slavery in new territories
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1858 Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln
to run for senate against Democrat Stephen
Douglas
The two men debated the issue of slavery- Douglas
for slavery, Lincoln against slavery
Douglas tried to appeal to both the North and the
South
Freeport Doctrine: Douglas said slavery could not
be implemented if there were no laws to govern itif a territory had no slave laws then it could not
have slaves
Douglas won the election
Action
Against
Slavery
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Politicians fought to maintain peace in the
nation
Others took action
Slave Codes: laws that limited the actions of
slaves
Slave codes and harsh treatment of slaves in
the South led people to believe they could not
wait for laws to stop slavery- they believed
they had to take action immediately
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Harriet Tubman: an escaped slave who returned to
the South 19 times to help slaves escape on the
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad: a network of people who
helped slaves escape to the North and sometimes
Canada
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A white woman who had
never been a slave who wrote the book Uncle Tom’s
Cabin in 1852 about a fictional account of the
horrors faced by a slave family in the South
Why is it important?
◦ Northerners believed the book and supported the abolition
movement
◦ Southerners were angry and said it was a book of lies
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Underground Railroad
Abolitionists and the Underground Railroad
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John Brown: a very active abolitionist
October 1859: John Brown and his followers
attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in
Virginia
They wanted to take the weapons out of the
arsenal and give them to slaves to help them rebel
Colonel Robert E. Lee and his troops surrounded
the arsenal and forced Brown and his followers to
surrender
Brown was hanged
Why is it important?
◦ Southern resentment toward the abolition movement grew
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Harper’s Ferry
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At the time of the Presidential Election of
1860 the country was divided in half between
those who supported slavery and those opposed
At the democratic Convention the Democrats
spilt in half between North and South
Each set of Democrats nominated their own
candidate for president
The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln saw slavery as a moral evil
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The South feared Lincoln would end slavery
across the country
Lincoln won the election without winning any
southern electoral votes
Why is it important?
◦ When Lincoln won the election South Carolina took
the action of seceding from the Union in December
1860
◦ To secede means to leave the United States
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Other Southern states followed South
Carolina's action and left the Union as well
Delegates from the seceded states met in
Alabama to draft their own constitution
They elected Jefferson Davis to be their
president
They named their new union The Confederate
States of America
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Union soldiers were located at Fort Sumter in
South Carolina
President Lincoln knew the soldiers there were low
on food and ammunition
President Lincoln’s main goal was to keep the Union
united as one nation
Out of respect he notified the Governor of South
Carolina that he was going to send food, but no
ammunition to his soldiers in Fort Sumter
Before the supplies could arrive in April 1861
Confederate soldiers attacked the Union soldiers
at Fort Sumter
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After the surprise attack the Union soldiers
surrendered
President Lincoln then called for 75,000 volunteers
to fight against the Confederacy
States located in the middle of the Union (known as
border states) had to decide which side they would
fight for the Union or the Confederacy
The capital of the Confederacy was moved to
Richmond, Virginia
Why is it important?
◦ This began the Civil War!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
STOP
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Objective 3.03: Identify political and military
turning points of the Civil War and assess their
significance to the outcome of the conflict.
Essential Questions:
• Why are the Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege
of Vicksburg considered the military turning points
of the Civil War?
• How did the political actions of President Lincoln
affect the outcome of the war?
• Was it inevitable that the North would win the
war?
The
Civil War
Maine
Massachusetts
New York
Ohio
Illinois
Minnesota
Nevada
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Oregon
Vermont
Rhode Island
New Jersey
Michigan
Wisconsin
California
Confederate States of America
1.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Confederate States of
America
South Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Virginia
Arkansas
North Carolina
Tennessee
Seceded
from Union
Dec. 20, 1860
Jan. 9, 1861
Jan. 10, 1861
Jan. 11, 1861
Jan. 19, 1861
Jan. 26, 1861
March 2, 1861
April 17, 1861
May 6, 1861
May 20, 1861
June 8, 1861
Readmitted
to Union
July 9, 1868
Feb. 23, 1870
June 25, 1868
July 13, 1868
July 15, 18702
July 9, 1868
March 30, 1870
Jan. 26, 1870
June 22, 1868
July 4, 1868
July 24, 1866
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Kentucky
Missouri Delaware Maryland
Border States: States that refused to give
up slavery, but also refused to secede from the
Union.
