Name:___________________________________ Class: ____________ Date: ___________________________
Topic 3: Biological Molecules : 3.2: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins
Organic Molecules
o Chemical compounds containing carbon
o Some organic molecules are small and simple
o Others are large and complex forming Macromolecules
Macromolecules that make up living things can be grouped into four classes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
CARBOHYDRATES
o
The ______________________________ of a carbohydrate is:
o
Carbohydrate means a ________________ of ________________
o
Carbohydrates are used for the following:
o

______________________________

__________________________ energy storage

____________________________
THREE TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
1) ___________________________________ (ex. ____________________________________________
2) ___________________________________ (ex. ______________________________________________
3) ___________________________________ (ex. ______________________________________________
1) MONOSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE
o
monosaccharides are also known as ______________________________
o
they consist of _____ sugar unit.
o
A monosaccharide which has _________________ is called a _______________
o
Ex: _______________
o
A monosaccharide which has _________________ is called a ________________
o
Ex: _________________
o
Glucose is the most common monosaccharide
and it has the chemical formula:________________________
MONOSACCHARIDE FUNCTION
o
Glucose: Transported to cells via ____________________________ and are the
_______________________________ for cells. Are used in _________________________________________
or __________________________________________________________.
o
Ribose and deoxyribose are structural components _____________________________________________
and_________________________________________________________.
o
Fructose : __________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
o
Galactose: __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2) DISACCHARIDE STRUCTURE
o
Dissacharides are formed when two _______________________________________ are linked together.
o
This process is called ___________________________________________
o
During this process a _______________ molecule is released.
o
The type of disaccharide produced depends on the types of monosaccharides linked together.
Disaccharide
Monosaccharides
Importance
Maltose
Glucose +
- breakdown product of hydolysis in starch
Sucrose
Glucose +
- Produced in green leaves
- Transported in plants in solution
Lactose
Glucose +
- produced in mammary glands and secreted into the milk
as an important component in diet of young mammals
o
Just as disaccharides can be formed by releasing a water molecule,
they can be broken down by ________________________________
o
The process o breaking apart a sugar by
o
adding a water molecule is called : _________________________
DISACCHARIDE FUNCTIONS
o
Since disaccharides consist of two linked monosaccharides, they often serve as forms of _____________________
o
Disaccharides are also the form in which carbohydrates are ______________________ throughout the body.
3) POLYSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE
o
Polysaccharides are formed when ____________ monosaccharides are linked together.
o
Polysaccharides are formed by many __________________________ reactions.
o
During this process, many water molecules are released.
o
Polysaccharides consist of many repeating units or monomers and can therefore be described as
____________________.
o
The THREE most common polysaccharides are:

______________________

_______________________

_______________________
o
These are all polymers of _________________ !
o
Cellulose is a ___________________________ polymer of glucose.

Cellulose is found in _____________________________

The linkage between glucose monomers is slightly different than in starch and glycogen.

Due to the types of bonds holding cellulose together, humans are _______________ to
CELLULOSE
__________________ cellulose and it passes through the digestive tract.

Function: Cellulose is a major ___________________________________ of plant cell walls.
STARCH

Starch is a fairly ___________________________ glucose polymer.

It may have a __________________________________________

Starch is found in ______________________

Function: Starch is a major form in which the monosaccharide glucose is _________________ in plants.
GLYCOGEN:

Glycogen is a __________________________ polymer of glucose

Glycogen is found in _________________

Function: Glycogen is the major form in which the monosaccharide glucose is ______________________ in
animals.
The following diagram compares the structure of the three main types of polysaccharides
_________________, ____________________, and ______________________.
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
Cellulose
Importance
- manufactured in cells and laid down externally, in bundles of
fibers – as main component of cell walls.
Starch
- Storage carbohydrate (storage form of glucose in plants)
Glycogen
- storage carbohydrate (storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
cells (not in brain cells), when not required for cellular respiration.
- Found in the form of granules in cytoplasm of cells
Note on carbohydrates in diet:
We need carbohydrates in our diet, as it is our main source of _______________. In a healthy diet, the majority of
carbohydrates ingested would be ___________________. Starch (a ______________________________) is digested
into glucose molecules ( a_______________________________). If the body needs energy right away, the glucose is
converted
into
_______________________
in
the
reaction
of
_______________________________________________________.
Any excess glucose is converted into another polymer, ___________________. This polysaccharide is stored in the
_____________________ and broken down into ________________ the next time the body needs energy.
End of Carbohydrates
LIPIDS
o
o
Lipids are used for the following:

______________________________

__________________________ energy storage

____________________________
THREE BASIC TYPES OF LIPIDS ARE:
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
Lipids are typically ________________ with the exception of _______________ so they are relatively
_____________________ in water.
1. FATTY ACIDS (TRIGLYCERIDES): STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

These are formed when one _________________ molecule binds with
_______________________________________ in three dehydration synthesis reactions.

