2.02 Understand the
functions and disorders of the
circulatory system
2.02 Understand the functions and
disorders of the circulatory system
Essential questions:
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What are the functions of blood?
What are some disorders of the blood?
How are blood disorders treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
What are some disorders of the circulatory system?
How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory
system?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders
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What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
 What does the blood
transport?
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Why is this an important
function?
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What are the functions of blood?
Regulation
 How does the blood regulate
heat? Heat from muscles is distributed
by blood throughout the body
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How does the blood regulate
acid/base balance? Carries amino
acids and buffers and regulates water and
sodium throughout the cells
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What are the functions of blood?
Protection
 What function of the blood
serve to protect the body?
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What is the relevance to
health?
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Functions of the blood components
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Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
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Plasma
1. is straw colored liquid
2.blood without cellular components
3.55%of the blood’s volume
containing:
water, plasma proteins,
nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins
and enzymes, waste products
Plasma
Cellular
elements
2.01 Remember the structures of the
circulatory system
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Erythrocytes
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What are the functions
of erythrocytes?
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hemo= blood
globin= protein
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What is the function of
hemoglobin? Carries
O2 to the rest of the
body
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Erythrocytes
Starts here
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hemolysis
What is it? Bursting of
RBC
 Where does it occur?
Spleen and liver
 What is the lifetime of an
erythrocyte?
Approx. 120 days.
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What happens to old
erythrocytes? Die and
are broken down
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Blood Disorders
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Leukocytes
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What is the function of
leukocytes?
A group of cells that
fight infection
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Leukocytes
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Agranulocytes
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Lymphocytes a type of WBC that produces
antibodies
Monocytes a WBC that performs phagocytosis
during the inflammatory process of fighting
infection.
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Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophils a type of
WBC that performs
phagocytosis
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Eosinophils a WBC
that is involved in
parasitic infections
Basophils
Type of WBC that that
secretes heparin
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Inflammation
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Inflammation
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Thrombocytes
What is the composition of
thrombocytes?
Fragments of
megakaryocytes (which
are made in the bone
marrow)
 What is their function?

Aid in blood clot formation
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Thrombocytes
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Blood types
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Blood types are inherited from parents
Determined by the presence or absence of
an antigen on the surface of the red blood
cell.
Blood types
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Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A (A antigen; B antibodies)
B (B antigen; A antibodies)
AB (AB antigens; NO antibodies)
O (NO antigens; AB antibodies)
Who can receive
type O blood? everyone
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Rh factor
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
 A, B, and O are the three major blood types.
 When a mom has one blood type and her
unborn baby has a different blood type, it
may cause their immune system to react.
This is called "incompatibility"). The
mother produces substances called
antibodies that attack the developing
baby's red blood cells.
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RH incompatability