The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 did not
grant freedom to slaves in the border states,
so that they would not have an excuse to
secede from the Union.
West Virginia broke away from Virginia in 1863
and joined the Union.
Union and Confederate States
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The North = the Union = the United
States- no slaves
The South = the Confederacy = side
that left the United States and
formed their own nation- had slaves
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Abraham Lincoln: President of the United
States and the first Republican president
General Ulysses S. Grant: General of Union
forces in Civil war, accepted general Lee’s
surrender, became 18th president of the
United States
George McClellan: Lincoln wanted him to
command the Union army but he was too weak
of a leader- tried to run for president in 1864
but lost to Lincoln
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General William Sherman: Union General, his
defeat of Atlanta in 1864 helped Lincoln win
the election of 1864, famous for his “march to
the sea” where he burned southern cities and
railroads to defeat the South
Jefferson Davis: President of the
Confederate States of America
General Robert E. Lee: Commander of
Confederate army, surrendered to General
Grant in 1865
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General Stonewall Jackson: The “right hand man”
of General Robert E. Lee, he was a brilliant leader,
led his troops in a surprise attack on the Union at
Chancellorsville, Virginia- accidentally shot by his
own troops from North Carolina, left arm had to be
amputated, died from pneumonia while recovering
from wound
Why is it important?
◦ General Lee said “Jackson lost his left arm, but I have lost
my right.”
◦ Many believe if Jackson had lived the South could have won
the War
◦ Gettysburg was 2 months later- without Jackson it was a
horrible loss for Confederacy
Key Battles
of the
Civil War
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Also known as First Manassas
First confrontation between the North and the South
The Union lost
The loss made the North realize the war would be
longer than they had expected
The loss led Lincoln to adopt general Winfield Scott’s
“Anaconda Plan”
Anaconda Plan: to cut off Southern supplies and
communication by…
◦ Taking control of the Mississippi River
◦ Cutting Confederate territory
◦ And beginning coastal blockades
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The Union’s goal was to capture the Confederate capital
of Richmond
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The South intended to fight until help arrived
from France or England
The South was at a disadvantage because they
did not have the industrial power of the Northmeaning they didn’t have factories to make
supplies and ammunition for the War
The South had a deep desire to fight and
defend their homeland
The Civil War was fought on two fronts called
theaters: Eastern and Western
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The South defeated the North at the Second Battle of Bull
Run
General Lee thought the time was right to invade the North
The North found General Lee’s invasion plan and were prepared
for their attack at Antietam Creek, Maryland
The battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the War
Why is it important?
◦ Antietam halted the Confederate advance toward the North
◦ General McClellan was a weak general and when he hesitated
to defeat general Lee the South was able to escape and
continue to fight the War
◦ President Lincoln freed the slaves in January 1863 after the
battle
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Antietam National Battlefield
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Gettysburg, Pennsylvania- 2 months after the
death of Stonewall Jackson at Chancellorsville
Without Jackson to lead and motivate them,
General George Meade led the Union in a
victory over the Confederacy
Why is it important?
◦ 51,000 soldiers died
◦ It was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War
◦ It was a turning point for both the North and the
South
 The South had no hope of ever defeating the North
after the battle
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Gettysburg Address: November 1863
President Lincoln went to Gettysburg to
dedicate a cemetery to the fallen soldiers of
the battle
He described the Civil War as a fight to
preserve the nation
He stated “…government of the people, by the
people, for the people shall not perish from the
earth.”
