Macromolecules
CARBOHYDRATES
• contain C,H,O usually ratio 1C: 2 H : 1 O
•
•
•
•
large chains & rings of C w/diff. molecules
2-3% of body wt.
are sugars or starches
provide most of the
energy used by cells
• If not immediately
needed for ATP synthesis, they are
converted into glycogen or fat
Monosaccharides
• simple sugar : single chain or
single ring (3-7 carbons)
• Building blocks (monomers) of
carbohydrates
– Glucose: main energy source for cells
– Fructose: found in fruits, sweetest
– Galactose: found in milk
– Ribose, Deoxyribose: make up DNA,
RNA
Isomers
• are compounds with the same chemical formula
but different structural formulas
Disaccharides
• Double sugar
–Maltose: malt sugar (glucose + glucose)
–Sucrose:cane sugar (glucose + fructose)
–Lactose: milk (glucose + galactose)
Form by: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• Removal of water to join 2 monomers
• Forms dimers, polymers
Polysaccharides
• complex molecules composed of three or
more monosaccharides
• Ideal for storage
• Lack sweetness of mono + disaccharides
• Glycogen: storage in animals
–Muscles, liver
• Starch: storage molecule for plant
• Cellulose: gives strength and rigitiy to
stalks and stems (Potatoes, carrots, etc)
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
LIPIDS-
large nonpolar organic molecules
•18%-25% of body weight
•fewer covalent bonds
•fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk,
oils, waxes
•Most lipids are insoluble in water
but dissolve in other lipids and
alcohol, acetone
Fatty Acids -unbranched C chains that
make up most lipids
• long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at
the end (COOH)
• carboxyl end is polar and thus
hydrophilic-attracted to water
• hydrocarbon end is non-polar and thus
hydrophobic- water fearing
• Saturated fatty acid-a fatty acid where all
the carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds
• Unsaturated fatty acid- there is at least on
carbon to carbon double bond
• Higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms
to oxygen atoms
– causes them to have more carbon to hydrogen
bonds which store more energy….hence fats
having a higher caloric value
NEUTRAL FATS
(TRIGLYCERIDES)
• BUILDING BLOCKS
– 3 Fatty acids
– Glycerol
• most common in the body
• Concentrated sources of energy
• adipose tissue insulates and protects
organs
• SOLID: (animal fats)
–Saturated: carbons
have single bonds
• LIQUID: (plant oils)
–Unsaturated: carbons
have double or triple
bonds
PHOSPOLIPIDS
• Important in cell membranes –
allows them to be selective
• POLAR HEAD – attracts and
interacts with water and ions
(hydrophilic)
• NONPOLAR TAILS- ‘hydrophobic’
STEROIDS
• Four interlocking rings
• Structure differs from other
fats
• Made largely of H and C atoms
CHOLESTEROL
– is most important molecule in
steroids
– meat, eggs, cheese
– Certain amount made in liver
– Found in ALL cell membranes
• Provide rigidity
• Facilitates communication between
cells
– Particularly abundant in
brain
– Used to form sex hormones,
cortisol (stress hormone),
bile salts, and vitamin D
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
deposit of FAT in artery walls
ATERIOSCLEROSIS
hardening of arteries
HOW DO WE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTATIS?
‘POLLY’
UNSATURATED
OLIVE ‘OYL’
• Omega-3 Fats
(Fish, walnuts)
• safflower, corn,
sunflower and
soybean oils
PROTEINS
• complex in structure
• composed of amino acids
• larger range of functions than
carbohydrates and lipids
• normal lean adult is 12 -18%
proteins
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
FUNCTIONS
• Structural
– collagen fibers in connective tissues
– keratin is in hair and skin
STRAIGHT HAIR
CURLY HAIR
Healthy Cuticle
Damaged
Cuticle
ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA
• 50 and 80% of Caucasian men
• Asian males have lower incidences
• present in the general female
population at a rate between 20 to
40%
Regulatory
• hormones
• help regulate growth and
development
• insulin - regulates blood sugar
levels
• guide neuron growth
DIABETES
• Types 1 or 2 (more common)
• Not enough insulin or cells ignore
insulin (high blood glucose level)
Contractile
actin and
myosin
filaments
found in
muscle cells
Contractile
aid in cell division, movement and
sperm propulsion
Immunological
antibodies
• bind with and inactivate bacteria,
toxins, and viruses
• function in immune response
• help protect body from foreign
substances
AIDS
Transport
• hemoglobin carries oxygen
and carbon dioxide,
lipoproteins carry lipids
• iron transport
Sickle Cell Anemia
Catalytic
• essential to almost every
biochemical reaction in the
body
• increase rate of chemical
reactions