When the mom has RH- blood and the infant has RH positive blood.
During pregnancy, red blood cells from
the unborn baby
can cross into the mother's bloodstream
through the placenta.
If the mother is Rh-negative,
her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal
cells as if they were a foreign substance
and makes antibodies
against the fetal blood cells.
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These anti-Rh antibodies
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may cross back through the placenta into
the developing baby and destroy the baby's circulating
red blood cells.
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When red blood cells are broken down, they make bilirubin. This
causes an infant to become yellow (jaundiced). The level of bilirubin
in the infant's bloodstream may range from mild to dangerously high.
These babies may have enlarged spleen and liver.
RHO Gam is given to the mom and it will destroy any baby blood cells
in the mom, and her immune system won’t produce more antibodies.
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Rhesus (RH) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific
protein found on the surface of RBC’s (antigen)
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well
as for ABO blood type
Although the Rh factor doesn’t affect the patient’s health, it can
affect pregnancy
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Rh factor
In 1040, the Rh factor was discovered as a
result of studying Rhesus monkeys
When blood from monkeys was injected into
rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted
If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh
positive
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is
Rh negative
Blood Disorders
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Anemia
Review the symptoms of
anemia. Anemia is a
deficiency of RBC’s.
Discuss why these
symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders
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Blood disorders
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Blood disorders
Review the symptoms of hemophilia.
Hereditary Blood disorder where the
blood clots slowly. Missing factor VIII
that works with fibrin to clot the blood.
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Blood disorders
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Leukemia
What is leukemia? Abnormal
increase in the number of
inmature WBC’s leading to
decrease number of good
wbc’s, rbc’s, and platelets.
Review the symptoms of
leukemia.
Discuss why these
symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders
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Multiple myeloma
What is multiple myeloma?
malignancy of plasma cells
What are the symptoms?
Weakness in bone leading
to fractures and bone pain
Decrease in numbers of
other blood cells
How is it treated?
Chemo, radiation, transplant
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Blood disorders
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Polycythemia
What is polycythemia?
Too many RBC formed
What are the symptoms?
Blood clot formations
How Is it treated?
Remove blood
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Blood disorders
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Septicemia
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Blood disorders
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Sickle cell anemia
What is sickle cell anemia?
A hereditary disorder.
RBC’s form a sickle shape.
What are the symptoms?
How is it treated?
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What are the
functions of
the heart?
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Functions of the heart
Did you know?
At rest, 2 ounces of blood
is circulated with each heart beat.
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?
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Hear the beat!
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Blood Pressure FYI
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Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart
pumps creates pressure against the walls of the
arteries
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SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
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Measured during the contraction phase
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
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Measured when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal range of
blood pressure for an adult?
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s
electric!
Explain the electrical
activity of the heart.
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It’s electric!
Discuss the function of
the heart’s conduction
system.
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Blood supply to the Heart is from the
coronary arteries
Heart sounds= lub dub
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Control of HEART CONTRACTIONS
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SA node (sinoatrial) =pacemaker
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Located in right atrium
SA node sends out electrical impulse
Impulse spreads over the atria, making them contract
Travels to AV Node
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AV node (atrioventricular)
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle
Carries impulse to Bundle of His
Bundle of His
Conducting fibers in septum
 Divides into R and L branches
To network of branches in ventricles
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers
causing ventricles to contract
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Electrocardiogram
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EKG or ECG
SYSTOLE = contraction phase
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase
Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:
P = Atrial contraction
QRS = Ventricular contraction
T = Ventricular relaxation
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s
electric!
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Functions of the heart
Transportation
What does the heart transport?
What is involved in the transportation
process?
How is this a circulatory system
function?
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The transportation process
Discuss systemic circulation
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The transportation process
Right side
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Left Side
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
Lungs CO2 and O2
exchange
(Schematic of systemic circulation)
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The transportation process
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Discuss
cardiopulmonary
circulation
Compare
Systemic Circulation
To
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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ARTERIES
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What are the functions of
arteries? carry oxygenated blood
away from heart to capillaries
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What are the characteristics of
arteries? elastic, muscular, thick
walled (strongest of the blood vessels)
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Which direction do arteries
flow? Away from the heart
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Vessels of the
circulatory system
Describe arterial blood.
Bright Red in color
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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VEINS
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What is the function of veins? Carries
deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart
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What are the characteristics of
veins? Smaller than arteries, but are still
muscular. Walls thinner and have valves
which prevent back flow of blood
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Which direction do veins flow?
Toward the heart
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Compare arterial and venous blood.
(darker red almost purple)
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Vessels of the
circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory system
Capillaries
What is the function of capillaries? Allows nutrient molecules and
oxygen to pass out of the capillaries into surrounding tissues
What happens if this action is obstructed? build up of waste and lack of
oxygen circulating
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Remember Pulse Sites?
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Where do they come from?
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Circulatory disorders
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Aneurysm
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Circulatory disorders
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Angina pectoris
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Circulatory disorders
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Arrhythmia
Is any change from normal
heart rate or rhythm
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BRADYCARDIA
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Slow heart rate (<60 beats
per minute)
TACHYCARDIA
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Rapid heart rate (>100
beats per minute)
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Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening of arterial
walls due to aging
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Circulatory disorders
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of fatty
substances adhere to
walls of arteries
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Circulatory disorders
Coronary artery disease
Narrowing of arteries
usually due to
atherosclerosis
Prevention:
Exercise
Reduce cholesterol
No smoking
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Circulatory disorders
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Hypertension
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What is hypertension? High B/P

What factors influence the
development of hypertension?
Smoking, age, wt., medical
conditions, heredity, diet, lifestyle
How is it treated? Exercise, meds,
diet, quit smoking
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Why is it called the “silent killer?”
frequently there are no symptoms
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Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
Ventricles are unable to
contract effectively
Blood pools in heart
Left ventricle: dyspnea
Right ventricle: ascites,
Edema in feet and legs
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Circulatory disorders
Murmurs:
Valves do not close
properly
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Circulatory disorders
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Myocardial infarction
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Circulatory disorders
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Peripheral vascular disease: arteries in legs
become blocked
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Circulatory disorders
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Pulmonary edema
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Circulatory disorders
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Transient ischemic attack
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Circulatory disorders
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Varicose veins
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Prevention
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Wear sunscreen
Elevate legs when resting
Wear elastic support stockings
Eating fiber diets
Exercise
Weight control
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Circulatory disorders
Leading Causes of Death:
The Impact of Circulatory Disorders
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Relevance of nutrients
to the blood and circulatory system
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The circulatory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis
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Absorption and
transport of nutrients to
cells, tissues, organs,
and systems
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