BioChemistry
Types of Substances
Inorganic
Substances that do
not contain Carbon
Examples
1. Acids HCl
2. Bases NaOH
3. Salts NaCl
4. Water H2O
Organic
Substances that
contain both Carbon
and Hydrogen
Examples
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. ProteiNs
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
1. Contain the elements C,H,O
2. H:O ratio is Always 2:1
3. ***Names end in –ose
(Glucose - C6H12O6
Maltose - C12H22O11)
4. Used as a primary energy source
5. Three Types of Carbohydrates
3 Types Of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
Examples:
Glucose , Fructose and Galactose
General formula C6H12O6
(Go for Gold!)
How do we Identify
Monosaccharides?
Mono = one (carbon ring)
The
carbon ring
Glucose
C6H12O6
Remember this funny rule – H O N C
1–2–3-4
Disaccharides
1. Disaccharides
Examples:
Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose
(love my Sushi!)
General formula C12H22O11
+
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Maltose - C12H22O11
( – H2O)
MALTOSE - Disaccharide
What do you notice here?
Disaccharides
The
carbon
ring
O
The
carbon
ring
C6H12O6
+ C6H12O6
Maltose - C12H22O11
( – H2O)
Remember
this
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
Glucose
+ Glucose
Yields
*******
Maltose
Polysaccharides
1. Poly = many! 3 or more monomers
Examples:
2. Also known as Polymers
a. ***Long chains of repeating units
Starch, glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin
(
)
O
O
• Starch – storage form in plants
• Glycogen – (Animal Starch) Storage form
in Animals
• Cellulose – Found in Plant Cell Wall
• Chitin – found in the
insects
of
Types of Biochemical
Reactions
Dehydration
synthesis
1. To build up
2. Removing water
Hydrolysis
1. Break down
2. Adding water
Reactions
Dehydration Synthesis
Monosac
Dehydration Synthesis
Disac
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharide
Polysac
Hydrolysis
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipids
1. Contain the elements C,H,O
2. H:O ration is greater than 2:1
3. Secondary energy source (reserves)
a. More energy from a lipid than a Carb
4. Building blocks:
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
5. Component of the Cell Membrane
Recall: Fluid Mossaic model
(2 layers of lipids with proteins embedded)
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis of a Lipid
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
ProteiNs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Contain C,H, O and N
Sometimes Sulfur as well
Component of the Cell Membrane!
Used for tissue growth and repair
Building Blocks are Monomers known as
Amino Acids (Peptides)
Amino Group
Acid Group
The Amino Acid (Peptide)
(Monomer)
*
Dehydration synthesis of a Dipeptide
H
Hydrolysis
Peptide
+
Peptide
Note the loss of water
yields
H
Dipeptide
Note the gain of water
Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide
The Amino Acid (Monomer)
Dehydration Synthesis of a
Polypeptide
****____How many water molecules were
removed to join 4 monomers (Peptides)
together?
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
1. Called Deoxyribonucleic 1. Called Ribonucleic
acid
Acid
2. Double Stranded
2.
Single Stranded
molecule
3. Located in the Nucleus 3. Located Outside the
Nucleus
4. Contains all the genetic
material that makes us
unique
4. 3 Types
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRna
RNA
DNA
Contains four
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
Contains four
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytosine
Builiding Blocks of Nucleic Acids
are called Nucleotides
Comparison
DNA
RNA
DNA Double Helix Model
Note the spiral staircase
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Used in all reactions
Always placed above the Arrow (Yields)
Highly specific in their function and action
This is due to their specific shape
a. Each enzyme works on a specific
substance known as a SUBSTRATE
b. Known as the Lock and Key Model
5. Their names end in –ase
6. All Enzymes are Proteins but not all Proteins
are Enzymes, Therefore they are made by
Protein Synthesis at the Ribosomes
Lock and Key Model:
Used to represent enzyme
specificity of action
Enzymes are highly specific in their function
working only on a specific substrate that fits
with the enzyme****______
Naming Enzymes
Large Insoluble
Food
Enzyme
Small Soluble
Food
Carbohydrate
Amylase
Glucose
Monosaccharide
Lipids
Lipase
Fatty Acids &
Glycerol
Protein
Protease
Amino Acids
3 Factors that effect the
enzymes function (rates of
Reactions)
1. Temperature
2. PH
3. Concentration
Temperature and its effect on
Enzyme activity
Normal Body Temperature 37oC
The PH Scale
PH and its effect on Enzyme Activity
Stomach
Intestine
Concentration and its effect on
Enzyme Activity