During this process, _________ water molecules are released.

The resulting molecule is termed a neutral fat because it is completely __________________ and
____________________ in water.

The fatty acids involved in this process to make a triglyceride may be _________________ or
______________________.
Saturated Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids are saturated with _________________________________ (ie. They have as many H atoms
as they can hold)

As a result, saturated fatty acids have __________________________________ between the carbon atoms.

These types of fats are typically _________________ at room temperature as the molecules are linear and can
pack together tightly.

These types of fats are typically of ______________ origin. (Eg. _______________)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids contain ______________________________________ between carbon atoms.

These fatty acids have fewer ____________________ atoms than saturated fatty acids with the same number of
Carbon atoms.

These types of fats are typically _____________________ at room temperature as the molecules are “kinked” by
the double bonds and do not pack as tightly together.

These types of fats are typically ________________ origin (eg. _______________)

Lipids contain more _________________ per gram than any other biological molecule

Neutral fats serve the function of ______________________________________
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS STRUCTURE

Phospholipids are very similar in structure to triglycerides except that the third fatty acid is replaced by a
__________________________.

The phosphate group is linked to a nitrogen group.

The phosphate group and the nitrogen group are _________________
meaning that this portion of the molecule is _________________.

As a result, the top portion of the molecule is _______________
and the fatty acid tail portions of the molecule are _____________________.

The polar portion is described as ______________________ or
_____________________________
o
The non-polar portion is described as _________________________ or
_______________________________.

Therefore, hydrophilic portion of the molecule is ________________________ in water and the hydrophobic
portion of the molecule is ______________________ in water.

When placed in water, the molecules arrange themselves as follows:
 The head portion is in contact with water
 The tail portions are in contact with one another
 The result is the phospholipids bilayer, which makes up cell membranes.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS FUNCTION

Phospholipids arranged in the phospholipids bilayer are the major component of _________________________.
3. STEROIDS: STRUCTURE

The structure of steroids is _____________________ from other lipids.

Steroids have a backbone of _________________________________________

Each steroid varies depending on the arrangement of atoms in the rings and the functional groups
attached to the rings.
STEROIDS: FUNCTION

Steroids have a wide range of functions.

The steroid ____________________ is used to make other steroids and is also a structural component of the cell
membrane. The group of steroids known as sex hormones includes _____________________,
_________________________, and _____________________________.

Non-Sex steroids include: ___________________________ which raises blood volume and pressure and
___________________________ which responds to stress on a long term basis and reduces inflammation. It also
promotes protein and fat metabolism.
Roles of Fats and Oils in Living Things (pg. 49-50 in Clegg)
Energy Store and Metabolic Water Source
Subcutaneous Fat as a buoyancy aid (and
thermal insulation)
Water-proofing of hair and feathers
Electrical insulation
End of Lipids
- Fats and oils transfer a high amount of energy when oxidized in
respiration
- They are insoluble, so do not cause osmosis when in cells
- complete oxidation of fats and oils produces a large amount of water
(catabolic reaction)
- Fat stored as adipose tissue under the skin (subcutaneous fat)
- Oily secretions from sebaceous glands found in skin of mammals act
as water repellent
- myeling sheath (lipid in membrane of Shwann cells) insulates the
axons of neurons increasing speed of nerve impulse.
PROTEINS
o
Proteins are polymers of unit molecules called: ____________________________
o
The two types of proteins are:
1.
_____________________________________________________________
(Ex. ____________________________________________________________
2.
_____________________________________________________________
(Ex. ____________________________________________________________
AMINO ACIDS (The monomers of proteins)
o
All proteins are made out of a certain number of amino acids
(Ex.. Oxytocin has 9 a.a’s, insulin has _____ a.a’s, and most proteins have ________ a.a’s)
o
While the combination differs from protein to protein, there are only ________ different individual amino acids.
o
All amino acids have a common structure:
All amino acids have:
1)
______________________________________
2)
______________________________________
3)
______________________________________
4)
______________________________________
(The “R-group” is different in each amino acid. An amino acid can be identified by the R-group)
The “R-group” is different in each amino acid. An amino acid can be identified by the R-group (the group at the
bottom). Examples:
o
Amino acids join the same way _____________________ and _____________ do, through _______________
o
Once this reaction occurs, a _______________________________ forms.
o
If another amino acid were to be attached, it would be through another peptide bond and a
___________________________________ would form.
To Do: Review Questions (Read Clegg Page 44-52)
1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. (3.2.1)
2. Skills check: identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids form diagrams showing their structure. (3.2.2)
3. List three examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. (3.2.3)
4. State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in
plants.(3.2.4)
5. Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides; between fatty aids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.(3.2.5)
6. State three functions of lipids (3.2.6)
7. Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. (3.2.7)