Unit 1: Chemistry Basics
1.1 Polyatomic Ions
Taking Notes in AP Chem
• I will give you a print out of the slides.
• This is exactly how it will go in college.
• Anything I write, you should write.
• For the AP exam….
While they give us
a periodic table
they do not give us
a list of polyatomic
ions.
• We must memorize
the name, formula
and charge for the
common ones
Polyatomic
Name
NH4+
NO2NO3SO32SO42HSO4OHCNOCNSCNPO43HPO42H2PO4CO32HCO3ClOClO2ClO3ClO4BrOBrO2BrO3BrO4IOIO2IO3IO4C2H3O2MnO4Cr2O72CrO42O22C2O42NH2BO33S2O32-
Ammonium
Nitrite
Nitrate
Sulfite
Sulfate
Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)
Hydroxide
Cyanide
Cyanate
Thiocyanate
Phosphate
Hydrogen phosphate
Dihydrogen phosphate
Carbonate
Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
Hypochlorite
Chlorite
Chlorate
Perchlorate
Hypobromite
Bromite
Bromate
Perbromate
Hypoiodite
Iodite
Iodate
Periodate
Acetate
Permanganate
Dichromate
Chromate
Peroxide
Oxalate
Amide
Borate
Thiosulfate
Here are some resources to help you
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•
•
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Tricks for memorizing polyatomics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcKR9U4Ixlk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iva9ISbxbOw
http://www.purposegames.com/game/commonpolyatomic-ions-quiz
• http://www.proprofs.com/quizschool/story.php?title=polyatomic-ions_2
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOoyLbG7afs
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Count consonants for # of oxygen atoms
• Count vowels for negative charge of polyatomic
• This trick only works for the following 5
polyatomic ions that end in ate
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Nick
– 3 consonants =
– 1 vowel =
Hi I’m Nick
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Camel
– 3 consonants =
– 2 vowel =
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Clam
– 3 consonants =
– 1 vowel =
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Supper
– 4 consonants =
– 2 vowels =
Nick the Camel ate a Clam for
Supper in Phoenix
• Phoenix
– 4 consonants =
– 3 vowels =
Other helpful hints…
• There are only 2
polyatomic ions that
we need to memorize
that have 3- charge
– Phosphate PO43– Borate BO33We can use “nick the
camel” to get
phosphate
If we look at PT you
know boron
• Halogens group (column) #7A for 1- ions
Polyatomic Ions that start with
Cl
Br
I
All make 1- polyatomic ions
…. Combining rules for halogens
Polyatomic Ions that start with Cl, Br, I
All make 1- polyatomic ions
And if “ate” is the base
All of these have 3 oxygens in “ate” form
ClO3- = chlorate
BrO3- = bromate
IO3- = iodate
Think of “ate” for as the “normal poly form ”
• So if it changes to “ite” – that means one
less oxygen but no charge change
•
SO42- sulfate
SO32- sulfite
• “Hypo” prefix means one less …so
one less oxygen and no charge
change
• “Per” prefix mean one more…so one
more oxygen and no charge change
ClO-
ClO2-
ClO3chlorate
ClO4-
Hydrogen in the name
• Means literally they added one hydrogen atom
• Since hydrogen ions are often 1+ charge
• So.. The overall charge must change by adding
1+
CO32HCO3I** old naming system instead of hydrogen they
added prefix ”bi” to indicate one hydrogen atom
was added bicarbonate HCO3-
Dihydrogen
• Means literally they added two hydrogen atom
• Since hydrogen ions are often 1+ charge
• So.. The overall charge must change by adding 1+ + 1+ = 2+
PO43HPO42-
H2PO4** note this only can happen if “base” is 3- charge
This is the only dihydrogen one you need to know
Thio…
• Thio = means take away one Oxygen and
replace it with one Sulfur and don’t change the
charge
• Sulfate =
• Thiosulfate =
• Cyanate =
• Thiocyanate =
That leaves 10 more out of the
36 on the list
• Ammonium
• Dichromate
• Hydroxide
• Chromate
• Cyanide
• Peroxide
• Acetate
• Permanganate
• Oxalate
• Amide