E S S E N PHYSIOLOGY
TIAL STANDARD 3.00:
PLANT
SUMMARIZE PLANT ANATOMY
OBJECTIVE 3.01
• Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.
PLANT SCIENCES
• Biology-the branch of science that deals with both
plant and animal organisms and life processes
• Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals
• Botany the part of biology that deals with plants
PLANT SCIENCES
• Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes
for which the plants are grown
• Agronomy
• Forestry
• Horticulture
AGRONOMY
The science and practice of growing field crops such
as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.
FORESTRY
The science and practice of growing, managing and
harvesting trees for building materials and other
products.
HORTICULTURE
The science and practice of growing, processing and
marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants
LIFE CYCLES OF PLANTS
• Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle
in one year
• Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle
in two years
• Perennial-a plant that lives more than two
years
LEAF RETENTION
• Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season
• Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green yearround
PLANT HORMONES
• Several types of hormones are used to help plants
work more efficiently.
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•
•
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Inhibitors
cytokinins
gibberellias
auxins
INHIBITORS
• Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed
germination and stem elongation.
CYTOKININS
• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell
division.
GIBBERELLIAS
• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature
flowering, and breaking of dormancy.
AUXINS
• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating
cell enlargement
MOISTURE IN PLANTS
• Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture
• Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have
enough moisture
PLANT GROWTH
• Dormant
• A plant rest or grows very little
• Response to an adverse condition
SEASON CROP TYPE
• Cool Season
• Plants relish cool weather
• Pansies grow best in spring or fall
• Warm Season
• Grow best in summer and early fall
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•
•
•
Zinnia
Marigold
Vinca
Poinsettia
OBJECTIVE 3.02
• Discuss the anatomy
and functions of
plants.
LEAVES-EXTERNAL
• Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects
the leaf to the stem
• Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf
• Midrib-the large center vein
• Veins-the structural framework of the leaf
• Margin-the edge of the leaf
LEAVES-EXTERNAL
LEAVES-INTERNAL
• Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that
prevents the loss of too much moisture
• Stomates-small openings under the leaf for
breathing or transpiration
• Guard Cells-open and close stomates
LEAVES-INTERNAL
• Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain
chlorophyll
• gives leaves their green color
• necessary for photosynthesis
LEAVES-INTERNAL
LEAVES-INTERNAL
LEAVE-FUNCTIONS
• Photosynthesis
• process by which plants capture sunlight and
use it to convert carbon dioxide and water
into food
• Respiration
• converts sugars and starches into energy
• Transpiration
• release of water vapor from the leaves of
plants
• It also cools the plant
LEAVE-ADDITIONS
• Sessile describes leaves without a petiole
• Example zinnia
• Bracts are modified leaves
• Example poinsettia
• Needles and scales are modified leaves
• Example pine tree
LEAVE-ADDITIONS
• Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy
feel
• Example southern magnolia
• Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel
• Example African violet
STEMS-EXTERNAL
• Lenticels-breathing pores
• Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds
have been located
• Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached
• Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem
• Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem
STEMS-INTERNAL
• Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up
from the roots to stems and leaves
• Phloem-tissue that transports food down from
leaves to roots
STEMS-INTERNAL
Phloem
Phloem
Xylem
STEMS-INTERNAL
• Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue
located between bark and wood and produces all
new stem cells
• Bark-old inactive phloem
• Heartwood-old inactive xylem
• Sapwood-new active xylem
STEMS-INTERNAL
Bark
Cambium
Sapwood
Heartwood
STEMS-INTERNAL
• Monocota-plant stems have vascular bundles that
contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle
• examples: corn, grasses
• Dicata-plant stems have the phloem layer and
xylem layer separated by cambium
• example: trees
STEMS-INTERNAL
Monocot
Dicot
ROOTS-EXTERNAL
• Root cap-indicates growth of new cells
• Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals
Root
images
from a rice
plant
ROOTS-INTERNAL
• Much like stems in that they have a phloem,
cambium, and xylem layer
• Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the
root
• Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and
minerals up to the stem
LAYERS OF ROOTS
• Fibrous-many branched shallow roots
• are easier to transplant
• Tap-long root with few branched ones
• more difficult to transplant
FLOWERS
• Sepals-Green parts that cover and
protect flower bud before it opens
• Petals-are really leaves that are
modified to attract insects for flower
pollination, the pretty part that we
call flowers
• Stamen-male part of the flower
• Pistil-female part of the flower
FLOWERS
PARTS OF THE STAMEN
• Filament-short stalk that holds up the
anther
• Anther-a sac-like structure that contains
pollen, the male sex cells
PARTS OF THE PISTIL
• Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become
seeds if fertilized
• Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
• Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the
ovary
• Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects
leave pollen
PARTS OF THE PISTIL
Stigma
Style
Ovary
COMPLETE-VS-INCOMPLETE
• Complete flowers have both male and female parts
• Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts
WHAT ARE THE
FUNCTIONS OF
THESE PLANT
PARTS?
FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES
• Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green
plants which is the beginning of the food
chain for all living things
• Photosynthesis is the process by which
carbon dioxide and water in the presence
of light are converted to sugar and oxygen
FUNCTIONS OF STEMS
• Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots
up to the leaves and move food from the leaves
down to the roots
• Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds
FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS
• Absorption-take water and nutrients from
the soil and conduct them to the stem
• Anchor the plant and hold it upright
• Store food for plant use
• Asexual reproduction in some plants
FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS
• Produce seeds used for sexual
reproduction
• Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is
the transfer of pollen from anther to
stigma.)
• Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry
seeds
OBJECTIVE 3.03
• Discuss floriculture and landscape plants
TAXONOMY
• The science of classifying and identifying plants
• Scientific names are used because the same
common name is used for different plants in
different areas of the world.
KARL VON LINNE
• Swedish botanist that developed
the binomial system of naming
plants using two Latin words to
indicate the genus and species.
• Linne changed his name to the
Latin name Carolus Linneaus.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES
• Latin is the language used for scientific
classification.
• The first word is the genus and the second word is
the species. If there are additional words, they
indicate a variety or cultivar.
GENUS VS. SPECIES
• Plants in the same genus have similar
characteristics.
• Plants in the same species consistently produce
plants of the same type.
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• The broadest category of scientific classification is
the Kingdom--either plant or animal.
• The broadest category in the plant kingdom is
division or phylum.
DIVISIONS
• The four most important divisions of the plant
kingdom are:
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Thallophites
Bryophytes
Pteriophytes
Spermatophytes
SPERMATOPHYTES
• Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants
• Two subdivisions are:
• Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
COMMON PLANT GENUS
• Pinus-Pine
• Cornus-dogwood
• Acer-Maple
• Rhododendronrhododendron
• Ilex-Holly
• Ficus-fig
• Quercus-oak