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Gettysburg: Turning Point of the Civil War
The Obstacle of Emmitsburg Road
President Lincoln The Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address
The
Western
Theater
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Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last town standing in
the way of the Union having total control of the
Mississippi River
Siege: strategy by which an army surrounds its
enemy, cuts off their supplies, and starves them
into surrendering
General Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for two
months
By the time of the surrender of Vicksburg in July
the people had been forced to eat horses, mules,
dogs, and even cats
Why is it important?
◦ The Union gained control of the Mississippi River
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Two Turning Points: the Battles of Vicksburg
and Gettysburg
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General Sherman and Union forces captured
Atlanta in September 1864
This victory helped President Lincoln win reelection
Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground
From Atlanta he continued his “march to the sea”
to destroy Southern bridges, factories, and
railroad lines
Sherman burned a 300 mile path across Georgia
Savannah, Georgia surrendered without a fight
After Georgia Sherman turned North and headed
for the Carolinas to trap General Lee’s army
between himself and General Grant
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President Lincoln was worried that if Maryland
was to join the South the nation’s capital of
Washington, D.C. would be surrounded by
Confederate territory
To prevent Maryland’s secession President Lincoln
took drastic action
◦ He declared martial law in Maryland
◦ He suspended the writ of habeas corpus- now people could
be put in prison without being brought before a judge
◦ He jailed the strongest supporters of the Confederacy
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Why is it important?
◦ Allowed Maryland’s legislature to vote in favor of remaining
with the Union
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President Lincoln made a lot of people mad when he
began to use the draft during the Civil War
Poor people and immigrants did not like the draft
Rich people could buy their way out of the draft
for $300 or they could hire a substitute to fight
in their place
Why is it important?
◦ Draft riots broke out
◦ More than 100 people died
◦ 11 African Americans were lynched by immigrants and poor
people who blamed them for the Civil War
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Copperheads: Union Democrats who criticized
Lincoln and the Civil War
They told white Northerners that free slaves
were going to come up North and take white
peoples’ jobs
Copperheads encouraged Union soldiers to
desert the army and told citizens to resist the
draft
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After the Union victory at Antietam in
September of 1862 President Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation to free all the
slaves in the Confederacy by January 1, 1863
Why is it important?
◦ It freed the slaves
◦ It gave the Civil war a moral focus
◦ Encouraged free African Americans to fight in the
Civil War
◦ It led to the 13th amendment
13th Amendment: Abolished slavery in the
United States
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There were so many Democrats in the North
opposed to Lincoln that it was unclear if he
could win re-election in 1864
When Sherman defeated Atlanta 2 months
before the election everyone knew the Civil
War would be over soon
Why is it important?
◦ Lincoln won re-election in 1864
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In March 1864 President Lincoln made General Grant
commander of the Union army
General Grant met General Lee in a series of bloody
battles that pushed the South backward away from
the North
General Lee and his army were surrounded in Virginiato avoid more loss of life General Lee surrendered to
General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia
Two weeks later General Joseph Johnson surrendered
to General Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham, N.C.
Why is it important?
◦ The Civil War was over
◦ The North won the Civil War
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There were many reasons why the North won
the Civil War:
◦ Larger number of soldiers than the South
◦ Industrial advantage because they had so many
factories to produce all the weapons, ammunition, and
supplies they needed to fight the Civil War
◦ The demand for supplies boosted the North’s
economy
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The death and destruction of the Civil War left
the South’s economy destroyed
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During the Civil War technology increased
Guns became more efficient
◦ They could fire rounds of ammunition quickly and
accurately
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The use of muskets decreased and the use of
rifles increased
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The North and South both developed stronger
navies
The South created the ironclad out of the old
ship the Merrimack and renamed it the Virginia
Ironclad: a warship with the sides shielded
with iron to protect it from enemy fire
Originally the Union had wooden ships that
could not defeat the ironclad
Later the North created their own ironclad
named the Monitor
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The Merrimack and the Monitor fought in
March of 1862- neither side won the battle
The South blew up the Merrimack to keep the
North from getting it
The Monitor sank in a storm
Why is it important?
