Outline Notes: Not completed in sentence format
Chapter 4 The Union in Peril
Differences in the North and South
North develops manufacturing and trade
South develops cotton farming and dependence on slaves and slave trade
Slavery in the new territories debated and new states coming in would provide in in-balance in the congress 
California caused a conflict with the north and south in 1850 for admission, the south threatens succession 
Compromise of 1850
California admitted as free state
Fugitive slave law enacted: punishes anyone who helps slaves
Popular sovereignty- territories themselves would decide on slave issue
Protest resistance and violence
Underground railroad- conductors would help slaves escape to the north 
Harriet Tubman- escaped slave and became a conductor on the railroad
Harriet Beecher Stowe- Publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin which focuses on he struggles and mistreatment of
the slaves. 
Tensions in Kansas and Nebraska
Tensions mount in Kansas and Nebraska over issue of Slavery
Bleeding Kansas- violence breaks out due pro and anti slavery whites fighting over the issue
Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854- Repeals Missouri compromise to allow territories to decide the issues of
slavery.
Violence in the senate occurs over the slavery issue
New Political parties emerge
Franklin Pierce wins election in 1852
Know nothing party- know nothing on any controversial issues
Liberty party- pursued cause of abolition
Free-Soil party- extension of slavery westward
Republican party- keep slavery out of the territory
Democratic party- Splits into North and South
Dred Scott case, Lincoln- Douglas debates, and Harpers Ferry
Dred Scott case- slave went from slave state to free state and back to slave state. Court ruled that slaves
have no rights and are property
Lincoln- Douglas Debates- Douglas won debate and senate election on principle of popular sovereignty
while Lincoln believed slavery was immoral

Lincoln’s Election
Lincoln wins election in 1860
South secedes, starting with South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Alabama
They form the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their president
Section 2 The Civil Begins
Last confederate states to leave the union: Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee 
West Virginia splits off of Virginia and joins as a state in 1863
North Strategy
Navy would blockade the southern ports
Split the South in half by capture of the Mississippi River
Capital Richmond, the south’s capital
South Strategy
To split the North in half through New York
Support of foreign nations
To fight a defensive war
Battles and leaders
Stonewall Jackson defeats the north in the first battle of Bull Run (Monasses in the South)
George McClellan leads union armies near the capital
Ulysses S. Grant fights leads the north in the south
Grant defeats David Farragut at New Orleans
War for the Capitals, Robert E. Lee (offensive southern military leader) v. northern leader George
McClellan a defensive leader 
Battle of Antietam, bloodiest battle of the war 26,000 dead with a union victory

Government and the War
Lincoln issues the Emancipation in January of 1863
Both sides have political dissent against the war
Copperheads: northern sympathizers for the south
Conscription: southern draft
Draft: northern draft
Drafts cause riots in the north and people sometimes pay people to go fight
Both sides suffer with lack of medical technology
Clara Barton: founds the American Red Cross
North institutes the first income tax to raise money for the war along with selling bonds
Section 3 The North takes Charge
The south wins battles at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg: turning of the war for the North, General Meade defeats Lee
Lincoln’s Gettysburg address: inspires northern forces to keep fighting
Battle of Vicksburg: General Grant wins and split’s the south in half with Mississippi River
William Tecumseh: March to the sea, wages Total war a total destruction of all land from Atlanta to
Savannah
April of 1865 Union troops capture Richmond
Lee is finally surrenders at Appomattox Court House, Grant was generous with the conditions of surrender
The War Changes the Nation
360000 dead in the North
260000 dead in the South
The war increases the federal government’s power
Southern economy was devastated
New inventions: soft lead ball, grenades, land mines, and ironclad ships
13th amendment frees all slaves
Lincoln is assassinated at the playing of American Cousin by John Wilkes Booth
Section 4 Reconstruction and its effects
Plans of Reconstruction
Reconstruction: a period of time from the end of civil war to 1877 
Lincoln’s Plan (Proclamation of Amnesty)
Pardon all except high ranking officials
10% had to swear allegiance to the union and then states could come back to the union and send
representatives to congress
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
Pardoned almost everyone including high ranking officials and landowners
Believe the white elite should run the south
Other parts of plan were the same as Lincoln’s plan
1866 Freedmen’s Bureau- to help African Americans get on their feet
1866 Civil rights act- it gave Africans citizenship and forbade against discriminatory laws such as the black codes
Congressional Reconstruction (radical reconstruction)
14th amendment- can’t deny rights or privileges to anyone born in US.
Reconstruction act of 1867- denys all state governments admission except Tennessee
Divides south into 5 military districts under northern control
Johnson’s Impeachment- he violates office of tenure act- he removes cabinet member without senate
approval. He lacks the votes to get impeached
U.S. Grant- 1868 elected in as president
15th amendment- can’t be denied voting rights on previous race, color, or servitude
Reconstructing the South
Southern farms devastated
Scalawags- white southerners who joined the republican party
Carpetbaggers- northerners who moved south after the war
Freedmen’s Bureau helps Africans improve their lives 
Africans gain roles in politics such a Hiram Revels, the first African-American senator
Sharecropping farms- divided up land and leased or gave crops for land 
Tenant farming- land leased in return for crops
The Collapse of Reconstruction
KKK- prevents Africans from voting and politics through violence
Enforcement acts of 1870 and 1871- provided federal supervision of elections
Bank failures in 1873 result in a five year depression
1876 election- Democratics give contested election to Rutherford B. Hayes with the withdrawal of troops,
The end of RECONSTRUCTION in 1877