◦ The two ships and the battle they fought began a new
era of naval warfare
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The Civil War was the first time submarines
were used as weapons in a war
The Union was the first to use submarines
The Confederacy had a submarine named the
CSS Hunley
The Hunley was intended to sink Union ships
blockading Confederate harbors
CSS Hunley was the first North American
submarine to sink an enemy ship
The CSS Hunley also sank in the battle
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Objective 3.04: Analyze the political, economic, and
social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and
identify the reasons why
Reconstruction came to an end.
Essential Questions:
• How are civil liberties challenged during times of
conflict and change?
• How have changes during Reconstruction made a
lasting impact on America?
• To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction
positively impact the lives of former slaves, women, and
landless tenants in the US?
• To what extent did the federal government wield its
power over the states during and after the Civil War?
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Objective 3.05: Evaluate the degree to which
the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a
test of the supremacy of the national
government.
Essential Questions:
• Which changes of the Civil War and
Reconstruction era were short-lived and which have
had a lasting impact?
• To what extent did the Civil War and
Reconstruction establish the supremacy of the
national government?
• To what extent have the issues surrounding the
Civil War yet to be resolved?
Reconstruction
of the
South
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After the North won the Civil War President
Lincoln planned to reconstruct the South, not
punish them
Before President Lincoln could begin his plans
for reconstruction he was assassinated by a
supporter of the Confederacy named John
Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s
Theater (5 days after the end of the Civil War
ended)
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Andrew Johnson became president after
Lincoln's assassination
President Johnson was from the South and had
owned slaves at one time- he was sympathetic
to the South and their beliefs
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President Johnson’s plan for reconstruction was too
nice for many Northern Republicans
Radical Republicans were members of the
Republican Party who wanted tougher punishment
for the former Confederate states
Why is it important?
◦ Radical Republicans wanted full citizenship rights for
African Americans
◦ Radical Republicans wanted Congress not the president to
oversee reconstruction
◦ Radical Republicans wanted a majority of each former
Confederate state’s voting population to pledge allegiance
to the flag before being readmitted into the Union
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1866 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act with
the intent of giving citizenship rights to freed
slaves
President Johnson vetoed the law, but Congress
voted to override the veto
To secure the citizenship rights of freed slaves
Congress added a new amendment to the
Constitution-The 14th amendment of 1868
Why is it important?
◦ It defined citizenship as anyone born in or naturalized into
the United States
◦ It granted equal protection to citizens
◦ It guaranteed no person would be deprived of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law
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In 1868 President Johnson tried to fire the Secretary
of War, Edwin Stanton, a Radical Republican
President Lincoln had appointed Stanton
When Johnson attempted to fire Stanton it violated
the Tenure of Office Act that limited the president’s
power to hire and fire government officials
Thaddeus Stevens led the Radical Republicans to
impeach President Johnson
Impeach: charging an official with wrongdoing to
remove them from office
Why is it important?
◦ President Johnson won his impeachment trial and was able to
stay in office
The Plight
of
Americans
After the
Civil War
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13th amendment- freed slaves
Now free slaves had to learn to adjust to life as
free and independent people
The Freedman’s Bureau- the first federal relief
agency in the United States- provided clothing,
medicine, food, education, and sometimes land to
freed African Americans and poor white people
President Johnson felt the Bureau overstepped the
federal powers allowed under the Constitution- he
vetoed the law
It didn’t have enough support to survive and
eventually ended in 1869
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Although African Americans were free, they had no money
or land
To survive they began sharecropping
Sharecropping: when a family farmed a portion of a
landowner’s land in exchange for housing and a share of the
crop
Some landowners were dishonest and treated their
sharecropping families like slaves
The goal of most sharecroppers was to save enough money to
become a tenant farmer
Tenant Farmer: when you paid to rent a piece of land and
got to own the crops you grew
Why is it important?
◦ Both systems kept African Americans working white-owned land
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After President Johnson took office, but
before Congress could come together to make a
plan for Reconstruction, many southern states
made their own Black Codes
Black Codes: Southern laws meant to keep
African Americans subordinate to whites by
restricting the rights of freed slaves
Basically Black Codes continued many of the
practices of slavery
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Examples of Black Codes:
◦ Black people could not…
 meet together after sunset
 Own weapons
 Rent property anywhere except rural areas
◦ Black people convicted of vagrancy (not working) could
be whipped or sold for a year’s labor
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Some white people supported violence against
free black people
Ku Klux Klan: a secret organization whose
members often dressed in hooded robes
They used violence, murder, and threats to
intimidate black people and anyone who
believed in giving black people equal rights
KKK lynched people and used other forms of
violence openly until late in the 20th Century
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To stop the South from undermining
Reconstruction, the federal government
established military rule over the former
confederate states
The military rule was used to make sure each
state followed the rules and laws of Congress
This military rule made many southerners mad
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Southerners were angry after the Civil war
They resented the Union and those people who
benefited from Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who came to the
South to do business
Southerners saw carpetbaggers as people taking
advantage of southern suffering for their own
economic gain
Scalawags: Southerners who supported
Reconstruction
Southerners hated scalawags and published their
names in the paper so the Ku Klux Klan and other
Hate Groups could attack them
The
Grant
Administration
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President Johnson survived the impeachment
process, but was not supported by his political
party in the election of 1868
The nation elected former General and Republican
Ulysses S. Grant
President Grant was a bad judge of character
Why is it important?
◦ President Grant filled his administration with dishonest
people
◦ Whiskey Ring: a scheme by internal revenue collectors and
whiskey makers to cheat the government out of tax money
 Many people were indicted- even President Grant’s personal
secretary
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President Grant signed the last piece of
Reconstruction legislation into law- 15th
Amendment
15th Amendment: gave all men the right to
vote regardless of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
Why is it important?
◦ Southerners hated it because African Americans
were now allowed to vote
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Texas v. White: the Supreme Court ruled the
federal government had the authority to oversee
the restructuring of southern state governments
Why is it important?
◦ The decision expanded the powers of the central
government
◦ It established that from now on the authority of the
federal government would take precedent over the states
◦ Southern states could no longer use the 10th Amendment to
claim states’ rights outweighed federal laws
 10th amendment: all rights not given to the federal government
are reserved for the states
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In the election of 1876 Democrats nominated
Samuel Tilden and Republicans nominated
Rutherford B. Hayes
Tilden won more popular votes, but officials
disputed the results
Congress appointed an electoral commission to
settle the controversy
Why is it important?
◦ Compromise of 1877: Democrats agreed to let Hayes be
president and Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction
◦ Southern states also received federal money, more power
to govern themselves, and a promise to withdraw federal
troops from the South
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Solid South: a period of almost 100 years
after the Compromise of 1877 and
Reconstruction when Southerners distrusted
the Republican Party and “solidly” supported
the Democratic Party
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After reconstruction southern states passed
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws: segregated the South
Many states tried to get around the 15th
amendment by requiring literacy tests or poll
taxes to vote
Why is it important?
◦ Many African Americans in the South were poor and
uneducated
◦ The new voting laws prohibited them from voting
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To keep voting laws from stopping poor or
illiterate white people from voting Southern
states made grandfather clauses
Grandfather Clauses: laws that allowed people
to vote if they or their ancestors had voted in
previous elections, or served in the
Confederate military
Why is it important?
◦ Allowed poor or illiterate white people to vote while
excluding African Americans from voting
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Ending the War
Post Civil War Laws and Constitutional
Amendments